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DEPARTMENT    OF    AGRICULTURE. 

SPECIAL    REPORT— No.    12. 
INVESTIGATION 


DISEASES  OF  SWINE, 


A^'D 


INFECTIOUS  AND  CONTAGIOUS  DISEASES 


INCIDENT   TO 


OTHER  CLASSES  OF  DOMESTICATED  ANIMALS. 


U  N  I  S  E  !^  I  !'  V    O  F 

CAl.li^OKNIA. 


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WASHINGTON: 

govi:knment    pointing   oifick. 

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FORTY-SIXTH  CONGRESS,  FIRST  SESSION. 

liesolnd  hy  the  House  of  Ikprcsciiiaiivcs  {the  Senate  concitrrbu/  therein),  That  there  be 
printed  100,000  copies  of  Special  Report  No.  12  of  the  Commissioner  of  Agricultm-e, 
containing  the  reports  of  the  examiners  appointed  to  investigate  the  diseases  of  swino 
and  contagious  and  infectious  diseases  incident  to  other  classes  of  domesticated  animals, . 
of  which  70,000  copies  shall  he  printed  for  the  use  of  memhers  of  the  House,  25,000  for 
the  use  of  members  of  the  Senate,  and  5,000  copies  for  the  use  of  the  Commissioner  of 
Agriculture.  ■'^^40'if^"77^'  ^/rf Z' €^-  2 


TABLE   OF  CONTENTS. 


Page. 

Investigation  of  Swine-Plague— Introductory , 5 

Report  of  Dr.  Detmers 19 

Report  of  Dr.  Law 56 

Report  of  Dr.  Voyles 112 

Report  of  Dr.  Salmon 123 

Report  of  Dr.  Dunlap 135 

Report  of  Dr.  Dyer 156 

Report  of  Dr.  Payne 165 

Report  of  Dr.  McNutt 173 

Report  of  Dr.  Hiues 177 

Correspondence  showing  the  prevalence  of  diseases  among  domesticated  ani- 
mals    186 

Corresiiondence  relating  to  the  more  common  diseases  aflfecting  farm  animals..  211 

Pleuro-pneumonia  or  contagious  lung  fever  of  cattle 219 

A  strange  disease  among  cattle  in  North  Carolina 253 

Rinderpest,  or  Cattle  Plague 255 

Glanders 257 

3 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Page. 
SwiNE  Plague.— Plato        I.  Eight  limg  (liaU-sire)  of  experimeutal  pig.  No. 

VII tie 

Piute      II.  Enlarged  section  of  right  lung  of  same  pig . . 28 

Plate     III.  Ulcerous  tumors  on  mucous  membrane  of  intes- 
tines          30 

Plato     IV.  The  same,  projecting  above  surface 32 

Plate       V.  The  same,  showing  concavity  in  center 34 

Plate     VI,  The  same,  showing  diU'erent  view 36 

Plate   VII.  The  same,  showing  ditferent  view 38 

Plato  VIII.  Ulcerous  tumors  on  mucous  membrane  of   the 

stomach 40 

Chart,  illustrating  microscopical  investigations Ii3 

Plate      IX,   Fig.   1.  Microscopic  section  through  skin  and 
slough.     Fig.  2.  Microscopic  section  of  skin  in 

purjile  spot 60 

Plato       X.  Microscopic  section  showing  exudation  in  the 

ctecal  mucous  membrane  beneath  an  ulcer 75 

Microscopic  section  through  skin,  showing  hair 
follicle  containing  etfused  blood.     The  bristle 

was  detached  in  moi^ntiug 75 

Plate     XI.  Microscoi)ic  section  of  lung  with  exudate  filling 

the  air-cells,  and  thickening  the  alveolar  walls .        75 
Microscopic  section  of  congested  gut,  showing 
villi  with  excess  of  granular  matter,  stained  in 

hasmatoxylon .    Deta  ched  round  cells 75 

Plate  XII.  Microscopic  section  of  lung,  showing  thickened 
Avails  of   air-cells;    blocked  vessels ;    exudate 

into  cell-walls,  and  a  few  of  the  cells 75 

Microscopic  section  from  ear,  showing  cartilage 
and  skin  with  broken  surface,  and  crust- 
entangling  bristles 75 

Plate  XIII.  Forms  assumed  in  rapid  succession  by  bacterium ; 

also  head  and  tail  of  lung  worm 64 

Plate  XIV.  Ova,  hooks,  and  head  and  tail  of  lung  worms. ..  66 
Plate  XV.  Fig.  1.  Microscopic  section  of  diseased  liver. 
Fig.  2.  Microscoi)ic  section  of  lung  in  catarrhal 
pneumonia.  Fig  3.  Jlicroscopiu  section  of  in- 
testine in  "hog-cholera,"  showing  healthy  con- 
dition         116 

Glanders. — Plate    I,  Fig.  L  Development  of  glanders-cells  of  connective-tissue 

corpuscles  in  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  sep- 
tum. Fig,  II.  Microsco])ic  cut  from  gray-yellow- 
ish glanders.  Fig,  III,  l)eveloinuent  of  glanders- 
cells  of  epithelium  elements  in  the  pulmonal  no- 
dules         257 

Platell.Fig.IV.  Lower  end  of  the  soptum  Avith  glanders-nodules 
and  ulcers  (natural  size).  Fig.  Y.  Transversal 
cuts  through  the  gray  noduk-s  iu  the  mucous 
membrane  of  the  se])1  utw  (natural  size).  Fig.  VI, 
Piece  of  the  lower  border  of  a  lung,  cut  surface 
(natural  size).  Fig.  VII.  Also  a  piece  of  the  lower 
border  of  a  lung,  cut  surface  (natural  size) .       257 

4 


1^  I  B  R  A  J{  Y 

UN1VEK8ITV   OF 

^  CALIFORNIA.    > 
INVESTIGATION  OP  SWINE  PLAGUi 


INTEODUCTORY. 

CougTOSs  having  previously  appropriated  the  srnii  of  .$10,000  for  de- 
frayiug  the  expenses  of  a  commission  to  investigate  and  determine  the 
causes  producing,  and,  if  possible,  discover  remedies  for,  some  of  the 
more  contagious  and  destructive  diseases  incident  to  domesticated  ani- 
mals, early  in  August  last  the  Commissioner  of  Agriculture  appointed 
examiners  in  the  States  of  Xew  York,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Iowa,  Kansas, 
Missouri,  and  Korth  Carohna,  to  conduct  such  investigation.  StiU  later 
in  the  season,  on  receiving  information  that  not  only  diseases  among 
swine  were  prevailing  to  an  alarming  extent  in  Yirginia,  but  that  a  fatal 
disease  resembling  j^leuro-iineumonia  or  contagious  lung  fever  was  de- 
stroying a  good  many  valuable  dairy  cattle  in  some  localities  of  that 
State,  an  additional  examiner  was  appointed  and  instructed  to  investi- 
gate and  report  upon  all  the  facts  connected  with  the  condition  of  both 
classes  of  animals  in  the  infected  districts  of  this  State. 

In  the  preliminary  report  of  the  Commissioner  of  Agriculture  for 
1877,  on  the  subject  of  diseases  of  domesticated  animals,  a  tabular  state- 
ment gives  the  total  value  of  farm  animals  lost  in  the  United  States 
duiing  that  year,  principally  from  infectious  and  contagious  diseases,  at 
816,053,428.  These  losses  were  based  ujionas  accurate  returns  as  could 
be  obtained  in  the  absence  of  an  absolute  census,  but  as  they  included 
data  from  but  eleven  hundred  ajid  twenty-five  counties  (about  one-half 
the  whole  number  of  counties  in  the  United  States),  the  above  sum 
falls  far  below  the  aggregate  losses  for  that  year.  About  two-thirds  of 
this  sum  was  occasioned  by  the  loss  of  swine  by  diseases  presumed  to 
be  of  an  infectious  and  contagious  character.  ZSTotwithstanding  these 
maladies  had  their  origin  near  a  quarter  of  a  century  ago,  and  had  rap- 
idly spread  from  one  State  and  one  county  to  another,  there  was  great 
diversity  of  opinion  as  to  their  contagious  or  non-contagious  character. 
IMany  intelligent  farmers  and  stock-growers  insisted  that  they  were  not 
transmissible  from  one  animal  to  another,  while  perhaps  equally  as 
large  a  number  contended  that  the  diseases  were  of  a  highly  infectious 
and  contagious  nature.  As  this  was  regarded  as  one  among  the  most 
important  facts  to  be  determined  by  the  investigation,  two  of  the  exam- 
iners devoted  most  of  their  time  to  exjieriraents  looking  to  a  solution  of 
this  problem. 

As  the  number  and  value  of  the  annual  losses  among  swine  were 
much  heavier  than  among  all  other  classes  of  domesticated  animals  com- 


6  DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER    ANIMALS. 

bmed,  the  Commissioner  deemed  it  best  to  devote  the  greater  portion  of 
the  limited  sum  placed  at  his  disposal  to  an  investigation  of  the  fatal 
diseases  affecting  this  class  of  farm  animals. 

The  preliminary  investigation  instituted  and  conducted  under  the 
supervision  of  this  department,  in  the  fall  and  winter  of  1877-'78,  estab- 
lished the  fact  that  diseases  prevail  among  these  animals  much  more  ex- 
tensively din-ing  the  late  summer  and  early  fall  months  than  at  other 
seasons  of  the  year,  and  for  this  reason  the  examiners  selected  to  con- 
duct the  investigation  were  employed  for  periods  ranging  from  one  to 
three  months.  It  was  assumed,  and  the  subsequent  history  of  the  dis- 
ease proved  the  assumption  to  be  well  founded,  that  the  reduced  tem- 
perature of  the  late  fall  and  early  winter  months  w^ould  cause  an  abate- 
ment of  the  disease,  and  in  a  measure  deprive  the  examiners  of  subjects 
with  which  to  continue  their  experiments.  While,  therefore,  the  very 
severe  weather  of  the  past  winter  caused  a  great  reduction  in  the  num- 
ber of  animals  affected,  the  disease  was  not  eradicated,  nor  did  its 
fatality  seem  to  be  lessened.  The  spread  of  the  infection  from  one  herd 
to  another  was  greatly  diminished ;  but^  in  infected  herds,  where  the 
malady  was  still  prevailing  when  cold  weather  set  in,  there  appeared 
but  little  difference  in  the  rapidity  of  the  transmission  of  the  disease, 
from  one  animal  to  another,  iu  the  same  herd.  Dr.  H.  J.  Detmers,  V. 
S.,  of  Chicago,  who  conducted  his  investigations  and  made  his  experi- 
ments in  one  of  the  worst  infected  of  the  many  krge  hog-growing  dis- 
tricts in  Illinois,  writing  under  date  of  January  7th  last,  speaks  as  follows 
of  the  effects  of  severe  frosts  on  the  spread  of  the  disease : 

Since  my  last  letter  tlie  weatlier  lias  continued  extremely  cold.  Where  I  now  am, 
in  Lee  County,  some  five  or  six  miles  west  of  Dixon,  tlie  thermometer  indicated  at 
seven  o'clock  on  tlie  morning  of  January  2,  28°  below  zero,  and  on  the  next  momiug 
24°  below  zero.  At  present — to-day,  yesterday  and  day  before — tho  weather  is  a 
little  milder.  To-day  it  tried  to  snow  a  little ;  otherwise  the  sky  has  been  clear 
every  day.  The  wind  is,  and  has  been,  west,  except  yesterday  afternoon,  when  it  was 
almost  due  south.  Swine-jilague  diuing  this  cold  Aveather  does  not  seem  to  spread 
either  so  readily  or  so  rapidly  from  one  farm  to  another  as  a  few  mouths  ago ;  but  as  to 
its  spreading  from  one  animal  to  anoihcr  iu  the  same  herd  in  which  it  i^reviously  ex- 
isted no  difference  can  be  observed.  It  seems  to  be  just  as  fatal  as  in  August,  and  its 
course,  on  the  whole,  is  probably  more  acute,  as  severe  aftections  of  the  lungs  .and  of 
the  heart  are  more  frequent,  a  fact  easily  explained  in  the  habits  of  swine  crowding 
together  and  lying  on  top  of  each  other  in  their  sleejiing  places  when  the  temperature 
is  very  low. 

Dr.  Jauios  Law,  of  Ithaca,  !N".  Y.,  whose  investigations  were  solely 
confined  to  experiments  intended  to  further  establish  the  contagious 
and  infectious  character  of  the  disease,  the  i)eriod  of  its  incubation, 
&c.,  conlirms  the  statement  of  Dr.  Detmers,  i.  c,  that  the  severe  frosts 
of  winter  do  not  destroy  the  germs  of  the  malady  but  simply  retard 
their  (;on\'eyance  from  one  herd  to  another.  In  a  letter  of  recent  date, 
forwaixled  since  his  report  Avas  completed,  Dr.  Law  says : 

I  hiiAL-  demon  straied  that  the  freezing  of  the  virulent  matter  does  not  destroy  its  ac- 
tivity, and  lliiit  the  virus  loses  nothing  in  potency  by  preservation  for  one  or  two 


DISEASES   OF   SWINE   AXD   OTHER   ANIMALS.  7 

months  closely  packed  in  dry  bran.  The  same  may  be  inferred  of  all  other  situations 
-n-hen  it  is  closely  packed  and  Tvhcrc  the  air  has  imperfect  access.  These  t^yo  last 
pomts  are  of  immense  importance  as  bearing  on  the  question  of  the  preservation  of  the 
poison  in  infected  iieus  and  yards  alike  in  Avinter  and  in  summer,  to  say  nothing  of 
its  i)ossible  conveyance  in  fodder,  «S:c.  The  different  modes  in  which  the  disease  may 
bo  conveyed  in  the  vret  and  dry  condition,  and  in  the  bodies  of  rabbits,  and  probably 
sheep  and  other  animals,  speak  in  the  strongest  terms  against  keeping  np  the  pro- 
duction of  the  poison  by  preserving  sick  animals,  unless  where  they  can  be  secluded 
in  thoroughly  disinfected  buildings  in  which  even  the  air  shall  be  constantly  charged 
with  disinfectants. 

In  most  of  the  States  in  wbicli  investigations  have  been  made,  the 
examiners  have  fonud  the  symptoms  and  post-mortem  appearances  of 
the  disease  the  samCj  and  hence  agree  as  to  the  propriety  of  desig- 
nating the  affection  under  the  head  of  a  general  disorder.  Dr.  Detmers 
has,  therefore,  given  the  disease  the  name  of  "  Swine-plague,"  and  Dr. 
Law  has  named  it  "  Hog-fever."  While  either  designation  woidd  seem 
to  be  eminently  x)roper,  that  of  "  Swine-plague"  will  no  doubt  be  gen- 
erally adopted. 

As  in  almost  all  general  disorders,  a  certain  variety  of  organs  were 
found  affected  and  diseased.  ^larked  changes  and  extravasations  in 
various  parts  of  the  body  were  observed,  and  inflammation  of  the  lungs 
and  large  intestines  was  usually  present.  The  heart,  the  pleura,  the 
eyes,  the  epidermis,  and  many  other  important  organs  showed  either 
slight  or  more  serious  affections,  and  in  almost  every  case  tested  with 
the  thermometer  the  temperature  was  found  to  be  above  normal  heat 
before  any  other  symptom  of  the  disease  vras  in  the  least  apparent.  In 
every  herd  where  the  disease  had  prevailed  to  any  considerable  extent, 
no  case  was  found  where  death  had  occurred  from  a  local  malady,  but 
all  the  lesions  and  api^earances  unmistakably  indicated  the  existence  of 
the  general  disorder.  In  but  few  cases  was  death  found  to  have  resulted 
from  the  affection  of  any  single  organ,  but  on  the  contrary  seemed  to 
have  been  the  result  of  the  various  organic  changes  observed. 

Dr.  Detmers  says  that  the  morbid  process,  although  in  all  cases  essen- 
tially the  same,  is  not  restricted  to  a  single  part  or  organ,  or  to  a  set  of 
organs,  but  can  have  its  seat  almost  anyT\iiere — in  the  tissue  of  the 
lungs ;  in  the  pleiu-a  and  i^ericardium ;  in  the  heart ;  in  the  lymi)hatic 
system ;  in  the  jjeritoneum ;  in  all  mucous  inembranes,  especially  in 
those  of  the  intestines  5  in  the  liver ;  in  the  spleen,  and  even  in  the  skin. 
Only  the  pulmonal  tissue  and  lymphatic  glands  are  invariably  affected. 

The  most  constant  and  unvarying  symptom  of  the  disease  is  observed 
in  the  increased  temperature  of  the  body.  Indeed,  one  of  the  examiners 
regards  it  as  highly  probable  that  a  high  temperature  may  exist  several 
weeks  before  other  symi^toms  are  manitested,  and  that  the  disease  may 
in  some  cases  even  be  confined  to  and  run  its  course  in  the  blood  with- 
out i\  localization  in  any  other  organ  or  organs.  A  few  isolated  cases 
are  noted  wiiere  this  symptom  was  lacking,  but  it  may  have  been  pres- 
ent in  a  mild  form  before  other  symptoms  were  observed.    The  external 


8  DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER    ANIMALS. 

Byin])toiiis  of  tlie  diseaso,  ^vliicli  were  found  to  be  almost  identical  in 
all  the  widely-separated  localities  in  wliicli  examinations  were  made, 
were  a  dullness  of  tlie  eyes,  the  lids  of  which  are  kept  nearer  closed  thau 
in  health,  with  an  accumulation  of  secretion  in  the  corners.  There  is 
hanging-  of  the  head,  with  lopped  ears,  and  an  inclination  to  hide  in  the 
litter  and  to  lie  on  the  belly  and  keep  quiet.  As  the  disease  advances, 
the  animal  manifests  more  or  less  thirst,  some  cough,  and  a  i)ink  blush 
or  rose-colored  spots,  and  papular  eruption  appears  on  the  skin,  particu- 
larly along  the  belly,  inside  of  the  thighs  and  fore  legs,  and  about  the 
ears.  There  is  accelerated  respiration  and  circulation,  increased  action 
of  the  flanks  in  breathing,  tucked-up  abdomen,  arched  back,  swelling  of 
the  Yidva  in  the  female  as  in  heat  5  occasionally,  also,  of  the  sheath  of 
the  male,  loss  of  appetite,  and  tenderness  of  the  abdomen,  sometimes 
persistent  diarrhea,  but  generally  obstinate  constipation.  In  some 
cases  large  abraded  spots  are  observed  at  the  i)rojecting  points  of  the 
body,  caused  by  separation  and  loss  of  the  epidermis.  In  such  cases 
a  slight  blow  or  friction  on  the  skin  is  sufficient  to  produce  such 
abrasions.  In  many  cases  the  eruption,  blush,  and  spots  are  entirely 
absent ;  petechise  are  formed  in  only  about  one-third  of  the  cases.  In 
some  cases  there  is  considerable  inflammation  of  and  discharge  from 
the  eyes.  Some  animals  emit  a  very  offensive  odor  even  before  death. 
In  large  herds,  where  the  disease  prevails  extensively,  this  offensive 
effluvia  can  be  detected  for  a  great  distance  to  windward.  In  nearly  all 
cases  there  is  a  weakness  or  partial  paralysis  of  the  i)osterior  extremi- 
ties, and  occasionally  this  paralysis  is  so  complete  in  the  first  stages  of 
the  disease  as  to  x>revent  walking  or  standing. 

As  symptoms  of  special  diagnostic  value,  which  are  scarcely  ever  ab- 
sent in  any  case,  the  following  are  mentioned :  Drooping  of  the  ears  and 
of  the  head;  more  or  less  coughing;  dull  look  of  the  eyes;  staring  ap- 
pearance of  the  coat  of  hair;  i^artial  or  total  want  of  appetite  for  food; 
vitiated  appetite  for  excrements;  rapid  emaciation;  great  debility; 
weak  and  undecided,  and  frequently  staggering,  gait ;  great  indifference 
to  surroundings;  tendency  to  lie  down  in  a  dark  corner,  and  to  hide  the 
nose  and  even  the  whole  head  in  the  bedding;  the  specific  offensive 
smell,  and  the  peculiar  color  of  the  excrements.  This  last  symptom  is 
always  jwesent,  at  least  in  an  advanced  stage  of  the  disease,  no  matter 
whether  constipation  or  diarrhea  is  exisiting.  Among  other  character- 
istic s.'^^nptoms,  which  are  not  present  in  every  animal,  may  be  mentioned 
frequent  sneezing;  bleeding  from  the  nose;  swelling  of  the  eyelids;  ac- 
cumulation of  mucus  in  the  imier  canthi  of  the  eyes;  attempts  to  vomit, 
or  real  vomiting;  accelerated  and  difficult  breathing;  thumping  or 
spasmodic  contraction  of  the  abdominal  muscles  (flanks),  and  a  pecu- 
liar, faint,  and  hoarse  voice  in  the  last  stages  of  the  disease. 

The  duration  of  the  disease  varies  according  to  the  violence  and  seat 
of  the  attack  and  the  age  and  constitution  of  the  patient.  Where  the 
attack  is  violent,  and  its  princijjal  seat  is  located  in  one  of  the  vital 


DISEASES    OF    SWIXE    AND    OTHER    ANIMALS.  9 

organs — sucli  as  the  heart — the  disease  frequently  terminates  fatally  in 
a  few  days,  and  sometimes  even  within  twenty-four  hours ;  but  when 
the  attack  is  of  a  mild  character,  and  the  heart  is  not  seriously  affected, 
and  the  animal  is  naturally  strong  and  vigorous,  one  or  two  weeks 
usually  intervene  before  death  ensues.  If  the  termination  is  not  fatal, 
convalescence  requires  an  equal  and  not  unfrequently  a  much  longer 
time.  A  i^erfect  recovery  seldom  occurs ;  in  most  cases  some  lasting 
disorder  remains  behind  and  more  or  less  interferes  with  the  growth 
and  fattening  of  the  animal.  Those  that  do  recover  make  but  very  poor 
retiu-ns  for  the  food  consumed ;  hence  from  a  i^ecuniary  standpoint  it 
makes  but  little  diiference  to  the  owner  whether  the  animal  recovers  or 
not.  The  attack  is  always  more  violent  and  fatal  when  large  numbers 
of  animals  are  closely  confined  together  in  small  and  dirty  inclosures  or 
in  illy  ventilated  and  filthy  -pens. 

The  disease  can  have  its  seat  in  many  different  organs  or  parts  of  the 
body,  and  therefore  produces  a  great  variety  of  morbid  changes.  This 
accounts  for  its  different  aspect  in  different  animals.  In  some  cases  the 
principal  seat  of  the  disease  may  be  in  the  organs  of  respiration  and 
circulation,  and  in  others  in  the  intestinal  canal  and  organs  of  digestion. 
Death  may  therefore  be  the  result  of  different  causes  in  diilerent  cases. 
In  some  cases  it  results  from  a  cessation  of  the  functions  of  the  heart, 
the  lungs,  «^c.,  and  in  others  it  is  in  consequence  of  the  inability  of 
entirely  different  organs  to  perform  their  allotted  functions.  This  being 
the  case,  the  ])ost-mortem  appearances  would  necessarily  greatly  vary, 
but  in  all  animals  similarly  affected  the  lesions  and  morbid  changes 
were  found  identical. 

Perhaps  the  most  important  point  to  be  determined  by  this  investiga- 
tion was  the  contagious  or  non-contagious  character  of  the  disease.  In 
order  to  do  tliis  a  series  of  exi>eriments  were  instituted  and  conducted 
solely  with  this  end  in  view,  by  Drs.  Detmers  and  Law.  These  ex- 
periments resulted  in  determining  the  fact  that  the  disease  is  both 
infectious  and  contagious,  and  that  it  is  not  confined  alone  to  swine,  but 
that  other  animals  may  contract  it  in  a  mild  form  and  retransmit  it  to 
swine  in  its  most  virulent  and  malignant  character. 

On  the  Cth  day  of  September,  Dr.  Detmers  fed  a  portion  of  the  stom- 
ach, the  ccecum,  and  the  spleen  of  a  pig  that  had  died  on  that  day  to  two 
healthy  pigs.  On  the  19th  of  the  same  month  they  showed  signs  of  ill- 
ness, and  the  symptoms  continued  to  grow  in  intensity  until  the  23d, 
when,  finding  that  the  animal  must  die  in  a  few  hours,  one  of  them  was 
killed  by  bleeding.  The  other  pig  was  found  dead  in  the  pen  on  the 
morning  of  September  30.  The  symptoms  and  i^o^t  mortem  appearances 
were  those  of  swine-plague,  as  they  revealed  the  same  lesions  as  those 
observed  in  an  examination  of  the  pig  from  which  the  diseased  products 
had  been  taken  for  the  purpose  of  infection.  On  tlie  24th  day  of  Sep- 
tember, the  day  following  the  death  of  the  first  pig,  a  healthy  pig  of 


10  DISEASES    OF   vSWIXE   AND   OTHER   ANIMALS. 

mLseil  Poland-Cliina  and  Berkshire  was  coufmed  in  tlie  same  pen  with  the 
sick  pig-  that  died  on  the  30th  of  that  mouth.  It  showed  no  signs  of 
sickness  until  the  2d  day  of  October,  when  the  first  symptoms  of  the 
disease  were  observed.  It  continued  to  grow  rapidly  worse,  and  was 
found  dead  in  its  pen  on  the  morning  of  the  11th,  nine  days  after  the  first 
symptoms  were  observed. 

Experiments  were  made  with  a  large  number  of  other  animals  to  test 
the  infectious  and  contagious  character  of  the  plagiie.  These  experi- 
ments included  the  confinement  of  liealthy  with  sick  animals,  and  the 
inoculation  of  healthy  animals  with  the  diseased  products  of  those  suffer- 
ing with  the  fever.  In  almost  every  case,  as  vnll  be  seen  from  his  de- 
tailed report,  Dr.  Detmers  was  successful  in  transmitting  the  disease 
from  sick  to  healthy  animals. 

The  ]nicroscopic  investigations  of  Dr.  Detmers  also  revealed  some  im- 
iwrtant  facts.  His  discovery  of  a  new  order  of  bacteria  or  hacilhi^,  which 
he  names  hacUlus  suis,  as  it  is  common  only  to  this  disease  of  swine,  and 
his  failure  to  inoculate  healthy  animals  with  viras  from  which  these 
germs  had  been  removed  by  filtration  and  otherwise,  would  lead  to  the 
conclusion  that  these  microphytes  are  the  true  seeds  of  the  hog  fever. 

Dr.  Detmers  invariably  found  these  germs,  in  one  form  or  another,  in 
all  fluids.  So  consta.ntly  were  they  observed  in  the  blood,  urine,  mucus, 
fluid  exudations,  &c.,  and  in  the  excrements  and  in  all  morl^idly  affected 
tissues  of  diseased  animals,  that  he  regards  them  as  the  true  infectious 
principle.  They  would  seem  to  undergo  several  changes,  and  to  require 
a  certain  length  of  time  for  further  propagation ;  therefore,  if  introduced 
into  the  animal  organism,  a  period  of  incubation  or  colonization  must 
elapse  before  the  morbid  symptoms  make  their  appearance.  These 
germs  were  generally  found  in  immense  numbers  in  the  fluids,  but  more 
especially  in  the  blood  and  in  the  exudations  of  the  diseased  animals. 
"With  the  proper  temperature  and  the  presence  of  a  sufficient  amount  of 
oxygon  they  soon  develop  and  grow  lengthwise  by  a  kind  of  budding 
process.  A  globular  germ,  constantly  observed  under  the  microscope,  bud- 
ded and  grew  under  a  temx)erature  of  70°  F.  twice  the  original  length  in 
exactly  t  wo  hours,  and  changed  gradually  to  rod-bact<'ria  or  haciUi.  Under 
favoriiblc  ckcumstances  these  hacilU  continue  to  grow  in  length  until, 
when  magnified  850  diameters,  they  appear  from  one  to  six  inches  long.  A 
loiee  or  angle  is  first  formed  where  a  separation  is  to  take  place,  and 
then  a  complete  separation  is  ell'ected  by  a  swinging  motion  of  both 
ends.  After  the  division,  which  requires  but  a  minute  or  two  alter  this 
swinging  motion  commences,  the  ends  thus  separated  move  apart  in  dif- 
ferent dh-ectious.  These  long  bacteria  seem  pregnant  with  new  germs; 
their  external  envelope  disappears  or  is  dissolved,  and  then  the  numer- 
ous bacillus  germs  become  free,  and  in  this  way  effect  propagation. 
Some  of  tbe  haciUi  or  rod-bacteria  move  very  rapidly,  whik>  others  are 
apparently  motionless.  A  certain  degree  of  heat  would  seem  to  be  nec- 
essary for  their  propagation,  as,  under  the  microscope,  the  motion  in- 


DISEASES    OF    SWIXE    AND    OTHER    ANIMALS.  11 

creases  and  becomes  more  lively  if  the  rays  of  the  light,  thrown  upon  the 
slide  by  the  mirror,  are  sufficiently  concentrated  to  increase  the  temper- 
ature of  the  object.  Another  change  observed  by  Dr.  Dctmers,  but  the 
cause  of  which  he  was  not  able  to  determine,  was  observed  in  the  fact 
that  the  globular  bacteria  or  bacillus  germs  commence  to  bud  or  grow, 
when,  very  suddenly,  their  further  development  ceases,  and  partially 
developed  bacilli  and  simple  and  budding  germs  congregate  to  colonies, 
agglutinate  to  each  other,  and  form  larger  or  smaller  irregularly-shaped 
and  apparently  viscous  clusters.  These  clusters  are  frequently  found  in 
tlie  blood  and  in  other  fluids,  and  invariably  in  the  exudations  of  the  lungs ; 
and  in  the  lymphatic  glands  in  pulmonal  exudation  and  in  blood  serum 
this  formation  can  be  observed  under  the  microscope  if  the  object  re- 
mains unchanged  for  an  hour  or  two.  In  the  ulcerous  tmnors  on  the  in- 
testinal mucous  membrane  but  few  of  these  clusters  will  be  found,  but 
the  fully-developed  hadlliy  many  of  which  appear  very  lively,  are  always 
exceedingly  numerous.  These  tumors  or  morbid  growths  in  the  intes- 
tines seem  to  afford  the  most  favorable  conditions  for  the  growth  and 
development  of  the  hacilli  and  their  germs.  The  presence  of  such  im- 
mense numbers  of  these  microphytes  and  their  germs  in  the  excrements 
and  other  morbid  products  of  swine  leads  Dr.  Detmers  to  regard  them, 
beyond  doubt,  as  the  principal  disseminators  of  the  plague.  Whether 
these  colonies  or  viscous  clusters  are  instrumental  in  bringing  about  the 
extensive  embolism  of  the  lungs  and  other  tissues  by  merely  closing  the 
capillary  vessels  in  a  mechanical  way,  or  whether  the  presence,  growth, 
development,  and  propagation  of  the  hacilli  and  their  germs  produce 
pecidiar  chemical  changes  in  the  comiwsition  of  the  blood,  thereby  dis- 
qualifying it  from  passing Mith  facility  through  the  ca]")illaries,  or  which 
cause  a  clotting  and  retention  of  the  same  in  the  capillary  system,  Dr. 
Detmers  is  not  able  positively  to  decide.  He  is  of  the  opinion,  however, 
that  these  colonies  or  viscous  clusters  of  bacillus  germs  and  partially 
developed  bacilli  cause  sufficient  obstruction  of  the  capillaries  to  pro- 
duce fatal  embolism. 

The  vitality  of  the  bacilli  and  bacillus-germs  is  not  very  great,  except 
where  preserved  in  a  substance  or  fluid  not  easily  subject  to  dccomi")osi- 
tion ;  for  instance,  in  water  which  contains  a  slight  admixture  of  organic 
substances.  Where  contained  in  such  a  fluid  and  preserved  in  a  vial 
with  a  glass  stoi)per,  they  will  remain  for  at  least  five  or  six  weeks  in 
nearly  the  same  condition,  or  develop  veiy  slowly,  according  to  the 
amount  of  oxygen  and  degree  of  temperature  maintained.  In  an  open 
vessel  the  development  is  a  more  rapid  one.  If  oxygen  is  excluded,  or 
the  amount  available  is  exhausted,  no  further  change  takes  place.  In 
the  water  of  streamlets,  brooks,  ditches,  ponds,  «S:c.,  their  vitality  is  re- 
tained or  preserved  for  some  time.  In  fluids  and  substances  subject  to 
imtrefactioii,  they  lose  their  vitality  and  arc  destroyed  in  a  companitively 
brief  period;  at  least  they  disappear  as  soon  as  those  fluids  and  snb- 
stances  undergo  decomposition.    In  tlie  blood  they  disappear  as  soon 


12  DISEASES    OF    SWINE   AND    OTHER   ANIMALS. 

as  the  blood-corpuscles  conuneiice  to  decompose  or  i)utrefy.  They  are 
also  destroyed  if  brought  in  contact  with  or  acted  ui)on  by  alcohol,  car- 
bolic acid,  thymol,  iodine,  &c.  The  destruction  of  these  germs  by  de- 
composition -would  seem  to  account  for  the  harmless  nature  of  thoroughly 
putrid  products  when  consumed  by  healthy  animals.  (See  drawings, 
hacilU  and  hacUlus-germs.) 

Dr.  Law  also  discovered  bacteria  in  the  blood  of  i^igs  suffering  with 
the  disease,  and  in  one  case,  on  the  second  day  before  death,  he  found  the 
blood  swarming  with  them,  all  showing  very  active  movements.  (See 
drawings,  Plate  xiii.  Fig.  3.)  The  blood  from  another  pig,  which  had 
been  inoculated  from  this  one,  showed  the  same  living,  actively-moving 
germs  in  equal  quantity.  They  were  further  found  in  the  blood  of  a 
rabbit  and  of  a  sheep  inoculated  from  the  first-mentioned  pig.  In  an 
abscess  of  a  puppy,  which  had  also  been  inoculated,  the  germs  were 
abundant.  In  the  examination  of  blood  from  healthy  pigs  the  micro- 
scope failed  to  reveal  the  presence  of  these  organisms.  Dr.  Law  states 
that  in  his  experiments  the  greatest  precautions  were  taken  to  avoid 
the  introduction  of  extraneous  germs.  The  caustic  potash  emi^loyed  was 
first  fused,  then  placed  with  reboiled  distilled  water  in  a  stoppered  bot- 
tle which  had  been  heated  to  red  heat.  The  glass  slides  and  cover- 
glasses  were  cleaned  and  biu'ned,  the  skin  of  the  animal  cleaned  and 
incised  with  a  knife  that  had  just  been  heated  in  the  flame  of  a  lamp. 
The  caustic  solution  and  the  distilled  water  for  the  immersion-lens  were 
reboiled  on  each  occasion  before  using,  and  finally  the  glass  rods  em- 
ployed to  lift  the  latter  were  superheated  before  being  dipped  iii  them. 
On  diiferent  occasions,  when  the  animal  was  being  killed,  the  blood 
from  the  flowing  vessels  was  received  beneath  the  skin  into  a  capillary 
tube  which  had  just  been  purified  by  burning  in  the  flame  of  a  lamp. 
With  these  precautions  he  thinks  it  might  have  been  possible  for  one  or 
two  bacteria  to  get  in  from  the  atmosphere,  but  this  would  not  account 
for  the  swarms  found  as  soon  as  the  blood  was  placed  under  the  micro- 
scope. 

The  most  scrupulous  care  was  observed  by  Dr.  Law  in  his  experi- 
ments in  inoculation.  The  isolated  and  non-infected  locality  where  the 
experiments  were  conducted  offered  special  advantages  for  a  series  of 
experiments  of  this  character,  as  there  were  no  large  herds  of  diseased 
and  exposed  swine,  and,  consequently,  no  danger  of  accidental  infection 
from  other  sources  than  the  experimental  pens.  The  number  of  animals 
subjected  to  experiment  was  limited  by  the  necessity  for  the  most  per- 
fect isolation  of  the  healthy  and  diseased,  for  the  employment  of  sepa- 
rate attendants  for  each,  and  for  the  disinfection  of  instruments  used 
for  scientific  observations,  and  of  the  persons  and  clothes  of  those  neces- 
sarily in  attendance.  Th(i  experimental  pens  were  constructed  on  high 
ground  in  an  open  field,  with  nothing  to  impede  the  free  circulation  of 
air.  They  were  large  and  roomy,  with  abundant  ventilation  from  back 
and  front,  with  perfectly  close  walls,  floors,  and  roofs,  and  in  cases 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER   ANIMALS.  13 

wlieretwo  or  more  existed  in  the  same  building,  the  intervening  -walls 
were  constructed  of  a  double  thickness  of  matched  boards,  \rith  build- 
ing pasteboard  between,  so  that  no  communication  could  possibly  take 
l)lace  except  through  the  open  air  of  the  fields.  When  deemed  neces- 
sary, disinfectants  were  placed  at  the  ventilating  orifices.  On  showing 
the  first  signs  of  illness,  infected  pigs  were  at  once  turned  over  to  the 
care  of  attendants  delegated  to  take  charge  of  these  alone.  The  food, 
utensils,  &c.,  for  the  healthy  and  diseased  animals  were  kept  most  care- 
fully apart.  When  passing  from  one  to  the  other  for  scientific  observa- 
tions, the  healthy  were  first  attended,  and  afterward  the  diseased,  as 
far  as  possible  in  the  order  of  severity.  Disinfection  was  then  resorted 
to,  and  no  visit  was  paid  to  the  healthy  pigs  until  after  a  lapse  of  six  or 
eight  hours,  with  free  exposure  to  the  air  in  the  interval.  In  the  pens 
the  most  scruimlous  cleanliness  was  maintained,  and  deodorizing  agents 
used  in  sufficient  quantities  to  keep  them  i)erfectly  sweet. 

The  exijeriments  of  Dr.  Law  have  shown  the  period  of  incubation  to 
vary  greatly,  though  in  a  majority  of  cases  it  terminated  in  from  three 
to  seven  days  after  inoculation.  One  animal  sickened  and  died  on  the 
first  day,  three  on  the  third,  two  on  the  fourth,  one  on  the  fifth,"  two  on 
the  sixth,  four  on  the  seventh,  and  one  each  on  the  eighth  and  thirteenth 
days  respectively.  Eeferring  to  experiments  of  others  for  determining 
the  period  of  incubation,  Dr.  Law  says  that  Dr.  Sutton,  observing  the 
residt  of  contact  alone  in  autumn,  sets  the  period  at  from  thirteen  to 
fourteen  days ;  his  own  observations  in  Scotland,  in  summer,  indicated 
from  seven  to  foiu-teen  days ;  Professor  Axe,  in  siunmer,  in  London,  con- 
cluded on  from  five  to  eight  days ;  Dr.  Budd,  in  summer,  from  four  to 
five  days ;  and  Professor  Osier,  in  autumn,  at  from  four  to  six  days. 
Dr.  Detmers  gives  the  period  of  incubation  from  five  to  fifteen  days,  or 
an  average  of  about  seven  days.  A  comparison  of  these  results  would 
seem  to  indicate  that  both  extremes  have  been  reached. 

In  experimenting  in  this  direction.  Dr.  Law  first  sought  to  ascertain 
the  tenacity  of  life  of  the  dried  virus.  Some  years  ago  Professor  Axe 
had  successfully  inoculated  a  pig  with  virus  that  had  remained  dried 
upon  ivory  points  for  twenty-six  days.  In  order  to  carry  this  experi- 
ment still  further,  Dr.  Law  inoculated  three  pigs  Avith  virulent  products 
that  had  been  dried  on  quills  lor  one  day,  one  with  virus  tUied  on  a  quill  for 
four  days,  one  for  five  days,  and  one  for  six  days.  These  quills  had  been 
sent  from  Xorth  Carolina  and  New  Jersey,  Avrappcd  in  a  simple  paper 
covering,  and  were  in  no  Avay  specially  protected  against  the  action  of 
the  air.  Of  the  six  inoculations,  four  took  effect.  In  the  two  exceptional 
cases  the  quills  had  been  treated  with  disinfectants  before  inoculation, 
so  that  the  failure  Avas  anticipated. 

Three  pigs  were  inoculated  with  diseased  intestine  which  had  been 
dried  for  tln-eo  and  four  days  respectively.  The  intestine  Avas  dried  in 
the  free  air  and  sun,  and  the  process  was  necessarily  slower  than  in  the 
case  of  the  (juills,  where  the  virus  Avas  in  a  very  thin  layer,  hence  there 


14  DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTKEE    xYNDIALS. 

was  more  time  allowed  ibr  septic  (;haiij;e^.  In  all  three  cases  the  inocu- 
latiou  proved  succcsstul.  This  experiment  would  prove  that  the  morbid 
products,  even  in  comparatively  thick  layers,  may  dry  spontaneously, 
and  retain  their  vitality  sutficiently  to  transmit  the  disease  to  the  most 
distant  States. 

Another  pig  was  inocidated  Avith  a  portion  of  moist  diseased  intestine 
sent  from  Illinois  in  a  closely-corked  bottle.  The  material  had  been  three 
days  ii'om  the  pig,  and  smelt  slightly  putrid.  The  disease  developed  on 
the  sixth  day.  A  second  pig  was  inoculated  with  blood  from  a  diseased 
pig  that  had  been  kept  for  eleven  days  at  100°  F.  in  an  isolation  appara- 
tus, the  outlets  of  which  were  plugged  with  cotton  wool.  Illness  super- 
vened in  twenty-four  hours. 

A  solitary  experiment  of  Dr.  Klein's  having  appeared  to  support  the 
idea  that  the  blood  was  non-Airident,  Dr.  Law  tested  the  matter  by  in- 
oculating two  pigs  with  the  blood  of  one  that  had  been  sick  for  nine 
days.  They  sickened  on  the  seventh  and  eighth  days  respectively,  and 
from  one  of  these  the  disease  was  stUl  fiu'ther  propagated  by  inoculating 
with  the  blood  three  other  animals.  Notwithstanding  the  success  of 
these  three  experiments,  Dr.  Law  is  still  doubtful  of  the  blood  being  vir- 
ulent at  all  stages  of  the  disease. 

But  one  or  two  experiments  were  instituted  by  Dr.  Law  to  test  the 
question  of  infection  through  the  air  alone.  A  healthy  pig  placed  in  a 
pen  between  two  infected  ones,  and  Avith  the  ventilating  orifices  within 
a  foot  of  each  other,  front  and  back,  had  an  elevated  temperatiu'e  on  the 
ninth,  tenth,  and  eleventh  days,  with  lameness  in  the  right  shoulder, 
evidentlj"  of  a  rheumatic  character.  On  the  twenty-fourth  day  the  tem- 
perature rose  two  degrees,  and  remained  104°  F.  and  upward  for  sis 
days,  when  it  slowly  declined  to  the  natui^al  standard. 

A  healthy  i)ig  was  placed  in  a  pen  from  which  a  sick  one  had  been 
removed  thirteen  days  before.  The  pen  had  been  simply  swept  out,  but 
subjected  to  no  disinfection  other  than  the  free  circulation  of  aii',  and  as 
the  pig  was  placed  in  the  pen  on  December  19th,  all  moist  objects  had  been 
frozen  diuing  the  time  the  apartment  had  stood  empty.  The  pig  cUed  on 
the  fifteenth  day  thereafter,  without  having  shown  any  rise  of  tempera- 
ture, but  \fith 2)Ost-mortcm  lesions  that  showed  the  operation  of  the  poison. 
Dr.  Law  refers  to  this  case  as  an  example  of  the  rapidly  fatal  aiHion  of 
the  disease,  the  poison  having  fallen  with  prostrating  effect  on  vital 
organs — the  lungs  and  brain — and  cut  life  short  before  there  was  time 
for  the  full  development  of  all  the  other  lesions.  It  fully  demonstrates 
the  preservation  of  the  poison  in  a  covered  building  at  a  temperature 
below  the  freezing  point. 

Perhaps  the  most  important  experiments  conducted  by  Dr.  Law  were 
those  relating  to  the  inoculation  of  other  animals  than  swine  with  the 
vii-us  and  morbid  products  of  pigs  suffering  with  the  plague,  and  the 
transmission  of  the  disease  from  these  animals  back  to  healthy  hogs. 
A  meiino  wether,  a  tame  rabbit,  and  a  Newfoundland  puppy  were  ill- 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER    ANIMALS.  15 

oculated  with  blood  and  pleural  fluid  containiug  mimcrous  actively 
moviug-  bacteria,  taken  from  the  right  ventricle  and  pleura?  of  a  pig 
that  had  die<l  of  the  fever  the  same  mornmg.  Next  day  the  temperature 
of  all  three  was  elevated.  In  the  puppy  it  became  normal  on  the  thii-d 
day,  but  on  the  eighth  day  a  large  abscess  formed  in  the  seat  of  inoc- 
ulation and  biu-st.  The  rabbit  had  elevated  temperature  for  eight  days, 
lost  appetite,  became  weak  and  purged,  and  its  blood  contained  myriads 
of  the  characteristic  bacteria.  The  wether  had  his  temperature  raised 
for  an  equal  length  of  time,  and  had  bacteria  in  his  blood,  though  not 
so  abundantly  as  in  that  of  the  rabbit.  The  sheep  and  rabbit  had  each 
been  unsuccessfully  inoculated  on  two  former  occasions  with  the  blood 
of  sick  pigs,  in  which  no  moving  bacteria  had  been  detected.  Subse- 
quently, after  two  inoculations  with  questionable  results,  made  with  the 
blood  of  sick  pigs  in  which  no  microzymes  had  been  observed,  Dr.  Law 
succeeded  in  inoculating  a  rabbit  with  the  iileiu'al  effusion  of  a  pig  that 
had  died  the  night  before,  and  in  which  were  numerous  actively  moving 
bacteria.  ISText  day  the  rabbit  was  very  feverish  and  quite  ill,  and  con- 
tinued so  for  twenty-two  days,  when  it  was  killed  and  showed  lesions  in 
many  respects  resembling  those  of  the  sick  pigs.  The  blood  of  the  rab- 
bit contained  active  microzjTues  like  those  of  the  pig.  On  the  fourth 
day  of  sickness  the  blood  of  the  rabbit  containing  bacteria  was  inocu- 
lated on  a  healthy  pig,  but  for  fifteen  days  the  pig  showed  no  signs  of 
illness.  It  was  then  reinociUated,  but  this  time  with  the  discharge  from 
an  open  sore  which  had  formed  over  an  engorgement  in  the  groin  of  the 
rabbit.  Illness  set  in  on  the  thii"d  day  thereafter  and  continued  for  ten 
days,  when  the  pig  was  destroyed  and  found  to  present  the  lesions  of 
the  disease  in  a  moderate  degree.  A  second  pig,  inoculated  with  frozen 
matter  which  had  been  taken  from  the  open  sore  on  the  rabbit's  groin, 
sickened  on  the  thiiteenth  day  thereafter,  and  remained  ill  for  six  days, 
when  an  imminent  death  was  anticipated  by  destroying  the  animal. 
Diuing  life  and  after  death  it  presented  the  phenomena  of  the  plague  in 
a  very  violent  foi^. 

The  results  of  these  experiments  have  convinced  Dr.  LaAv,  as  they 
must  convince  others,  that  the  rabbit  is  itself  a  victim  of  this  disease, 
and  that  the  poison  can  be  reproduced  and  multiplied  in  the  body  of 
this  rodent  and  conveyed  back  Avith  undiminished  virulence  to  the  pig. 
Dr.  lilein  had  previouslj'  demonstrated  the  susceptibility  of  mice  and 
guinea  pigs  to  the  disease.  The  rabbit,  and  still  more  the  mouse,  is  a 
frequent  visitor  of  hog  pens  and  yards.  The  latter  eats  from  the  same 
feeding  troughs  with  the  pig,  hides  under  the  same  litter,  and  runs  con- 
stant risk  of  infection.  Once  infected,  thej'*may  caiTy  the  disease  to 
long  distances.  During  the  progress  of  severe  attacks  of  the  disease, 
then-  weakness  and  inability  to  escape  will  make  them  an  easy  prey  to 
the  omnivorous  hog;  and  tlius  sick  and  dead  alike  will  be  devoured  by 
the  doomed  swine. 

Dr.  Law  says  that  the  infection  of  these  rodents  creates  the  strongest 


16  DISEASES    OF    SWINE   AND    OTHER   ANIMALS. 

presumption  tliat  other  genera  of  the  same  family  may  also  contract  tbe 
disease,  and  by  virtue  of  an  even  closer  relation  to  the  pigs,  may  succeed 
in  conveying  the  malady  to  distant  herds.  The  rat  is  suggested  as  being 
almost  ubiquitous  in  piggeries,  and  more  likely  than  any  other  rodent 
to  contract  and  transmit  the  disease  to  distant  farms.  In  order  to  test 
its  susceptibility  to  the  poison,  Dr.  LaAV  inoculated  a  rat  with  the  ^drus 
from  a  sick  pig,  but  unfortunately  the  subject  died  on  the  second  day 
thereafter.  The  body  showed  slight  suspicious  lesions,  such  as  congested 
lungs  with  considerable  interlobular  exudation,  congested  small  intes- 
tines, dried-up  contents  of  the  large  intestines,  and  sanguinous  discolor- 
ation of  the  tail  from  the  seat  of  inoculation  to  the  tip.  With  the  fresh 
congested  small  intestine  of  the  rat  he  inoculated  one  pig,  and  with  the 
frozen  intestine  one  day  later  he  inoculated  a  second.  The  first  showed 
no  rise  of  temperature,  loss  of  appetite,  or  digestive  disorder ;  but  on 
the  sixth  day  i)ink  and  violet  eruptions,  the  size  of  a  pin's  head  and  up- 
wards, ai^peared  on  the  teats  and  belly  -,  and  on  the  tenth  day  there  was 
a  manifest  enlargement  of  the  inguinal  glands.  In  the  second  pig  in- 
oculated, the  symptoms  were  too  obscure  to  be  of  any  real  value.  Dr. 
Law  wiU  continue  his  experiments  with  this  rodent. 

In  addition  to  the  above,  Dr.  Law  experimented  on  two  sheep  of  dif- 
ferent ages,  an  adult  merino  wether  and  a  cross-breed  lamb,  and  in  both 
cases  succeeded  in  transmitting  the  disease.  With  the  mucus  from  the 
anus  of  the  wether  he  inoculated  a  healthy  pig,  which  showed  a  slight 
elevation  of  temperature  for  five  days,  but  without  any  other  marked 
symptoms  of  illness.  Eleven  days  later  it  was  reinoculated  with  scab 
from  the  ear  of  the  lamb,  and  again  thi'ee  days  later  with  anal  mucus 
from  the  sheep.  The  day  preceding  the  last  inoculation  it  was  noticed 
that  the  inguinal  glands  were  much  enlarged,  and  in  six  days  thereafter 
the  temperature  was  elevated  and  pui"ple  spots  appeared  on  the  belly. 
At  the  time  that  Dr.  Law  closed  his  report  this  fever  had  lasted  but  a 
few  days,  but  he  regai-ds  the  symptoms,  taken  in  connection  mth  the 
violent  rash  and  the  enlarged  Ijonphatic  glands,  as  satisfactory  evidence 
of  the  presence  of  the  disease.  It  can,  therefore,  be  affirmed  of  the 
sheep  as  of  the  rabbit,  that  not  only  is  it  subject  to  this  disease,  but 
that  it  can  multiply  the  poison  in  its  system  and  transmit  it  back  to  the 

pig- 

Among  the  later  experiments  by  Dr.  Law  was  one  inaugurated  with 
the  view  of  testing  the  vitality  of  fi'ozen  products  of  the  disease.  This 
poiut  was  briefly  alluded  to  above,  but  it«  importance  ■\^'Oldd  seem  to 
call  for  fiu'ther  attention.  In  two  cases  healthy  pigs  were  inoculated 
with  virulent  products  which  had  been  frozen  hard  for  one  aud  two  days 
respectively.  In  l)oth  instances  the  resulting  disease  was  of  a  very  vio- 
lent type,  aud  would  have  proved  fatal  had  it  been  left  to  run  its  course. 
The  freezing  had  failed  to  impair  the  virulence  of  the  product;  on  the 
contrary,  it  had  only  sealed  it  up  to  be  opened  and  given  free  course  on  the 
recurrence  of  warm  weather.    Once  irozen  no  change  could  take  place 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER    ANIMALS.  17 

uutil  it  was  again  thawed,  out,  aud  il'  it  was  i)reserved  for  oue  uight  im- 
cliauged  in  its  potency,  it  would  bo  equally  unaffected  after  the  lajise  of 
many  months,  provided  its  liquids  had  remained  in  the  same  crystalline 
condition  throughout.  It  is  in  this  way,  no  doubt,  that  the  virus  is  often 
preserved  through  the  winter  in  pens  and  yards,  as  well  as  in  cars  and 
other  conveyances,  to  break  out  anew  on  returning  spring.  The  imi)ort- 
auce  of  this  discovery,  as  apidied  to  preventive  measures,  cannot  be  over- 
estimated. Infected  yards  and  other  open  and  uncovered  places  may 
not  be  considered  safe  until  after  two  months'  vacation  in  summer,  and 
not  then  if  sufficient  rain  has  not  fallen  during  the  interval  to  insure  the 
soaking  and  putrid  decomposition  of  all  organic  matter  near  the  surface. 
This  will  be  made  more  apparent  by  reference  to  an  experiment  Avhich 
resulted  in  the  successful  inoculation  of  pigs  with  virus  that  had  been 
kept  for  a  month  in  dry  wheat  bran.  In  winter,  on  the  other  hand,  the 
yard  or  other  open  and  infected  i)lace  may  i)rove  non-infecting  for  wrecks 
aud  even  months  and  yet  retain  the  virus  in  readiness  for  a  new  and 
deadly  course  as  soon  as  mild  weather  sets  in.  Safety  under  such  cir- 
cumstances is  contingent  on  a  disuse  of  the  premises  so  long  as  the  frost 
continues,  and  for  at  least  one  month  or  more  thereafter.  Even  during 
the  continuance  of  fi'ost  such  places  are  dangerous,  as  the  heat  of  the 
animal's  body  or  of  the  rays  of  the  sun  at  midday  may  suffice  to  set  the 
virus  tree. 

Several  of  the  examiners  treat  at  length  of  hygienic  and  sanitary 
measiu'es,  and  the  attention  of  the  reader  is  directed  to  their  detailed  re- 
ports, which  -Nvill  be  found  below,  without  further  comment. 
2  sw 


INVESTIGATION    OF    SWINE-PLAGUE. 


EEPORT  OF  DE.  H.  J.  DETMEES,  V.  S. 

Hou.  W3I.  G.  LeDuc, 

Commissioner  of  Agriculture : 

Sir  :  Haviug"  been  appointed  by  you  as  one  of  tlie  inspectors  to  make 
an  investigation  of  the  diseases  prevailing  among  swine,  I  forwarded  to 
you  my  written  acceptance,  immediately  after  I  received  inj  appoint- 
ment, on  July  29, 1878,  and  took  at  once  the  necessary  steps  to  obtain 
reliable  information  as  to  the  localities  where  the  disease  of  swine, 
known  to  the  farmers  as  "hog-cholera,"  was  at  that  time  i)revailiug\  I 
made  also  such  other  preparations  as  I  deemed  necessary  to  successful 
investigation,  and  provided  myself  with  a  good  Hartnack  microscope, 
divers  chemicals  and  medicines,  a  clinical  thermometer,  &c.  Among- 
all  the  i)laces  and  localities  at  which  the  disease,  as  reported,  was  very 
frequent,  I  selected  Champaign,  Champaign  Countj',  Illinois,  as  afford- 
ing the  gTeatest  facilities  for  the  intended  investigation,  or  the  most 
suitable  basis  for  my  operations,  and  repaired  to  that  place  on  the 
second  day  of  August.  I  found  what  I  exjiected,  i.  <?.,  numerous  cases 
of  disease  in  the  vicinity  of  Cham])aign  and  Urbana,  and  offers  of  assist- 
ance by  F.  W.  Prentice,  M.  D.,  and  M.  E.  C.  Y.  S.,  who  is  lecturer  on  vet- 
erinary science  in  the  Illinois  Industrial  University  at  Urbana,  and  of 
Prof.  T.  J.  BurriU,  M.  A.,  who  is  professor  of  botany  and  microscopist 
in  the  same  institution.  Dr.  Prentice  had  even  the  kindness  of  offering 
to  me,  for  experimental  purposes,  the  free  use  of  his  veterinary  infirmary 
1  )uildiugs.  That  offer,  of  course,  was  accepted.  Besides  that.  Dr.  Prentice, 
who  is  a  very  able  and  Avell-educated  veterinary  surgeon,  has  assisted 
me  otherwise  very  essentially  in  my  work,  and  took  charge  of  my  ex- 
perimental animals  whenever  I  was  obliged  to  be  absent  for  a  short 
time.  I  am,  therefore,  very  much  indebted  to  him  for  his  valuable  help 
and  kind  assistance.  Professor  Burrill  has  assisted  me  in  my  microscoj)- 
ical  examinations. 

Arrived  at  Champaign  I  made  my  plans  as  to  the  manner  in  which  to 
proceed  with  my  investigation.  Knowing-  that  an  enemy  can  only  be 
conquered  by  being-  well  known,  I  determined  to  ascertain  first  the  real 
nature  of  the  disease  1  had  to  deal  with.  That  accomplished,  I  pro- 
l)osed  to  direct  my  attention  exclusively  to  investigating-  and  ascertain- 
ing the  causes,  reasoning-  that,  if  the  causes  are  known,  it  cannot  be 
very  difficult  to  devise  proper  and  efficient  means  of  prevention,  and, 
perhaps,  remedies  that  will  effect  a  cure.  At  any  rate,  a  knowledge  of 
the  causes  of  a  disease  affords  not  only  a  sound,  but  in  fact  the  only 
basis  of  successful  prevention  and  rational  treatment.  This  plan  1  have 
executed  as  far  as  circumstances  and  the  time  gTanted  ha\'e  permitted 
me  to  do. 

In  order  to  become  thoroughly  acquainted  with  the  nature  of  the  so- 
called  "hog-cholera,"  or  more  appropriately  "swine-plague,"  called 
also  typhoid,  pig-typhoid,  enteric  fever,  pneunio-enteric  fever,  liog  or 
swine  disease,  &c.,  I  have  made  during  the  time  from  Angust  2ntl  to 

10 


20  DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER    ANIMALS. 

November  1,  54  visits  to  2G  cliflereiit  herds  of  diseased  swiue,  and  53 
l^OHt-mortcm  examinations,  and  liave  examined  microscopically  the  blood, 
diverse  other  lluids,  morbid  products,  and  tissues  of  42  sick  or  dead  ani- 
mals. 

For  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  the  cause  or  causes  of  the  disease,  I 
have  also  made  numerous  experunents,  a  detailed  account  of  most  of 
which  will  be  found  in  this  report.  After  having  inquired  into  the 
causes,  I  have  made  other  experiments  in  regard  to  prevention  and 
treatment. 

The  following  may  be  considered  as  the  result  of  my  investigations: 

1.  DESCRIPTION   OF  SWINE-PLAGUE. 

The  disease,  commonly  known  as  "hog-cholera"  to  the  farmers,  but 
Avhich  may,  more  appropriately,  be  called  swine-plague— a  name  which 
I  shall  use  exclusively  hereafter — is  a  disease  siii  generis,  peculiar  to 
swine,  is  neither  cholera  nor  anthrax ;  it  somewhat  resembjes  the  enteric 
fever,  or  dothinenteria,  of  man,  but  is  not  identical  with  the  same ;  is 
communicated  from  one  animal  to  another  by  direct  and  indii'ect  infec- 
tion; has  usually  a  subacute  course;  is  extremely  fatal,  especially 
among  young  animals ;  and  exempts  neither  sex,  age,  nor  breed,  but 
seems  to  prefer,  in  its  attacks,  for  reasons  hereafter  to  be  explained, 
large  herds,  and  is  always  most  fatal  in  such  sties,  pens,  and  yards  in 
which  many  animals  are  crowded  together.  Some  individual  animals 
seem  to  have  more  predisposition  to  the  disease  than  others.  The 
morbid  process,  although  in  all  cases  essentially  the  same,  is  not  re- 
stricted to  a  single  part  or  organ,  or  to  a  set  of  organs,  but  can  have 
its  seat  almost  everywhere — in  the  tissue  of  the  lungs,  in  the  pleura 
and  pericardium,  in  the  heart,  in  the  lymphatic  system,  in  the  peritoneum, 
in  all  mucous  membranes,  especially  in  those  of  the  intestines,  in  the 
liver,  in  the  spleen,  and  even  in  the  skin.  Only  the  pulmonal  tissue  and 
the  lymphatic  glands  are  invariably  affected. 

2.  THE  SYMPTOMS. 

The  symptoms,  although  presenting  certain  characteristics,  observed 
more  or  less  in  tlie  affected  animals,  vary  considerably  in  different  cases, 
even  in  one  and  the  same  herd,  but  still  more  so  in  different  herds,  and 
in  different  seasons  and  localities.  Tlie  causes  of  these  differences  will 
hereafter  be  fnlly  explained. 

To  convey  a  better  idea  of  the  features  of  swine-plague,  as  presented 
in  the  liA'ing  animal,  I  shall  first  give  an  outline  of  all  the  sjTuptoms  ob- 
served in  a  large  number  of  hogs  and  pigs,  and  shall  append,  in  order 
to  sliow  wliat  combinations  may  occur  in  an  individual  animal,  a  de- 
scription of  the  symptoms  presented  by  some  of  my  experimental  pigs. 

Swine-plague  announces  its  presence  very  often  by  a  cold  shivering, 
lasting  from  a  few  minutes  to  several  hours,  frequent  sneezing,  and  more 
or  l(!ss  cougliing.  The  symptoms  of  shivering  and  sneezing  are  gen- 
erally noticed.  At  the  beginning  of  the  disease  the  temperature  of  the 
body  seems  to  be  increased.  The  thermometer  indicated  from  104°  to 
10(io  V.  Still,  not  nuich  reliance  can  be  placed  on  the  temperature,  as 
indicated  by  the  thermometer.  In  some  cases  it  Avas  found  to  be  very 
high — in  one  case  as  high  as  111°  F. — and  in  otliers  below  normal.  It 
was  ahviiys  more  or  less  variable,  and  has  been  found  decreasing  at  the 
xvvy  liciglit  of  the  disease.  I  liave  come  to  the  conclusion  that  in  dis- 
tiases  of  swine  llicrmometry  is  of  a  very  doubtful  practical  value,  be- 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER    ANIMALS.  21 

cause  to  ascertain  tlie  temperature  of  a  hog,  that  is  not  extremely  low 
or  in  a  dying  condition,  by  introducing  a  tliermometer  into  the  rectum, 
requires  the  use  of  force,  because  a  hog  or  pig  can  very  seldom  be  per- 
suaded to  submit  to  that  operation  without  struggling  and  without  being 
held ;  and  struggling,  according  to  my  observation,  increases  the  tem- 
perature of  such  an  irritable  animal  immediatelj'.  The  general  appear- 
ance of  the  animal,  if  correctly  analyzed,  is  of  much  more  diagnostic 
and  prognostic  value  than  the  ditierences  of  temperature  as  indicated 
by  tlie  thermometer.  In  diseases  of  swine  the  latter  is,  at  best,  a  nice 
aiid  interesting  plaything  in  the  hands  of  the  inexperienced. 

The  first  symptoms  are  usually  followed  within  a  short  time  by  a 
partial,  and  afterwards  by  a  total  loss  of  appetite ;  a  rough  and  some- 
what staring  appearance  of  the  coat  of  hair;  a  drooping  of  the 
ears  (characteristic) ;  loss  of  vivacity ;  attempts  to  vomit  (in  some 
cases) ;  a  tendency  to  root  in  the  bedding,  and  to  lie  down  in  a  dark 
and  quiet  corner;  a  dull  look  of  the  eyes,  which  not  seldom  become  dim 
and  injected ;  swelling  of  the  head  (observed  in  several  cases) ;  erup- 
tions oil  the  ears  and  on  other  i)arts  of  the  body  (quite  frequent) ;  bleeding 
from  the  nose  (in  a  few  cases);  sweUing  of  the  eyelids,  and  partial  or 
total  blindness  (in  five  or  six  cases);  dizziness  or  apparent  pressure 
upon  the  brain;  accelerated  and  frequently  laborious  breathing;  more 
or  less  constipation,  or,  in  some  cases,  diarrhea ;  a  gaunt  appearance  of 
the  flanks;  a  pumping  motion  of  the  same  at  each  breath;  rapid  ema- 
ciation; a  vitiated  appetite  for  dung,  dirt,  and  saline  substances;  in- 
creased thirst  (sometimes) ;  accumulation  of  mucus  in  the  canthi  of 
the  eyes  (very  often  at  an  early  stage  of  the  disease);  more  or  less  copi- 
ous discharges  from  the  nose,  &c.  The  peculiar  offensive  and  fetid 
smell  of  the  exhalations  and  of  the  excrements  may  be  considered  as 
characteristic  of  the  disease.  This  odor  is  so  penetrating  as  to  announce 
the  presence  of  the  disease,  especially  if  the  herd  of  swine  is  a  large 
one,  at  a  distance  of  half  a  mile  or  even  farther,  i)rovided  the  wind  is 
favorable.  If  the  animals  are  inclined  to  be  costive,  the  dung  is  usually 
grayish  or  brownish  l>lack,  and  hard ;  if  diarrhea  is  present  the  feces 
are  semi-fluid,  and  of  a  grayish-green  color,  and  contain,  in  some  cases, 
an  admixture  of  blood.  In  a  large  number  of  cases  the  more  tender 
portions  of  the  skin  on  the  lower  surface  of  the  body,  between  the  hind 
legs,  behind  the  ears,  and  even  on  the  nose  and  on  the  neck,  exhibit 
numerous  larger  or  smaller  red  spots,  or  (sometimes)  a  imiform  redness 
(IJed  Soldier  of  the  English).  Toward  a  fatal  termination  of  the  dis- 
ease this  redness  changes  frequently  to  purple.  A  physical  ex])lorati()n 
of  the  thorax  reveals,  if  pleuritis  is  existing,  frequently  a  plain  rubbing 
sound.  As  the  morbid  process  progresses  the  movements  of  the  sick 
animal  become  weaker  and  slower;  the  gait  becomes  staggerhig  and  un- 
decided ;  tlie  steps  made  are  short,  as  if  the  animal  was  imable  to  ad- 
vance its  legs  without  pain  ;  sometimes  lameness,  especially  in  a  hind 
leg  (not  very  often),  and  sometimes  great  weakness  in  the  hind  (piarters, 
or  partial  paralysis  (oftener)  make  tlieir  appearance.  The  head,  if  the 
animal  is  on  its  legs,  seems  to  be  too  heavy  to  be  carried,  and  is  kept  in 
a  droo])ing  ])osition  Avith  the  nose  almost  touching  the  ground  ;  but  as 
a  general  rnh^  tlu;  diseased  animals  are  usually  found  lying  down  in  a 
dark  and  (juiet  corner  with  tlie  nose  hid  in  the  bedding.  If  a  fatal  ter- 
mination is  ai)i)r(;aeliing,  a  very  fetid  diarrhea  (usually  one  or  two  days 
before  death)  takes  the  i»lace  of  the  ])revious  costiveness ;  the  voice 
becomes  very  ]»e('uliar,  grows  very  faint  and  hoarse ;  tlie  sick  animal 
manifests  a  great  inditt'erenee  to  its  surroundings,  and  to  what  is  going 
ou :  emaciation  and  general  debility  increase  very  fast ;  the  skin  (es- 


22  DISEASES   OF   SWINE   AXD    OTHER   ANIMALS. 

pecially  if  tiie  disease  lias  been  of  long  duration)  beeomes  wrinkled, 
liard,  dry,  parcliment-like,  and  very  unclean ;  a  cold  clammy  sweat 
breaks  ont  (observed  several  times,  once  as  early  as  forty-eigiit  hours 
before  death),  and  death  ensues  either  under  convulsions  (coniparativelj'' 
rare),  or  .gi-adnally  and  without  any  struggle.  A  peculiar  symptom, 
whicl),  however,  has  been  observed  only  once,  in  a  litter  of  nine  pigs, 
about  a  week  old,  at  the  beginnuig,  or  in  the  first  stage  of  the  disease, 
may  here  be  mentioned.  It  consisted  iri  a  peculiar  and  constant  twitch- 
ing of  all  voluntary  muscles.  All  nine  pigs  died,  and  I  am  sorry  that 
I  had  no  opportunity  to  make  any  j>ost  mortem  examination. 

In  some  cases  numerous  erui>tions  (ulcerous  nodules)  appeared  on  the 
tender  skin  on  the  lower  surface  of  the  body  between  the  legs  and  be- 
hind the  ears,  and  in  a  few  cases  whole  pieces  of  skin  (in  one  case  as 
large  as  a  man's  hand)  were  destroyed  by  the  morbid  process,  sloughed 
off,  and  left  behind  a  raw,  ulcerous  surface^  In  another  case  a  i^art  of 
the  lower  lip,  of  the  gums,  and  of  the  lower  jaw-bone  had  undergone 
ulcerous  destruction. 

Wherever  pigs  or  hogs  had  been  ringed,  the  wounds  thus  made  showed 
a  great  tendency  to  ulcerate.  In  several  cases  the  morbid  process  had 
caused  sufficient  ulcerous  destruction  to  form  an  opening  directly  into 
the  nasal  cavities  large  enough  to  enable  the  animal  to  breathe  through, 
instead  of  through  the  nostrils,  which  had  become  nearly  closed  by 
swelling  and  by  exudations  and  morbid  products  adhering  to  their 
borders. 

In  those  few  cases  in  which  the  disease  has  not  a  tiital  termination 
the  symptoms  gradually  disappear,  coughing  becomes  more  frequent  and 
easier ;  the  discharges  from  the  nose,  for  a  day  or  two,  become  copious, 
but  soon  diminish,  and  finally  cease  altogether;  appetite  returns,  and 
becomes  normal;  the  offensive  smell  of  the  excrements  disappears; 
sores  or  ulcers  that  may  happen  to  exist  show  a  tendency  to  heal ;  the 
animal  becomes  more  lively,  and  gains,  though  slowly,  in  ilesh  and 
strength ;  but  some  difficulty  of  breathing,  and  a  short,  somewhat  hoarse, 
hackmg  cough  remains  for  a  long  time. 

Sipn2)to7ns  of  special  cases. — Experimental  pigs  Nos.  5  and  G,  both  of 
the  same  litter,  and  about  fifteen  weeks  old,  were  fed  on  the  sixth  day 
of  September  with  the  stomach,  cut  in  pieces,  the  ctecum,  and  the  spleen 
of  experimental  pig  No.  2,  which  had  died  the  same  day. 

September  7.— Pig  No.  5  coughs  a  little,  but  eats  well ;  pig  No.  6  has 
a  slight  catarrh ;  some  yellow  mucus  in  inner  canthus  of  one  eye. 

September  8. — Both  pigs  the  same  as  yesterday. 

September  0. — Both  pigs  have  Very  good  appetite. 

September  10. — Both  pigs  seem  to  be  as  well  as  possible;  consume  all 
theh'  food  greedily. 

September  11. — Botli  pigs  apparently  hcaltliy ;  neither  one  shows  any 
symptoms  of  disease. 

September  12.— Both  pigs  evidently  sick;  they  are  tardy  in  tlieir  move- 
ments; tl)eir  ears  are  drooping;  their  appetite  diminished.  Tig  No.  5 
made  atbMnpts  to  vomit. 

September  i;i._Both  pigs,  but  especially  pig  No.  5,  are  very  sick;  take 
scarcely  any  food ;  sliow  a  tendency  to  hide  themselves  iii  a  corner ; 
coat  of  hair  looks  rongh  and  staring;  flanks  are  thin ;  accumulation  of 
mucus  in  the  inner  canthi  of  the  eyes.  No.  6  has  discharges  from  the 
nose,  especially  from  the  right  nostril. 

September  14.— Pig  No.  5,  both  eyes  nearly  closed  ;  is  weak,  though  not 
very ;  emaciates  rapidly ;  appetite  is  poor.  No.  0  lias  its  eyes  yet' open ; 
otherwise  about  the  same  as  No.  5. 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER   ANIMALS.  23 

September  15. — Pig  is  o.  o,  eyes  closed ;  is  very  loath  to  move,  and 
shows  plain  symptoms  of  pneumonia.  Pig  ISTo.  G,  too,  shows  symptoms 
of  pneumonia,  but  they  are  less  jjronounced ;  is  without  appetite,  and 
Just  as  much  emaciated  as  No.  5.  The  skin  of  both  animals  is  hard  and 
dry ;  and  their  coat  of  hair  rough  and  staring ;  their  bowels  are  costive ; 
but  little  dung  is  voided.  Both  animals  betray  plain  indications  of  pain 
and  sufi'ering ;  neither  one  seems  to  be  very  thirsty. 

September  10. — Pig  No.  5  very  weak,  breathes  one  hundred  times  per 
minute ;  its  flanks  are  working  forcibly  ',  slight  lameness  in  left  hind  leg. 
Pig  Xo.  0  is  also  very  weak,  but  is  yet  able  to  run ;  passed  a  large 
quantity  of  urine  of  a  bright  yellow  color.  The  ax)petite  of  both  pigs 
for  food  is  reduced  to  nothing,  but  both  exhibit  a  vitiated  appetite,  and 
eat  each  other  s  dung,  or  their  own,  as  soon  almost  as  it  drops.  The 
skin  is  very  hard  to  the  touch,  parchment-like,  and  seems  to  stick  to  the 
bones.  In  the  evening  pig  IsTo.  5  is  extremely  weak  ;  is  scarcely  able  to 
move ;  its  breathing  is  difficult  and  distressing.  No.  G  is  about  the  same 
as  ui  the  morning. 

September  17. — Pig  No.  5  shows  symx>toms  of  dropsy  in  the  chest,  and 
breathes  with  great  difficulty,  about  one  hundred  times  per  minute.  In 
the  evening  the  pumping  motion  of  the  flanks  is  uicreased,  but  the  res- 
piration is  slower — about  fifty-six  breaths  per  minute.  Pig  No.  G  is  a 
little  more  lively  than  No.  5,  but  also  very  sick,  and  has  no  appetite. 
Both  pigs  failed  to  void  any  dung  from  S  o'clock  a.  m.  to  G  o'clock  p.  m. 

September  18. — Pig  No.  5  exceedingly  emaciated,  some  rattling  noise 
in  the  respiratory  passages.    Pig  No.  G  about  the  same  as  yesterday. 

September  19. — Pig  No.  5  emaciated  to  the  utmost,  but  otherwise  ap- 
parently not  worse.  Pig  No.  G  shows  apparent  imjirovement ;  is  a  little 
livelier  than  before;  has  some  appetite;  consumed  one  ear  of  com  dur- 
ing the  last  twenty-four  hours.  In  the  evening  pig  No.  5  breathes  with 
the  greatest  difficulty,  one  hundred  and  four  times  per  minute.  No.  G 
unchanged. 

September  20. — Pig  No.  5  very  sick;  breathes  with  great  difficulty. 
No.  G  apparently  improving 

September  21. — Pig  No.  5  just  ahve.  Both  pigs  have  been  lying  nearly 
all  day  in  one  comer  of  tlieir  sty,  their  noses  buried  in  the  bedding. 
In  the  evening  pig  No.  5  is  perspiring ;  sweat  cold  and  clammy. 

September  22. — Pig  No.  5  breathes  sixty-four  times  per  minute,  with 
jerking  motions  of  the  flanks,  and  so  far  has  been  more  or  less  consti- 
pated, but  now  has  diarrhea ;  feces  grayish-gTeen,  semi-fluid,  and  ex- 
ceedingly fetid.  Pig  No.  G  is  less  emaciated  than  No.  5,  has  no  dianhea, 
and  eats  a  little.  Urine  of  No.  5,  examined  under  the  microscope,  con- 
tained innumerable  bacillus-germs  (micrococci  of  JIallier),  and  a  few 
bacilli  suis.*     (See  drawing  I,  fig.  1.) 

September  2;J. — Pig  No.  5  a  mere  skeleton,  and  extremely  weak; 
breathes  only  forty-eight  times  per  minute.  Pig  No.  G  not  quite  so  low ; 
breathes  only  thirty-six  times  ])er  minute.  In  afternoon  ])ig  No.  5  too 
weak  to  stand  on  its  legs ;  breathes  fifty-two  times  ]>er  minute ;  is  sweat- 
ing; the  sweat  cold  and  clammy.  Seeing  that  tlu^  animal  could  not 
possibly  live  till  next  morning,  and  desiring  to  make  the  post-mortem 
examination  before  putrefaction  should  set  in,  1  killed  pig  No.  5  by 
bleeding  at  G  o'clock  p.  m.  (As  to  result  o\^ posit-mortcm  examination,  see 
chapter  on  ]\rorbid  Changes.) 

September  24. — Pig  No.  G  very  sick;  eats  scarcely  anything. 

*I  Lave  chosen  the  name  '^hactUuH  sjjjs"  because  the  hac'dli,  as  will  appear  here- 
after, seem  to  be  peculiar  to  s\viue-])lagnc,  and  have  not  been  before  uauicd  as  far  an 
I  have  been  able  to  learn. 


24  DISEASES    OF    S^^NE    AND    OTHER   ANIMALS. 

Septcmher  25. — Piii'  ISTo.  0  shows  slightly  increased  appetite,  and  fully 
as  mucli,  if  not  more,  liveliness  than  on  any  day  last  week.  It  almost 
seems  as  if  some  leal  improvement  is  ji'oiny;  on,  notwithstanding-  very 
serious  morbid  changes  must  have  taken  place. 

Septemher  20. — Pig  No.  0  eats  some  in  the  morning,  but  does  not  seem 
to  care  for  any  food  at  noon ;  ajiiiears  to  be  a  trifle  bloated ;  droops  its 
head,  and  holds  its  nose  to  the  ground. 

September  27. — Pig  No.  6  decidedly  worse ;  breathes  seventy-two  times 
per  minute;  head  drooping;  nose  to  the  ground;  back  arched;  skin 
very  dry  and  liard  to  the  touch ;  no  appetite  whatever. 

Beptemher  28. — Pig  No.  0,  which  was  very  low  last  night,  has  some- 
what recuperated,  and  is  moving  again ;  consumed  some  water,  and  also 
a  little  food. 

September  20. — Pig  No.  G  exceedingly  emaciated  and  very  weak; 
breathes  thirty-eight  times  per  minute ;  holds  its  nose  persistentl.y  to  the 
ground,  and  has  no  appetite  whatever. 

Beptemher  30. — Found  pig  No.  G,  at  7  o'clock  a.  m.,  lying  dead  in  a 
corner  of  its  stj'.  (See  chax)ter  on  Morbid  Changes  as  to  result  of  j;o.s^ 
mortem  examination.) 

It  may  be  well  to  add  a  brief  account  of  the  symptoms  and  the  prog- 
ress of  the  disease,  as  observed  in  experimental  pig  B,  a  sow  pig, 
about  fourteen  weeks  old,  and  of  mixed  Poland  China  and  Berkshire 
stock.  Pig  B  was  put  in  pen  No.  3,  together  with  pig  No.  C,  on  Sep- 
tember 24.  The  same  was  and  remained  perfectly  healthy  until  Octo- 
ber 2,  when  the  first  symptoms  of  disease  made  their  appearance.  I 
find  in  my  diary  the  following  notes : 

October  2. — Pig  B  shows  symptoms  of  sickness ;  sneezes ;  has  an  erup- 
tion on  both  ears ;  is  not  quite  as  lively  as  it  used  to  be ;  appetite  is 
diminished  ;  curl  is  out  of  its  tail. 

October  3. — Pig  B  has  but  little  appetite ;  is  decidedly  sick.  In  after- 
noon shows  unmistakable  symptoms  of  sickness ;  ears  are  drooping ;  no 
appetite;  great  tendency  to  lie  down  in  a  corner;  hides  its  nose  in  the 
bedding. 

October  4. — Pig  B  about  the  same  as  yesterday ;  has  eaten  a  little. 

October  5. — Pig  B  hides  its  nose  in  the  bedding ;  has  no  appetite  what- 
ever ;  emaciation  has  taken  place.  B,  although  a  week  ago  a  better  and 
heavier  i)ig  than  C,  a  full  sister,  and  of  the  same  litter,  is  now  consid- 
erably lighter. 

October  7. — Pig  B  very  sick ;  still,  seems  to  have  a  desire  to  eat,  but 
takes  hold  of  an  ear  of  corn  so  feebly  as  to  make  it  appear  that  it  has 
not  sufficient  strength  in  the  jaws  to  shell  the  corn;  gave  it, therefore, 
shelled. 

October  8. — Pig  B  very  sick ;  hides  in  its  corner ;  ears  are  cold  ;  other 
parts  of  the  body  warm;  no  appetite;  great  indifference  to  siuTOund- 
ings;  emaciation  rapid. 

October  \). — Pig  B  about  the  same  as  yesterday. 

October  10. — Pig  B  is  getting  worse;  does  not  eat  anything. 

October  11. — Pig  B  found  dead  in  its  ])en  in  the  morninj;-. 

These  three  cases  show  that  the  sym])tonis  vary  in  dilferent  cases, 
and  that  those  which  are  constant  can  scarcely  be  considered  as  very 
characteristic.     Still,  if  the  various  symptoms  ])resented  by  an  indi- 
vidual animal  are  taken  as  a  whole,  a  diagnostic  mistake  is  scarcely 
I  possible. 

The  diagnosis  is  v(>ry  easy,  especially  if  swine-plaguc  is  Icnown  to  be 
prevailing  in  tlie  neighborhood,  or  has  already  made  its  a])pearance  in 
the  herd,  and  if  tlie  anamnesis,  and  the  fiiet  that  many  animals  are 


DISEASES    OF    SWIXE    AND    OTHER    AXIMALS.  25 

attacked  at  once,  or  "witliiu  a  short  time  and  in  rapid  snccession,  are 
taken  into  consideration.  As  sisinptoms  of  special  diagnostic  value, 
scarcely  ever  absent  in  any  case,  may  be  mentioned  the  droo])inji'  of 
the  ears  and  of  the  head;  more  or  less  coughiuii-;  the  dull  look  of  the 
eyes ;  the  staring  appearance  of  the  coat  of  hair  5  the  partial  or  total 
want  of  appetite  for  food;  the  vitiated  ajjpetite  for  excrements;  the 
rapid  emaciation;  the  great  debility;  the  weak  and  undecided,  fre- 
quently staggering,  gait;  the  great  indifference  to  surroundings;  the 
tendency  to  lie  down  in  a  dark  corner,  and  to  hide  the  nose,  or  even 
the  whole  head  in  the  bedding',  and  particularly  tlie  specific,  offensive 
smell,  and  the  ])eculiar  color  of  the  excrements.  Tiiis  symi»tom  is  al- 
ways present,  at  least  in  an  advanced  stage  of  the  disease,  no  matter 
whether  constipation  or  diarrhea  is  existing.  As  other  characteristic 
symptoms,  though  not  present  in  every  animal,  deserve  to  be  men- 
tioned: frequent  sneezing;  bleeding  from  the  nose;  swelling  of  the 
eyelids;  accumulation  of  mucus  in  the  inner  canthi  of  the  eyes;  at- 
tempts to  vomit,  or  real  vomiting;  accelerated  and  diflicult  breathhig*; 
thumping  or  spasmodic  contraction  of  the  abdominal  muscles  (flanks) 
at  each  breath,  and  a  x)eculiar,  fjiint  and  hoarse  voice  in  the  last  stages 
of  the  disease. 

3.   THE  PROGNOSIS  AND  TERSHNATION. 

The  prognosis  is  decidedly  unfavorable,  but  is  the  more  so  the  younger 
the  auinmls  or  the  larger  the  herd.  Among;  pigs  less  than  three  months 
old  the  mortality  may  be  set  down  as  from  90  to  100  per  cent.;  among- 
animals  from  three  to  six  or  seven  months  old  the  same  is  from  75  to  00 
per  cent. ;  while  among  older  animals  that  have  been  well  kept  and  are 
in  good  condition,  and  naturally  strong  and  vigorous,  the  mortality  some- 
times may  not  exceed  25  i^er  cent.,  but  may,  on  an  average,  reach  40  to 
50  per  cent.  The  prognosis  is  comparatively  favorable  only  in  those  few 
cases  in  which  the  morbid  process  is  not  very  violent ;  in  which  the  seat 
of  the  disease  is  confined  to  the  respiratory  organs  and  to  the  skin;  in 
which  any  thumping  or  pumping  motion  of  the  flanks  is  absent;  and 
in  which  the  patient  is,  naturally,  a  strong,  vigorous  animal,  not  too 
young-  and  in  a  good  condition;  further,  in  which  but  a  few,  not 
more  than  two  or  three,  animals  are  ke])t  in  the  same  pen  or  sty,  and 
receive  nothing-  but  clean  inicontaminated  food  and  pure  water  for  drink- 
ing, and  in  whicli  a  frequent  and  thorough  cleaning  of  the  sty  or  pen 
prevents  any  consumption  of  excrements. 

The  duration  of  the  disease  varies  according-  to  the  violence  and  the 
seat  of  the  morbid  process,  the  age  and  the  constitution  of  the  ])atient, 
and  the  trealjuent  and  keeping  in  general.  Where  the  morbid  ])rocess 
is  violent,  where  its  principal  seat  is  in  one  of  the  most  vital  organs — 
in  the  heart,  for  instance — where  a  largo  inimber  of  animals  are  kept 
together  in  one  sty  or  pen,  where  sties  and  ])ens  are  very  dirty,  or  where 
the  sick  animals  are  very  young,  the  disease  frequently  becomes  fatal  in 
a  day  or  two,  and  sometimes  even  within  twenty-four  hours.  On  the 
other  hand,  where  the  morbid  process  is  not  very  violent.  t)r  extensive, 
where  the  heart,  for  instance,  is  not  seriously  affected,  and  where  the 
patients  are  naturally  strong  and  vigorous,  and  well  ke])t  in  every 
respect,  it  usually  takes  from  one  to  three  weeks  to  cause  death.  If 
the  termination  is  not  a.  fatal  one,  the  convalescence,  at  any  rate,  re- 
(luires  an  equal  and  probably  a  nmch  longer  time.  A  ])erlect  recovery 
seldom  occurs;  in  most  cases  some  lasting  disorders — morbid  changes 


26  DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER    ANIMALS. 

■winch  can  be  repaired  but  slowly  or  not  at  all — remain  behind,  and  inter- 
fere more  or  less  ■with  the  j^Towth  and  fatteninjr  of  the  aniim'.l. 

From  a  ijccuniaiy  standpoint,  it  makes  but  little  dih'erence  to  the 
owner  whether  a  pig  affected  Avith  this  plague  recovers  or  dies,  because 
those  -wliich  do  siu-vive  usually  make  very  x)oor  returns  for  the  food 
consumed,  unless  the  attack  has  been  a  very  mild  one. 

4.  MOKBID   CHANGES. 

The  morbid  i)roeess,  although  everywhere  essentially  the  same  (see 
chapter  on  Contagion,  Causes,  and  Nature  of  IVrorbid  Process),  can  have 
its  seat  in  many  different  organs  or  jiarts  of  the  body,  and  produces, 
therefore,  a  great  variety  of  morbid  changes.  The  disease,  in  conse- 
quence, very  often  presents  a  somewhat  dift'erent  aspect  in  difierent 
animals.  In  some  cases  the  i^rincipal  seat  of  the  morbid  process  is  in 
one  organ  or  set  of  organs  (organs  of  respiration  and  circuhition,  for 
instance),  and  in  others  in  entirely  different  parts  (intestinal  canal  and 
organs  of  digestion,  &g.)  Death,  therefore,  has  very  often  a  different 
cause  in  different  cases;  in  some  cases  it  results  from  a,  cessation  of  the 
functions  of  the  heart,  the  lungs,  «S:c.,  and  in  others  it  is  in  consequence 
of  the  inability  of  entirely  different  organs  to  perform  their  functions, 
— of  the  digestive  apparatus,  for  instance. 

But  fe'w  morbid  changes  have  ever  been  found  entirely  absent  at  any 
of  the  fifty-three  post-mortem  examinations  made  since  August  2,  and 
may,  therefore,  be  considered  as  a  constant  occurrence.  All  others  have 
been  found  absent  a.  larger  or  smaller  number  of  times.  These  constant 
morbid  changes  consist — 

1.  In  a  more  or  less  i)erfect  hepatization  of  a  larger  or  smaller  portion 
of  the  lungs,  or  a  more  or  less  extensive  accumulation  of  blood,  blood- 
serum  and  exudation  in  the  pulmonal  tissue.  In  some  cases  the  morbid 
changes  (hepatization)  found  in  the  lungs  are  so  extensive  as  to  cause 
the  latter,  if  thrown  into  water,  to  sink  like  a  rock,  but  in  other  cases 
the  hepatization  is  limited  to  about  one-sixth  or  one-eighth  of  the  whole 
pulmonal  tissue.  In  some  cases,  especially  those  in  which  the  morbid 
changes  were  of  a  recent  origin,  no  real  hepatization,  fully  developed, 
had  yet  been  effected ;  the  lungs  were  merely  gorged  with  exudation  or 
blood-serum;  the  texture  was  not  yet  destroyed  or  seriously  changed, 
but  innumerable  small  red  spots  or  specks,  indicating  incipient  embolism, 
were  plainly  visible  to  the  naked  eye.  (See  photograph,  Plate  I,  half-size 
lungs,  right  side  of  experimental  pig  No.  VJI,  and  photograph,  Plate  II, 
enlarged  section  of  same  lungs.)  In  other  cases  a  part  of  the  exudation 
had  changed,  organized,  or  become  a  part  of  iXw  tissue,  and  had  caused 
the  latter  to  become  more  or  less  perfectly  impermeable  to  air.  In  some 
lungs  hepatization  was  found  only  in  certain  insulated  places,  while  in 
others  the  hepatization  extended  uninteri-uptedly  over  whole  portions. 
In  all  these  cases  in  wliich  the  hepatization  v/as  very  limited,  it  was  found 
principally  in  the  anterior  lobes.  In  some  animals  (that  is  in  those  which 
had  been  sick  for  some  time),  old  or  so-called  gray,  more  recent  or  brown, 
and  very  ucav  or  red  he]>atization  were  frequently  found  side  by  side,  or 
in  more  or  less  distinctly  limited  patches,  showing  jdainly  that  the  morbid 
changes  had  not  l)een  producecl  at  once,  l)ut  at  several  internals.  In 
others,  usually  the  upper  ])arts  of  the  same  lungs,  the  exudation  ov  blood- 
serum  had  I  )een  recently  deposited,  and  was  yet  in  a  fluid  cond ition.  The 
blood-serum,  examined  under  tlie  microscope,  invariably  contained,  be- 
sides blood-cori)nscles,  numerous /^r/f'j///.s»/,s',  some  moving  and  some  with- 
out ujotion,  and  innumerable  bacillus-germs,  of  which  some  had  budded, 


Kw  I  X  i-:   w:  \']':  \< 


Heporl   (  iiniiiiissioiicr   ol' A'M'H  iilliirc  I'lH'  187H 


l'l..lc    I 


l.ill   si/,f  oC  ii'jlii   liiii>,'  dl' I'XixTimciil.il   piy.  NoNIl 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE   AND    OTHER    ANIMALS.  27 

soino  were  budding',  and  otlicrs  bad  conglomerated.     (See  drawing  II, 
ilgs.  3  and  4,  and  drawing  III,  fig.  1.) 

2.  The  lympliatic  and  mesenteric  glands  were  found  invariably  more 
or  less  enlarged.  In  some  cases  tliey  presented  even  a  brownish  or 
blackish  color,  and  contained  not  only  deleterious  matter,  but  even  effu- 
sions of  blood  in  sufficient  cjuaatities  to  i)usli  aside  the  normal  glandidar 
tissue.  Whether  neoplastic  formations  (a  in'oliferous  gTowth  of  cells) 
had  taken  place  I  have  not  ascertained,  but  have  not  the  least  doubt 
that  it  had.  Under  the  microscope,  particles  of  lymph  and  glandular 
substance,  taken  from  the  interior  of  the  IvDipliatic  gland,  presented, 
besides  normal  tissue  and  lymph-cor}>uscles,  a  few  blood-corpuscles, 
some  granular  detritus,  and  innumerable  hacUVi  and  1>acillus-germs.  (Sec 
drawings  III  and  lY,  figs.  5  and  -5.)  As  lym]>hatic  glands  always  most 
conspicuously  enlarged  and  morludly  changed,  may  be  mentioned  the 
superficial  and  deep  inguinal  and  tiie  axillary  glands,  the  bronchial  and 
mediastinum  glands  in  the  chest,  and  the  mesenteric,  gastric,  gastro- 
epiploic, and  hepatic  glands  in  the  abdominal  cavity. 

3.  The  trachea  and  the  bronchial  tubes  contained  in  all  eases  more  or 
less  of  a  frothy  mucus — in  some  cases  the  bronchial  tubes  were  full  of 
it — which  consisted,  examined  under  the  microscope,  of  broken-down 
epithelium-cells,  and  contained  a  large  number  of  bacillus-genns  and 
hacilli.  (See  drawing  III,  fig.  2.)  The  mucous  membrane  of  the  trachea 
and  of  the  bronchial  tubes  appeared  to  be  congested,  and  more  or  less 
swelled  in  every  case. 

4.  The  pulmonal  aiid  costal  pleura,  the  mediastinum,  and  the  pericar- 
dium presented  almost  invariably  some  morbid  changes  ;  only  in  a  few 
cases  no  visible  morbid  changes  could  be  found.  In  some  animals  those 
membranes  appeared  to  be  smooth,  but  either  the  thoracic  cavity  or  the 
I)ericardium,  usually  both,  contained  a  smaller  or  larger  quantity  (from 
one  ounce  to  one  pint  or  more)  of  straw-colored  serum.  In  a  great 
many  cases  one  or  more,  and  sometimes  all,  of  those  membranes  were 
coated  to  some  extent  with  plastic  exudation.  In  several  cases  a  more 
or  less  firm  adhesion  between  costal  and  pulmonal  i^leura  and  mediasti- 
num, between  pulmonal  pleura  and  diaphragm,  or  between  pidmonal 
pleura  and  pericardium,  had  been  effected.  In  a  few  cases  the  whole 
surface  of  the  lungs  appeared  more  or  less  firmly  united  with  the  walls 
of  the  thorax.  In  one  case  the  whole  external  surl^ice  of  the  heart  was 
firmly,  and  in  another  one  partially,  coalesced  with  the  inner  surface  of 
the  pericardium.  The  pig  (a  fine  animal  about  four  months  old),  in 
which  the  pericardium  adhered  with  its  whole  interior  surface  firmly  and 
inseparably  to  the  external  surface  of  the  heart,  had  severe  convulsions 
during  life.  It  was  killed  in  my  i^resence  by  a  professional  butcher, 
who  stuck  it  in  the  usual  way  and  severed  the  trunk  of  the  carotides  ; 
only  a  few  drops  of  l)lood  issued,  but  the  i)ig  died  irnmediatel}'.  The 
other  morbid  changes  consisted  in  hepatization  in  the  lungs,  enlargement 
of  the  lymphatic  glands,  and  the  presence  of  large  and  numerous  mor- 
bid growths  in  the  cfccum  and  colon. 

5.  In  nearly  every  animal  the  heart  itself  has  been  tbund  more  or  less 
aftected  in  one  way  or  another.  In  some  animals  it  was  fiabby  and 
dilated,  but  in  most  cases  it  was  more  or  less  congested.  The  capillary 
vessels,  especially  of  the  auricles,  were,  in  a  large  number  of  cases, 
gorged  with  blood  to  such  an  extent  as  to  gi\'e  them  a  broAvnish -black 
appearance,  almost  similar  to  gangrene.  On  closer  inspection,  however, 
it  could  be  seen  very  plainly  that  the  brownish-black  color  was  caused 
exclusively  by  an  accumulation  of  blood  in  the  cai)illary  vessels. 

C.  In  forty-eight  cases  out  of  fifty-three,  characteristic  morbid  changes 


28  DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER    ANIMALS. 

have  been  found  in  the  ca^cnui  and  colon.  The  same  consist  in  peculiar 
morbid  jirowth.s  or  ulcerous  tumors  on  the  mucous  membrane  of  those 
intestines.  Tliey  are  of  various  sizes,  nearly  round  or  (sometimes)  ir- 
regular in  shape,  more  or  less  elevated  above  the  surface  of  the  mucous 
membrane,  and  frequently,  especially  the  older  and  larger  ones,  dark- 
pigmented  on  their  surface.  Their  size  varies  from  that  of  a  join's  head 
(incipient  tumors  or  nodules)  to  that  of  a  quarter  of  a  dollar.  The 
smaller  ones  are  usually  of  an  ocher  color,  and  biTt  slightly  projecting 
above  the  surface  of  the  mucous  membrane  (see  photograph,  Plate  HI), 
but  the  larger  ones  are  of  i\  grayish-black-brown  (see  photograph,  Plate 
IV,)  or  blackish  color;  project  considerably  above  the  surface  of  the 
membrane,  in  some  cases  fully  half  an  inch;  have  usually  a  slight  con- 
cavity in  the  center,  and  frequently  a  jilain  neck  or  thick  pedicle.  (See 
I)hotographs,  Plates  V,  VI,  and  VII.)  Under  the  microscojie  these  mor- 
bid growths  or  excrescences  appear  to  be  comxiosed,  on  their  surface, 
of  a  granular  detritus  and  morbid  epithelium  cells,  and  contain  innu- 
merable haciUi  snis,  some  of  wdiich  have  a  very  rapid  motion.  (See 
drawing  V,  lig.  1.)  The  stroma  of  these  morbid  growths  consists  mainly 
of  a  dense  connective  tissue.  In  some  cases  these  morbid  growths,  es- 
pecially the  smaller  ones,  or  those  of  a  recent  origin  (see  photograph, 
Plate  III),  are  situated  merely  on  the  surface  of  tlie  mucous  membrane, 
and  are  easily  scraped  off  with  the  back  of  the  scalpel.  Thus  removed 
they  leave  behind  an  uneven,  excoriated  surface,  not  dissimilar  to  gran- 
ulation. The  older  and  larger  tumors,  however,  extend  deeper  into  the 
membranes  of  the  intestine  5  they  usually  penetrate  the  mucous  mem- 
brane, and  extend  into  the  muscular  coat,  and  even  penetrate  the  latter, 
and  extend  into  the  external  or  serous  membrane.  In  some  cases  all 
three  membranes  of  the  caecum  or  colon  have  been  found  degenerated 
and  destroyed  beneath  such  a  morbid  growth,  so  as  to  show  i^erforation 
on  the  removal  of  the  latter.  The  immediate  surrounding  of  such  a 
deep-seated  degeneration  i^resented  some,  but  not  very  much,  inflamma- 
tion. These  morbid  growths,  usually,  were  found  most  developed  near 
the  ileo-c.Tcal  valve  in  the  c.Tcum,  but  also  in  larger  or  smaller  numbers, 
and  of  various  sizes,  large  and  small,  in  all  i)arts  of  the  ctecum  and 
colon. 

7.  The  same,  or  very  similar  morbid  growths,  occurred  also,  though 
not  so  often,  in  other  intestmes.  In  one  case  (experimental  pig  No. 
VII)  a  diffuse,  decaying  morbid  growth  coated  the  whole  interior  sur- 
face of  the  jejunum  for  a.  length  of  several  feet.  Examined  under  the 
microscope  it  was  found  to  consist  of  broken-down  epithelium  cells  and 
a  gramdar  <letritus,  and  contained  numerous  hacUll  and  bacillus-germs. 
(See  drawhig  VJ,  fig.  1.) 

In  another  case  one  ulcerous  tumor  was  found  on  the  nwcous  mem- 
brane of  the  gall-bladder.  In  three  cases  the  same,  or  at  least  very 
similar  morbid  changes,  ])resented  themselves  on  tlie  mucous  membrane 
of  the  stomach.  (See  photogra]>h,  Plate  VIII.)  In  a  few  cases  some 
ulcerous  tumors  were  found  in  the  duodenum,  an<l  in  one  case  even  in 
the  lig] it  horn  of  tlie  uterus.  In  a  few  cases  similar  morbid  changes — 
small,  knotty,  tubercle-lilce,  yellowish,  or  ocher-colored  excrescences  of 
the  size  of  a  small  \\q\\ — were  found  on  tlie  surface  of  the  spleen.  In 
one  case  similar  small  excrescenc(^s  were  also  found  on  the  external  sur- 
face of  the  vena  cava  ]){)steri()r.  In  two  cases  the  liver  was  found  to  bo 
degenerated  by  an  hypertroi)hic  condition  of  the  comicctive  tissue,  a 
morbid  change  which  may  or  may  not  constitute  a  jiroduct  of  the  mor- 
bid ])rocess  of  s\viii(^-]»lague. 

8.  Morbid  changes  in  the  serous  membranes  of  the  abdominal  cavity. 


swixE  T^p:\n<:R. 


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DISEASES    OF    SWIXE    AND    OTHER    ANIMALS.  29 

In  isoiue  cases  tlie  peritoiieuiu  and  tlic  serous  meiubraucs  of  the  iutes- 
tiues  appeared  to  be  perfectly"  smooth,  bat  a  larger  or  smaller  quantity 
of  straw-colored  serum,  from  two  ounces  to  oue  quart  or  more,  was  Ibuud 
in  the  abdominal  cavity.  In  others,  adhesions  between  the  intestines 
and  the  peritoneum,  between  the  intestines  themselves,  or  with  other 
organs,  had  been  effected.  JMore  or  less  coalescence  between  cieciun 
and  colon,  between  caecum  and  ilium,  or  between  the  convolutes  of  the 
colon,  sometimes  not  separable  except  by  means  of  the  knife,  presented 
itself  in  almost  every  case,  in  which  the  ulcerous  tumors  or  morbid 
growths  in  the  crecum  and  colon  were  extensive,  large,  and  sufticientlj" 
deep-seated  to  affect  the  serous  membrane. 

D.  The  contents  of  the  gall-bladder  in  a  large  number  of  cases  were 
found  to  consist  of  a  semi-solid,  granidar,  and  dirty  brownish-colored 
substance.  In  most  of  those  cases,  however,  the  ductus  choledochus 
appeared  to  be  thickened,  and  its  membranes  swelled  ;  and  so  it  may 
be  that  the  semi-solid  condition  of  the  bile  was  due,  to  some  extent,  to 
the  partially  or  totally  obstructed  passage. 

10.  In  oiic  case  a  morbid  enlargement  or  hypertroph;^'  of  the  pancreas 
presented  itself,  and  slight  changes  (congestion)  were  found  in  a  few 
cases  in  the  kidneys. 

11.  Morbid  changes,  similar  in  every  respect  to  those  occurring  on  the 
mucous  membrane  of  the  ctecuni  and  colon,  i)resented  themselves  in 
two  cases  on  the  conjunctiva,  or  mucous  membrane  of  the  eye.  But  as 
the  conjunctiva  is  exposed  more  or  less  to  the  influence  of  the  atmosphere, 
the  morbid  growth  Avas  not  projecting  in  the  same  way  as  in  the  ciecum 
and  colon  above  the  surface  of  the  membrane ;  the  decay  was  more  com- 
plete, and,  perhaps,  more  rapid,  so  that  instead  of  an  excessive  growth 
loss  of  tissue  could  be  noticed.  In  both  cases  the  eyes  themselves 
appeared  congested,  and  the  animals  seemed  to  be  perfectly  blind. 

12.  In  one  case  the  gums  of  the  lower  jaw  i)resented  similar  changes, 
but  in  these,  too,  considerable  loss  of  tissue  had  taken  place.  The  mor- 
bid process  extended  into  the  lower  jaw-bone,  and  enough  of  it  had  been 
decayed  and  destroyed  to  expose  the  roots  of  the  incisors,  and  to  cause 
some  of  them  to  droj)  out. 

13.  Morbid  changes,  ulceration,  and  decay  have  been  observed  twice 
in  one  of  the  spermatic  chords  of  pigs  whieh  had  been  castrated  a  short 
time  before  the  disease  was  contracted.  In  both  pigs  an  aliscess  was 
found  in  the  scrotum,  the  only  instance  in  which  leal  matter  or  pus 
was  observed. 

14.  In  nearly  all  those  hogs  and  pigs  Mhich  had  been  ringed  to  ])rc- 
vent  them  from  rooting,  the  parts  thus  wounded  presented  more  or  less 
decay,  in  about  a  dozen  cases  to  such  an  extent  as  to  cause  a  formation 
of  large  holes  du-ectly  from  the  superior  surface  of  the  nose  into  the  nasal 
cavities.  These  holes  presented  very  ragged  or  corrodi'il  borders,  coated 
with  a  dirty-yellowish  detritus,  and  were,  in  sevend  instances,  sufti- 
cieutly  large  to  enable  the  animals  to  breathe  through,  instead  of  through 
the  nostrils. 

15.  Morbid  changes  in  the  skin,  but  of  a  different  eiiaracter,  were 
found  to  be  of  frequent  occurrence.  In  three  or  tour  cases  numerous 
small  morbid  growths  (eruptions)  extending  but  slightly  into  the  cutis, 
but  causing  a  com])lete  degeneration  of  the  ('i)i(lcrmis,  and  leaving  be- 
hind, if  removed,  an  uneven,  raw,  or  excoriated  surface,  in  aitpearance 
not  unlike  granulation,  were  found  on  the  cojnpara.tively  line  skin  im 
t lie  lower  surface  of  the  body,  between  the  legs  and  behind  th(^  cars. 
In  two  other  cases  whole  i>ieccs  of  degcncr;-^ted  and  decayed  skin  had 
sloughed  off  and  fallen  out.     The  corroded  borders  and  tiic  bottcmi  of 


30  DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER   ANIMALS. 

the  iileers,  thus  produced,  were  coated  with  a  dirty-yelloAvish  looking 
granular  detritus. 

In  a  great  many  cases,  that  is,  in  nearly  half  of  the  whole  number 
examined,  red  or  puiple  spots  and  patches,  and  even  continuous  or  con- 
fluent redness,  of  a  purple  hue,  ijresented  themselves  in  the  skin  on  the 
lower  surface  of  the  body,  between  the  legs,  behind  the  ears,  &c.  At  the 
autopsy  the  skin  and  the  subcutaneous  tissue  appeared  to  be  congested, 
the  capillary  vessels  were  gorged  with  blood,  and  more  or  less  exuda- 
tion and  small  extravasations  of  blood  were  found  to  have  taken  place, 
lu  one  case  a  large  piece  of  skin  on  the  lower  surface  of  the  body  was 
mortitied. 

XO.  In  two  cases  quite  extensive  extravasations  of  blood  i)reseuted 
themselves  in  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  stomach  and  intestines. 

17.  The  blood  presented  some  quantitative  and  (pialitative  changes  in 
every  case.  Its  quantity  ai^peared  to  be  diminished  in  every  animal, 
in  some  cases  to  such  an  extent  that  not  more  than,  say,  four  or  five 
ounces  could  have  been  collected  if  the  animal  had  been  killed  by  bleed- 
ing. Still,  the  actual  want  of  blood  was  never  as  great  as  it  appeared 
to  be,  because  a  considerable  quantity  was  locked  up  in  the  tissues, 
especially  in  the  lungs,  and  had  become  stagnant  in  the  capillary  ves- 
sels. The  blood  was  dark-colored  in  all  cases  in  which  death  had  been 
caused  by  extensive  morbid  changes  in  the  lungs,  or  in  which,  on  ac- 
count of  those  changes,  respiration  had  been  very  imi^erfect;  but  it 
presented  a  normal  color,  and  was  perhaps  a  little  lighter  colored  and 
thinner  or  more  watery  than  in  a  healthy  hog,  in  all  cases  in  which 
death  had  been  caused  by  other  morbid  changes,  or  in  which  the  atfec- 
tion  of  the  lungs  was  comparatively  unimportant.  It  invariably  coag- 
ulated as  soon  as  it  became  exposed  to  the  influence  of  the  atmosphere, 
to  a  loose  and  spongy  clot,  containing  a  considerable  quantity  of  serum. 
Hence,  it  must  be  sui^posed  that  it  w^as  rich  in  fibrinogen,  but  probably 
poor  in  fibrin,  a  condition  due,  unquestionably,  to  t]ie  fact  that  during 
the  disease  the  process  of  waste  had  been  largely  m  excess  of  that  of 
repair. 

Under  the  microscope  the  blood-corpuscles  of  fresh  blood  apiieared 
sometimes  nearly  all  normal  or  round,  and  sometimes  more  or  less  angu- 
lar and  star-shaped,  but  after  a  while  they  all  became  more  or  less  an- 
gular and  of  an  irregular  shape,  and  showed  more  or  less  tendency  to 
congregate  in  roAvs  and  clusters.  The  fresh  blood  contained  numerous 
bacillus-germs,  many  of  them  simple,  small,  round  bodies,  some  in  pro- 
cess of  budding,  otliers  budded  or  double,  and  still  others  congregated 
into,  apparently,  viscous  clusters.  (See  drawing  II,  fig.  1 5  drawing  IV, 
tig.  I;  drawing  Vii,  figs.  1  and  4;  drawings  VIII,  IX,  and  X,  fig.  1.) 
In  a  few  cases  fully  developed  bacilli  suis  Avere  found  in  the  fresh  blood, 
but  they  were,  comparatively,  few  in  number.  In  blood  which  had  been 
kept  twenty-four  hours  or  longer  in  well-closed  vials,  bacilli  were  always 
more  numerous,  and  sometimes  were  found  in  large  numbers.  As  soon, 
howev(n-,  ns  ])utrefaction  or  decomposition  had  set  in,  the  hacilll  disap- 
])eared.  White  blood-corimscles,  a  few  in  nuud^er,  were  found  only  in 
three  or  four  cases. 

18.  A  microscojMc  examination  of  the  blood-serum  or  exudations, 
deposited  in  the  ])ulmonal  tissue,  invariablj'  revealed,  besides  some 
angular  r(;d  blood-corpuscles,  an  immense  number  of  bacilli  sitis,  and  of 
bacillns-geriiis  in  all  stages  of  development,  single,  budding,  budded, 
or  double,  and  congregated  into  clusters.  (See  drawing  III,  fig.  1,  and 
drawing  11,  figs.  .'J  and  4.) 

That  every  one  of  these  morbid  changes  does  not  occur  in  one  and  the 


BW^IXFJ    T^KVKTl. 


Report  Coiniuissioner  of  Agriculture  Tor  1878. 


Plate  nr. 


AlUM'llS'rnljllKM-lluMK   lUtlllVIIV 


Ulceimis  tumors  on  luutous  uioiuln-nno of  mtpsliues. 


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DISEASES    OF   SWINE    AND    OTHEE   ANIMALS.  31 

same  auiiual,  and  that  sometimes  some  and  sometimes  others  are  more 
developed  and  constitute  the  immediate  cause  of  death,  has  already 
been  indicated,  and  does  not  need  any  further  explanation.  To  convey, 
however,  a  clearer  idea  of  the  morbid  features  and  changes  presented 
after  death,  I  will  copy  from  my  notes  the  result  of  the  post-mortem 
examinations  of  a  few  of  my  experimental  pigs.  Of  pigs  jSTos.  5  and  G 
the  symptoms,  observed  during  life,  have  already  been  noted. 

Post-mortem  examination  of  piy  Xo.  5. — On  opening  the  chest,  the  ribs, 
usually  tough  in  a  joung  animal,  broke  very  easily,  and  seemed  to  be 
deficient  in  organic  substances.  No  serum  in  the  chest ;  jmlmonal  pleura 
rough,  partially  coated  Avith  plastic  exudation;  lower  half  of  both  lobes 
of  lungs  hepatized;  no  serum  in  the  pericardium,  but  apex  of  heart 
tinnly  coalesced  with  the  inner  surface  of  the  pericardium ;  thick,  white, 
and  frothy  mucus,  but  no  stronr/Hi  paradoxi  in  trachea  and  bronchial 
tubes.  Ciccum  and  colon  hrmly  agglutinated  to  each  other  with  their 
external  surfaces;  adhesion  separable  only  by  means  of  the  knife.  Nu- 
merous large  and  small  ulcerous  tumors  or  morbid  growths  in  both 
caecum  and  colon.  (See  photograph,  Plate  V,  which  shows  the  ctecum, 
and  Plate  YI,  which  shows  the  colon,  natural  size  of  pig  No.  5.)  Lym- 
phatic and  mesenteric  glands  enlarged.  Ulcerous  decay  in  mucous 
membrane  of  the  stomach.  (See  photograph,  Plate  YIII,  which  presents 
the  interior  surface  of  the  stomach  of  pig  No.  5,  natural  size.)  Besides 
those  essential  changes  mentioned,  one  large  nematoid  was  found  in  the 
ductus  choledochus,  extending  from  the  duodenum  through  the  chole- 
dochus  and  the  gall-bladder  into  an  hepatic  duct.  Another  worm  of 
the  same  kind  was  found  in  the  c;ecum. 

Autopsy  of  pig  No.  C. — An  abscess  in  right' side  of  the  scrotum, 
about  seven-eighths  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  and  connected  with  idcera- 
tion  in  right  spermatic  chord.  Inguinal  and  axillary  lyinphatic  glands 
considerably  enlarged.  One-fourth  of  right  and  one-iifth  of  left  lobe 
of  lungs  hepatized;  the  rest  gorged  -svith  blood-serum  or  exudation. 
Ciecmn  and  colon  agglutinated  to  each  other ;  ciecum  also  adhering  to 
peritoneum.  Mesenteric  glands  very  much  enlarged ;  right  spermatic 
chord  ulcerated.  (Pig  had  been  castrated  a  few  weeks  before  it  con- 
tracted the  disease.)  Extensive  morbid  growth,  in  process  of  decay,  in 
ciecum,  and  also  a  large  number  in  colon.  Some  exudation  on  lower 
surface  of  spleen.  Ulcerous  decay  in  mucous  membrane  of  anterior 
portion  of  stomach,  and  wine-colored  intiltration  and  extravasations  of 
blood  in  mucous  membrane  of  pyloric  portion  of  same  intestine. 

Autopsj/  of  pif/  B. — Some  redness  between  hind  legs  and  on  lower  sur- 
face of  the  body ;  greenish  mucus  oozing  from  the  nose ;  axillary  and 
inguinal  glands  very  much  enlarged;  ribs  tleticient  in  organic,  substances, 
at  any  rate  very  brittle;  both  lungs  spotted  all  over,  indicating  i)laiuly 
capillary  embolism  in  early  stage  of  developuient ;  hei)atization  limited, 
iust  counnencing;  lymphatic  glands  in  chest  very  nuich  (ndarged ;  the 
heart,  but  especially  the  auricles,  very  much  congested ;  auricles  almost 
black;  small  quantity  of  straM-colored  serum  (not  exceeding  two  ounces) 
in  thoracic  cavity,  and  still  less  in  ])ericardium.  In  the  abdomijial  cav- 
ity mucous  membrane  of  anteiior  part  of  stomach  Avine-colored ;  some 
ditfuse  morbid  growth,  in  i)rocess  of  decay,  in  posterior  (pyloric)  portion 
of  same  membrane.  No  food  whatever  in  stonmch  and  intestines;  bile 
thickened,  semi-solid;  no  ulceration  nor  any  morbid  growth  whatever 
in  ca'cum,  colon,  or  any  other  intestine. 

Eesults  of  post-mortem  examination  of  experimental  pitj  Xo.  VI. — Decay- 
ing blotches  or  no<lules  of  the  size  of  a  hve-cent  piece  and  smaller  on 
skin  of  lower  surface  of  body  and  between  the  legs;  right  si)ermatic 


32  DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHEE    ANIMALS. 

chord  ulcerated,  and  an  abscess  tlie  size  of  a  hen's  Qg'^  in  liglit  side  of 
scrotum.  Internally  all  lymphatic  and  mesenteric  glands  enlarged; 
anterior  portion  of  both  lungs  CA'crywhere,  Avith  their  Avhole  external 
surface,  and  x)Osterior  portion  at  some  places  adhering  (coalesced)  to  the 
costal  pleuia ;  luimerous  smaller  and  larger  embolic  tubercles,  pieseut- 
iug  the  appearance  of  incipient  abscesses,  in  anterior  portion  of  both 
lobes  of  the  lungs,  but  more  numerous  and  more  develo])ed  in  right  lobe 
than  in  the  left ;  remainder — posteiior  parts  of  both  lobes — gorged  with 
exudation ;  snmll  quantity  of  straw-colored  serum  in  the  chest  and  in 
the  pericardium.  In  abdominal  cavity,  liver  rather  hard  (sclerotic),  its 
connective  tissue  apparently  hyi)ertrophied.  One  small  tape-worm,  not 
over  one  and  a  half  inches  long,  in  jejunum,  and  numerous  small,  inci])- 
ient  morbid  growths  or  ocher-colored  decaying  nodules  in  ciccum.  (See 
photograph,  Plate  III.)    No  other  morbid  changes. 

Besides  these  numerous  morbid  changes,  which  must  be  looked  upon 
as  x)i'oducts  of  the  morbid  i>rocess  of  swine-plague,  some  species  of  en- 
tozoa,  a  few  of  which  have  abeady  been  mentioned,  have  occasionally 
been  met  Avith ;  but  as  their  presence  is  merely  accidental,  that  is,  has 
nothing  whatever  to  do  with  the  disease  in  question,  a  brief  mention  of 
this  occurrence  will  be  sufficient.  Strongilus  paradoxus  has  been  found 
in  small  numbers  in  the  bronchial  tubes  of  a  f(iw  pigs  in  one  herd  only — 
Mr.  Bassett's.  TricJiocephalus  crenatns  (whip-worm)  has  been  found  in 
small  numbers  in  the  blind  end  of  the  cwcum  of  four  animals,  belonging 
to  two  different  herds.  A  small  tape- worm  was  once  found  in  the 
jejunum,  as  has  been  stated,  and  a  few  other  entozoa  (nematoids)  Avere 
found  in  four  or  five  instances  in  the  choledochus,  gall-bladder,  and 
hepatic  ducts  (in  one  case  as  many  as  twelve  worms),  and  twice  in  other 
intestines. 

What  I  have  so  far  related  was  comparatively  easilj^  ascertained.  Nu- 
merous examinations  of  tliseased  animals,  frequent  visits  to  affected  herds, 
and  Hfty -three  post-mortem  examinations  revealed  the  facts,  and  all  that 
was  necessary  was  to  observe  and  take  notes.  But  the  principal  object 
of  the  investigation  was  to  devise  means  to  i^revent  the  immense  losses 
caused  every  year  by  that  most  fatal  disease,  swine-plague.  (I  have 
adopted  that  name,  because  the  disease,  if  anything,  is  a  real  plague ; 
and  the  name  is  sufficiently  comprehensive  to  cover  the  whole  morbid 
I)rocess,  and  so  simple  that  I  have  no  doubt  it  will  soon  supercede,  exen 
among  farmers,  that  very  improi)er  name  of  hog  cholera.) 

To  dcAise  such  means,  a  more  reliable  basis  than  a  mere  knowledge 
of  the  various  features  of  the  disease  had  to  be  gained.  The  real  nature 
of  the  morbid  process,  and  the  true  cause  or  causes,  had  to  be  ascertained. 
Above  all,  it  had  to  be  decided  as  to  whether  swine-plague  is  a  con- 
tagious disease  or  not;  and  if  contagious,  the  means  by  which  the 
contagion  is  conveyed  from  one  place  and  irom  one  animal  to  another; 
the  manner  in  which  it  enters  the  animal  organism,  and,  if  possible, 
the  nature  of  the  same.  This  could  not  be  done  by  simply  visiting 
diseased  herds  and  examining  sick  and  dead  animals ;  it  was  necessary 
to  make  experiments  and  to  observe  and  to  record  the  results.  This 
I  have  done,  and  before  I  proceed  any  further  it  may  be  best  to  give, 
first,  a  condensed  account  of  the  experiments  which  I  have  made  for 
the  i^urpose  of  settling  those  points,  so  as  to  give  others  an  opportu- 
nity to  form  an  o])inion  as  to  the  correctness  of  the  conclusions  I  have 
arrived  at.  I  will  mention  again,  that  in  making  those  experiments, 
in  noting  the  results,  and  in  making  the  necessary  and  very  numerous 
microsco])ical  examinations,  I  Ikiac  been  ably  assisted  by  my  friends, 
Dr.  l'\  W.  Prentice  and  Prof.  T.  J.  Burrill,  of  the  Illinois  Industrial 
UniA'crsity.     1  commenced  those  experiments  alter  1  had  gained  con- 


s^vl^:p:   i<^ka^kti. 


RepoTi  Commi.s.sioneT  of  AQiacuItiirP  for  1878. 


Plale  W. 


.\.\\on\f< lal.ilhni.nisl ic  H/iiuniorr 


LTcerous  iiiinorson  imuous   nicinbi-aiic  ol'  uileslincs.  prc^jcctiiig'  al)Ove  surface 


/■   .  'I- 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHEK    ANI.MALS.  33 

siderable  information  as  to  the  various  featiu-es  of  tlie  disease  duiing 
liie  and  after  deatli,  and  as  to  the  conditions  and.  surroundings  under 
wliicli  the  same  makes  its  appearance.  The  first  series  of  experiments 
has  been  made  for  the  purpose  of  settling  the  question  as  to  the  con- 
tagiousness or  non-contagiousness  of  Swine-Phigue.  This  was  the  more 
necessary  from  the  fact  that  those  Avho  had  suffered  severe  losses  "were 
decidedly  divided  on  that  question. 

FIRST   SERIES   OF  EXPERBIENTS. 

After  encountering  considerable  difficulty  in  finding  indubitably  healthy 
])igs,  belonging  to  a  jierfectly  healthy  herd,  which  had  never  Ijeen  in  con- 
tact with  diseased  animals,  I  succeeded  finally,  on  the  20th  of  August,  in 
l)uying  of  Mr.  Harris,  south  of  Champaign,  three  Berksliiro  sow  pigs 
about  three  and  a  half  months  okl,  x>erfectly  healthy,  and  without  any 
lesions  whatever.  I  designated  them  as  pigs  ISTos.  1,  2,  and  o.  Dr. 
Prentice,  at  the  same  time,  had  the  kindness  of  placing  at  my  disposi- 
tion two  box-stalls  in  his  veterinary  hospital,  a  new  building  which  had 
never  been  entered  by  any  hog  or  pig.  About  one  hundred  and  fifty 
yards  east  of  the  veterinary  hospital  building,  on  a  piece  of  ground 
never  trodden  by  hogs,  as  far  as  known,  I  built  of  ]iew  lumber  a  pen 
eight  feet  square.  •  This  pen  I  designated  pen  ^o.  1,  and  the  box-stalls, 
Avhich  are  twelve  feet  square,  as  pens  Kos.  2  and  '3  respectively.  Pig 
Xo.  1  was  put  in  i^enXo.  1,  and  i)igs  JSTos.  2  and  3  together  in  pen  No.  2. 

It  may  be  well  to  state  here  that  pen  JSTq.  1  having  no  iioor,  but  rest- 
ing on  the  ground,  was  moved  to  another  i^iace  (each  time  its  own  width) 
every  other  day,  usually  at  noon,  in  order  to  preserve  cleanliness,  and. 
pens  Xos.  2  and  3  were  cleaned  and  swept  once  a,  day,  except  where 
stated  otherwise  in  the  following  pages.  The  food  of  all  experimental 
])igs  was  the  same,  and  consisted  of  corn  in  the  ear,  and  occasionally  a 
little  green  clover  and  purslane  at  noon  or  in  the  evening.  The  water 
for  drinking  was  drawn  three  times  a  day  from  a  well. 

1.  Account  of  pig  No.  1. — On  August  21  I  procured  from  Mr.  Bassett, 
four  miles  north  of  Chami^aign,  a  diseased  Chester  white  i)ig,  four  months 
old  (pig  iSTo.  4),  which  I  put  with  pig  ISTo.  1  in  pen  Ko.  1.  This  diseased 
l)ig  which  arrived  at  10.30  o'clock,  a.  m.,  exhibited  plain  and  unmis- 
takable symptoms  of  swine-plague;  its  temi)erature  was  lOGJo  p.^  and 
its  skin,  on  lower  surface  of  the  body,  between  the  legs,  &c.,  was  con- 
siderably reddened.  The  temperature  of  pig  No.  1,  which  objected 
to  being  examijied  and  struggled  hard,  was  lOi^"^  F. 

Avgmt  22. — Pig  No.  1  all  right;  has  vigorous" appetite.  Pig  No.  4  at 
8  o'clock  a.  m.  very  sick ;  has  a  peculiar,  short,  abrupt  cough ;  at  1 
o'clock,  p.  m.,  dead. 

Post-mortem  examination. — Capillary  redness  in  the  skin  on  lower  sur- 
face of  body  and  between  the  legs;  considerable  enlargement  of  lym- 
phatic; glands ;  more  than  tAvo-thirds  of  the  lungs  hepatized  and  gorged 
Avith  blood-serum;  some  straAv-colored  serum  in  thoracic  cavity  and 
l)ericardium;  and  morbid  growths  in  process  of  decay  (ulcerous  tumors), 
in  cuMuim  and  colon, 

lieceived  at  1  o'clock,  p.  m.,  three  more  pigs,  each  about  three  months 
old  (cross  of  Berkshire  and  scrub),  of  Mr.  Schumacher,  a  butcher  in 
Champaign,  Avho  had  l)ought  tlui  same  of  a  tarmer  ten  miles  southeast 
of  Champaign.  1  designated  the  same  as  pigs  Nos.  5,  {>,  and  7.  Pigs 
Nos.  5  and  0  ai)peared  to  be  perfectly  healthy,  and  Avere  ])ut  together  in 
pen  No.  3.  Pig  No.  7  Avas  apparently  indisposed ;  it  had  been  trans- 
l)orted  ten  miles,  croAAded  together  Avith  twenty  others,  most  of  them 
3  sw 


34  DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER    ANIMALS. 

larf,'er  and  older,  and  exposed  for  several  liours  to  the  buruiug  rays  of 
the  sun,  in  an  open  larui-Avagon  on  a  very  hot  day.  It  -was  i)auting  for 
breath,  and  showed  symptoms  of  congestion  of  the  lungs.  It  v>.as  put 
in  pen  Xo.  1  with  pig  No.  1,  before  dead  pig  No.  4  had  been  removed. 

Aufjust  llo. — Pig  No.  1  perfectly  hcalthly.  Pig  No.  7  very  sick; 
breathes  nincty-tAvo  times  per  minute ;  shows  plain  symptoms  of  pleu- 
rites;  has  no  apx)etite,  but  is  attentive  and  moves  (piickly  when  dis- 
turbed. It  died  at  8  o'clock  p.  m.  Post-mortem  examination  revealed 
pleurites  and  pericarditis;  the  whole  surface  of  the  lungs  was  loosely 
agglutinated  to  costal  pleura,  and  the  substance  of  the  same  was  gorged 
Avitli  exudation.  I^'o  other  morbid  changes  whatever.  Whether  this  was 
a  case  of  swine-plague  or  not,  I  leave  to  my  readers  to  decide  for  them- 
selves. I  am  decidedly  of  the  opinion  it  was  not,  because  none  of  the 
other  twenty  pigs,  except  Nos.  a  and  C  (see  account  of  them)  have,  up 
to  date,  contracted  the  disease,  as  I  have  learned  from  a  reliable  source. 
It  is  true  two  other  pigs  of  the  same  lot  showed  some  indisposition  on 
the  24:th,  25th,  and  2Gth  days  of  August,  but  were  all  right  again  the 
ilext  day,  and  are  healthy  yet. 

AiKjust  24. — Pig  No.  1  perfectly  healthy;  vigorous  appetite. 

August  25. — No  change. 

August  26. — No  change. 

August  27. — No  change. 

August  28. — ^TS^eather  very  hot  and  sultry;  in  afternoon  severe  thun- 
der-storm and  rain,  which  effected  a  sudden  cooling  of  the  atmosphere. 
Pig  No.  1  in  perfect  health. 

August  29. — Pig  No.  1  coughed  once;  being  exposed  in  an  open  pen 
to  the  changes  of  weather  and  temperature,  it  has  possibly  taken  cold. 

August  30. — Pig  No.  1  perfectly  healthy;  is  A-ery  lively,  and  has  vigor- 
ous appetite. 

August  31. — The  same. 

September  1. — The  same. 

September  2. — The  same. 

September  3. — The  same. 

Septemher  4. — The  same.  At  6.30  o'clock,  p.  m.,  diseased  exx^eri- 
mental  pig  No.  2  (see  account  of  the  same  further  down)  was  put  in  pen 
No.  1  with  pig  No.  1. 

September  5. — Pig  No.  1  perfectly  healthy.  Pig  No.  2  eats  nothing ; 
shows  plain  sj^mptoms  of  pneumonia. 

September  6. — Pig  No.  1  perfectly  healthy.  Pig  No.  2  died  at  6  o'clock, 
I),  m.  {For  post-mortem  examination,  which  was  made  immediately,  see 
account  of  pig  No.  2.) 

September  7. — Pig  No.  1  perfectly  healthj',  and  has  remained  so  up  to 
date.  Has  always  iirst-rate  appetite,  has  never  refused  a  meal,  and  is 
to-day  a  strong,  vigorous,  and  thri\T.ng  x'>ig.  (IMade  use  of  the  same  for 
another  experiment  on  November  13.) 

2.  Account  of  pigs  Kos.  2  and  3. — August  21. — Both  jiigs  are  i)erfectly 
healthy;  have  good  appetite,  and  are  active  and  lively. 

August  22. — Both  i^igs  perfectly  healthy.  Inoculated  both  in  right 
ear  at  1.30  o'clock,  p.  m.,  with  blood-serum  from  the  lungs  of  pig  No.  4, 
which  had  died  at  1  o'clock,  y>.  m.  The  operation  was  performed  by 
means  of  a  small  inoculation-needle,  made  for  the  purpose  of  inocu- 
lating sheep  with  the  virus  of  sheej)  pox.  Each  pig  received  two  slight 
])unctures  on  the  external  surface  of  the  ear;  the  serum  inoculated 
was  less  tlian  one-fourth  of  a  droj)  per  animal.  The  blood-serum  used 
was  of  a  faint  reddish  color,  and  almost  limpid.    Examined  under  tho 


vS \v i^^  f;  f ea^e r. 


Heporl  ('oiumi.s.sioiiei-  of  AfJricuUnrc  I'or  187^ 


Plate  V. 


.\.ilro-nM,il.|l)li>l-.ll]Sllr  aillllliopr 


llccTcms  Imiiois  Oil   mucous   mi'inhfajic  of  mU-st  mrs.  sliowiiig  concavilN- m  (('liter 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AXD    OTHER    ANIMALS.  35 

microscope  it  contained  ;i  few  red  blood  corpuscles,  numerous  bacillus- 
germs,  and  some  developed  haciUi  suis. 

Avgust  23. — Pijjs  Xos.  2  and  3  perfectly  healthy.    No  visible  reaction. 

Awjust  2i. — Both  pigs  perfectly  healthy  5  have  very  good  appetite. 

August  25. — Xo  change. 

Aiigitst  20. — ]Sro  change. 

August  '11. — Pig  Xo.  2  appears  to  be  slightly  indisposed.  Pig  No.  3 
aiiparently  healthy. 

August  28. — Both  seem  to  be  healthy;  eat  well. 

August  29. — Pig  No.  2  not  quite  as  lively  as  a  healthy  pig ;  does  not 
seem  to  have  very  good  appetite.  Pig  No.  3  shows  no  symptoms  of  dis- 
ease. Temperatiu-e  of  pig  No.  2,  105.1^  F.,  and  of  No.  3,  lOt^^  F.  Both 
pigs  struggled  very  much  while  being  examined. 

August  30. — Pig  No.  2  not  very  lively,  and  shows  a  tendency  to  lie 
down;  does  not  eat  as  Avell  as  formerly;  temperature,  10i|o  F.  At 
feeding  tune  in  the  evening  it  did  not  arise,  nor  did  it  seem  to  care  for 
its  food.     Pig  No.  3  apparently  all  right. 

August  31. — Pig  No.  2  shows  i)lain  symptoms  of  sickness;  arches  its 
back,  and  moves  with  short  undecided  stej^s.  Pig  No.  3  api)ears  to  be 
less  lively. 

September  1. — Both  pigs,  Nos.  2  and  3,  shovr  plain  symj)toms  of  swine- 
plague. 

September  2. — Pig  No,  3  seems  to  be  worse  than  pig  No.  2.  In  after- 
noon the  eyes  of  pig  No.  3  appeared  congested,  and  the  conjunctiva  in- 
filtrated with  blood.  Appetite  of  both  animals  rather  poor.  Both  are 
thii^sty. 

September  3. — Pigs  Nos.  2  and  3  do  not  eat  anything ;  are  evidently 
very  sick ;  show  great  indifference  to  siu-roundings,  and  do  not  like  to 
come  out  of  their  corner.  Both  are  very  weak,  and  look  as  if  they  suffer 
from  pressure  uiion  the  brain. 

September  4. — Pigs  Nos.  2  and  3  have  not  touched  any  food ;  they 
huddle  together  in  their  corner,  lie  down,  and  will  not  get  up  unless 
comj)eUed  to  do  so.  Both  show  increasing  muscular  weakness  and 
emaciation.  At  G.30  o'clock,  p.  m.,  pig  No.  2  was  removed  to  pen  No.  1. 
(See  accoimt  of  pig  No.  1.) 

September  5. — Pig  No.  2  (now  in  pen  No.  1)  eats  nothing ;  has  plain 
symptoms  of  pneumonia.  Pig  No.  3  (in  pen  No.  2)  is  getting  very  weak; 
at  7  o'clock,  p.  m,,  is  lying  flat,  and  in  a  dying  condition. 

September  0. — Pig  No.  2  (in  pen  No.  1)  very  sick.  Pig  No.  3  (in  pen 
No.  2)  dead  in  the  morning,  with  well-marked  rigor  mortis. 

Post-mortem  examination. — Skin  normal;  lymphatic  glands  enlarged; 
left  lobe  of  lungs  partially  hepatized ;  right  lobe  the  same,  but  hepati- 
zation more  extensive ;  no  serum  in  thoracic  cavity ;  about  two  drachms 
in  pericardium ;  heart  normal ;  spleen  enlarged ;  partially  coalesced  with 
peritoneum  of  abdominal  v»'all,  Avhich  shoAvs  traces  of  inflammation ; 
some  small  ulcerous  tumors  on  surface  of  spleen,  and  adhesion  between 
the  latter  and  the  colon;  mesenteric  glands  considerably  enlarged; 
morbid  growths  or  ulcerous  tumors,  and  a  few  worms  [triclioceplialus 
crenatus),  the  latter  partially  embedded  in  the  smaller  ciiecal  nuicous 
membrane  in  caecum;  blood  extravasations,  and  capillary  congestion  in 
mucous  membrane  of  caecum,  colon,  ilium,  and  stomach;  liver  somewhat 
enlarged ;  kidneys  normal.  Tlie  blood,  examined  under  the  microscope, 
contained,  besides  red  blood-coi^puscles  with  ragg'cd,  irregular  or  star- 
sha])ed  outlines,  a  few  white  blood-corpuscles  (from  one  to  live  in  the 
field),  numerous  bacillus-germs  in  various  stages  of  developraent,  and 
a  few  developed  bacilli  siiis. 


36  DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER    ANIMALS. 

Pig  No.  2  died  at  6  o'clock,  p.  m.     (See  account  of  pig  No.  1.) 

Post-mortem  examination. — Skin  normal;  lungs  partially  bepatized; 
liepatizatiou  most  marked  in  anterior  lobes ;  small  quantity  of  serum  in 
pericardium ;  liver  enlarged ;  one  nematoid  in  choledochus  ;  abdominal 
cavity  free  from  seriun;  eccbj'moses  on  the  external  surface  of  colon 
and  caecum ;  capillary  byperajmia  and  swelling  in  caical  mucous  mem- 
brane; several  small  ulcerous  tiunors  in  caecum,  especially  near  the  ilio- 
caecal  valve ;  swelling,  capillary  congestion,  and  extravasations  of  blood 
in  mucous  membrane  of  colon  and  ilium;  kidneys  normal;  bladder 
empty ;  mucous  membrane  of  stomach  similar  in  appearance  to  that  of 
caecum,  colon,  and  ilium. 

Account  of  pigs  J^'os.  5  and  G. — Pigs  Nos.  5  and  G,  ^hich  arrived,  as 
has  been  stated  before,  Augtist  22,  at  1  o'clock,  p.  m.,  were  i)ut  in  pen 
No.  3,  and  at  1.30  o'clock,  ]).  in.,  the  colon,  the  heart,  and  a  x)iece  of  the 
diseased  lungs  of  pig  No.  4  were  given  to  them.  They,  however, 
touched  neither  colon,  heart,  nor  piece  of  lung. 

August  23. — Both  pigs,  Nos.  5  and  G,  in  good  health,  and  eat  their 
food  greedily,  but  have  not  touched  the  colon,  heart,  and  piece  of  lung. 
The  colon,  having  become  very  i^titrid,  had  to  be  removed ;  heart  and 
piece  of  lung  were  thrown  into  the  feed-trough. 

August  24. — Both  pigs  healthy.  Heart  and  piece  of  lung  have  dis- 
appeared, but  whether  they  have  been  consumed  by  the  i^igs  or  by  rats 
I  am  not  able  to  decide. 

August  25. — Both  pigs  healthy ;  have  good  api)etite,  and  eat  greedily. 

August  2G. — The  same. 

August  27. — The  same. 

August  28. — The  same.  August  28th  was  a  very  hot  day,  but  a  severe 
thunder-storm  in  the  afternoon  effected  a  sudden  cooling  of  the  atmos- 
phere. 

August  20. — Both  pigs,  Nos.  5  and  G,  seem  to  have  a  slight  catarrh, 
probably  in  consequence  of  the  sudden  reduction  of  temperature  and 
change  of  weather.    Both  cough  some. 

August  30. — Both  pigs,  to  all  appearances,  all  right,  excei^t  that  occa- 
sionally a  slight  cough  can  be  heard.    Both  have  tirst-rate  appetites. 

August  31. — Both  pigs  apparently  in  perfect  health ;  appetite  good. 

September  1. — Both  pigs  all  right. 

Septemher  2. — The  same. 

Septcmljer  3. — The  same.  Pig  No.  5  coughed  once  or  twice,  but  has 
excellent  appetite. 

Septemher  4. — Pig  No.  5  coughs  again  a  few  times,  but  is  lively,  and 
has  very  good  appetite.    No.  G  is  all  right  in  every  respect. 

Septemler  5. — Both  pigs  all  right. 

Scptem'ber  G. — Both  pigs  have  good  appetite,  are  very  lively,  and  seem 
to  enjoy  good  health.  At  10.30  o'clock,  a.  m.,  the  entire  stomach,  cut  up 
into  hve  i)ieces,  the  cajcum,  and  the  spleen  of  pig  No.  3  were  given  to 
them,  and  consumed  immediately  in  the  presence  of  Dr.  Prentice. 

Scptcmljcr  7. — Both  pigs,  Nos.  5  and  G,  have  very  good  appetite.  No. 
5  has  a  slight  cough,  and  a  slight  acctimulation  of  mucus  in  the  inner 
canthi  of  the  eyes.  (For  furthei'  particulars  see  the  accounts  given  of 
pigs  Nos.  5  and  G  in  the  chapter  on  Symptoms  and  Morbid  Changes.) 

Having  thus  ascertained  by  experiments,  jtist  related,  that  swine- 
plague  is  infectious,  and  can  be  commtmicated  by  inoculation,  and  also 
through  the  digestive  canal  by  a  consumption  of  morbid  tissues,  I  con- 
sidered it  to  be  of  great  importance  to  ascertain,  if  possible,  the  nature 
of  the  infectious  principle ;  that  is,  to  decide  by  experiments  whether  it 
consists  in  somctliiiig  corporeal,  endowed  with  life  and  i)ower  of  ijropa- 


sw'i X  i:   I'M-: \' 101^. 


Hf'pori  (onumssioiier  of  Acji-irulliirc  I'oi- 1878. 


Plait-  M. 


\ 


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m  m 


.-i^.-^ 


'ijH^  '^  ^''■' 


,:^ 


AIIoMiiSrCoI.llliocuvli..  Rainuinv 


ri(cr()\is   luiiu)i-.s  Oil    null  oils   iiiciiiliiviiic  ol'  ml  csl  im-s.  slHiwiii'i  'lillnciil   \icw 


/i 


A' 


■I    ■  ^ 


/ 


// 


DISEASES    OF    SWIXE    AND    OTHER    ANIMALS.  37 

gation,  or  in  some  invisible  cheuiical  agency  or  mysterious  fluid,  per- 
meating', as  lias  been  supposed,  tlie  whole  animal  organism,  and  con- 
tained in,  or  clinging  to,  all  those  substances  which  possess  infectious 
properties,  or  constitute  the  bearers  or  vehicles  of  the  contagion.  As 
all  microscopical  examinations  of  the  blood,  morbid  tissues,  and  morbid 
jjroducts  of  forty-two  animals,  which  had  been  affected  with  swine- 
plague  and  had  died  of  that  disease  or  been  hilled  by  bleeding,  and 
repeated  microscopical  examinations  of  the  excretions  (urine  and  excre- 
ments) of  diseased  animals,  have  revealed  in  every  case  the  presence  of 
mimerous  bacillus-germs  (micrococci  of  Hallier)  and  developed  haciUi 
suiSj  I  deemed  it  necessary  to  ascertain  first,  if  i)ossible,  the  relation 
which  these  extremely  small  microscopic  bodies  may  have  to  the  mor- 
bid process  and  to  the  infectious  principle.  For  that  purpose  I  com- 
menced another  series  of  experiments,  and  bought  again,  on  September 
24:th,  three  very  nice,  perfectly  healthy  pigs,  each  a  little  over  three 
months  old,  of  Mr.  Burton,  residing  four  miles  southeast  of  Champaign. 
I  designated  one  of  them,  a  nearly  tuU-bred  Berkshire  barrow,  as  pig  A ; 
another  one,  a  Poland-China  sow,  as  pig  B ;  and  the  third  one,  also  a 
Poland-China  sow,  as  pig  C. 

Account  of  x^igs  yl,  I?,  and  C. — The  same  arrived  at  10  o'clock,  a.  m. 
Pig  A  was  put  in  i)en  No.  1  with  pig  ISTo.  1 ;  pig  B  in  pen  Xo.  3  with  pig 
Ko.  C ;  and  pig  C  by  itself  in  the  thoroughly  cleaned  and  disinfected  -pen 
Xo.  2,  formerly  occupied  by  pigs  ISTos.  2  and  3.  Pen  Xo.  3  had  been 
clean  and  empty  since  September  Gth,  and  was  again  disinfected  with 
carbolic  acid  before  pig  C  was  put  in. 

September  25. — All  three  pigs,  A,  B,  and  C,  perfectly  healthy. 

SejJtemher  2G. — All  three  pigs  perfectly  healthy ;  have  good  appetite. 

Bepteml)cr  27. — The  same ;  inoculated  pig  C  with  cultivated  baciUi 
and  bacillus-germs.  On  September  23d,  Professor  Bnrrill  charged  two 
drachms  of  fresh  cow-milk  with  a  mere  speck,  smaller  than  a  pin's  head, 
of  a  decaying  morbid  growth,  or  ulcerous  tumor  of  the  ccecum  of  pig 
No.  5,  and  kept  the  vial  well  closed,  at  a  temperature  of  92^  P.  On 
the  evening  of  September  2Gth  the  milk  was  examined  under  the  micro- 
scope, and  was  found  to  contain  numerous  hacilU  suis  and  bacillus- 
germs  (see  drawing  III,  figs.  3  and  4),  the  same  as  found  in  the  blood- 
serum,  or  exudation  of  diseased  lungs,  and  in  the  decaying  substance 
of  the  intestinal  morbid  growths.  The  inoculation  with  this  milk  was 
executed  in  the  same  way  as  the  inoculations  of  pigs  Nos.  2  and  3 ;  two 
punctures  were  made  on  the  external  surface  of  the  left  ear. 

September  28, — All  three  pigs  perfectly  healthy.  The  inoculation- 
l)unctures  on  the  ear  of  C  slightly  swelled. 

September  29. — Pigs  A,  B,  and  C,  all  right. 

September  30. — All  three  i^igs  perfectly  healthy;  no  symptoms  of 
disease. 

October  1. — The  same. 

October  2. — Pig  A  perfectly  healthy ;  pig  B  shows  sym]>toms  of  sick- 
ness, sneezes,  has  erui^iou  on  the  ears,  diminished  appetite,  and  is  not 
as  lively  as  formerly.  As  a  full  accomit  of  pig  B  has  already  been  given 
in  the  chapter  on  symjitoms  and  morbid  changes,  it  will  not  be  necessary 
to  repeat  what  has  been  said  then?,  and  pig  B  nmy  be  dropped.  Pig  C 
apparently  all  right  in  the  morning.  At  noon,  pig  C,  too,  commences  to 
sneeze ;  sneezes  a  good  deal,  and  shivers  like  a  man  suffering  from  ague, 
but  has  good  appetite. 

October  3. — Pig  A  perfectly  healthy.  Pig  C  shows  slightly  diminished 
appetite  and  other  ])lain  sym]>toms  of  indisposition ;  is  less  lively,  and 
has  a  tendenc}"  to  lie  down;  the  sneezing  continues. 


38  DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER   ANIMALS. 

Ociohcr  4, — Pig-  A  in  first-raio  hoaltli.  Pig'  0  a  little  more  lively  ;  lias 
fair  appetite,  but  is  not  as  greedy  as  formerly. 

October  o. — Pig  A  in  line  condition,  and  all  riglit  in  every  respect. 
Pig"  C  sliivers,  and  sneezes  again  a  good  deal,  but  does  not  show  any 
other  perceptible  symptoms  of  disease,  except  some  ernptions  bcLind 
tlie  ears,  and  on  tlic  external  surface  of  the  same. 

October  G. — Pig'  A  all  right  in  every  respect.  Pig  C  about  the  same  as 
preceding'  day. 

October  7. — Pi.g  A  perfectly  healthy.  Pig'  C  has  good  appetite,  and 
T\ith  the  exception  of  its  coat  of  hair  being  a  little  rougher  than  usual, 
does  not  show  any  plain  symptoms  of  disease. 

Made  two  post-mortem  examinations  of  pigs  ■which  had  died  of  swine- 
plague  at  Mr.  Hossack's  place,  five  miles  southwest  of  Champaign.  In 
the  evening  I  examined  microscopically  the  blood-serum  or  exudations 
of  the  diseased  lungs  of  one  of  Mr.  Hossack's  pigs,  and  found  normal 
red  blood-corpuscles,  numerous  bacillus-germs  in  all  stages  of  develop- 
ment— single,  budding,  budded  or  double,  and  aggregated  into  clus- 
ters— and  some  developed  hacilU  suis. 

October  8. — Pig  A  all  right.  Pig  C  shivering  again.  In  the  forenoon 
I  filtered  some  of  the  blood-serum  of  the  diseased  lungs  of  Mr.  Hossack's 
pig  through  eight  filters — the  very  finest  used  in  the  chemical  labora- 
tory of  the  I.  I.  University — for  the  iiurj^ose  of  freeing  the  serum 
from  the  bacilli  and  bacillus-germs ;  but  notwithstanding  that  I  have 
taken  all  possible  precautions,  the  filtrate,  which  was  almost  limpid, 
still  contained,  as  examined  under  the  microscope,  a  great  many 
bacillus- germs.  I  preserved  it  in  a  vial  with  a  tight-fitting  ground-glass 
stop. 

October  9. — Pig  A  healthy.  Pig  C  has  fair  appetite,  but  is  not  greedy. 
I  filtrated  the  filtrate  once  more  through  two  filters,  and  obtained  a 
limpid  fluid,  which,  however,  at  a  microscopic  examination,  was  found 
to  still  contain  some  bacillus-germs.  Preserved  the  filtrate  again  in  a 
clean  vial,  with  a  perfectly-fitting  ground-glass  stop. 

October  10. — Pig  A  healthy.  Pig  C  eats  its  food,  but  is  rather  slow 
at  it. 

October  11. — Pig  A  healthv.  Pig  C  about  the  same  as  on  preceding 
day. 

October  12. — Pig  A  healthy;  \:ig  C,  no  perceptible  change. 

October  13. — Pig  A  all  right  in  every  respect ;  pig  C  does  not  show 
any  i^lain  symptoms  of  disease  in  the  morning,  but  is  sneezing  again  in 
the  evening. 

October  11. — Pig  A  in  perfect  health;  pig  C  sneezes  a  good  deal,  but 
has  fair  appetite.  Took  uj)  again  the  filtrated  blood-serum,  and  find- 
ing, on  examination  under  the  microscope,  that  the  bacillus-germs  had 
changed  to  bacilli  (see  drawing  XI,  figs.  1  and  2),  I  filtrated  the  same 
again  through  four  i)apers.  IJr.  Prentice  and  myself  examined  the  fil- 
trate obtained  under  the  microscope  (850  diameters),  and  neither  of  us 
being  able  to  discover  any  bacillus-germs,  I  inoculated  pig  A  on  the  left 
ear  with  the  filtrate  in  the  same  manner  in  which  the  other  pigs  had 
been  inoculated.  IMade  two  punctures,  but  used  a  needle  a  trille  larger 
than  the  one  used  before. 

October  15. — Pig  A  all  right;  no  reaction  Avhatever.  Pig  C  sneezing, 
but  fair  appetite. 

October  IG. — Pig  A  perfectly  healthy,  and  has  remained  so  up  to  date 
(iSTovembor  11th).  It  has  never  refused  a  meal,  and  has  been  always  very 
active  and  lively.  It  is  now  a  very  fine  pig  and  in  a  first-rate  condition. 
(Made  use  of  the  same  for  another  experiment  on  November  loth.)  Pig 


swiNK  rp:vKTi. 


Heport  Commissioner  of  Agvirultiii-e  tor  1878. 


Plale  Vir. 


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ri(  (M-ous   liiiiioi'son   mucous   ukmuUiviiic  oT  ml  est  incs.  .slKiwiiiQ  dilVficnt  nh'W 


t 


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r     r. 


'"  f' 


J  / . 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE   AXD    OflTEK   ANIMALS.  39 

C  shows  plain  symptoms  of  disease;  its  appetite  is  poor,  aiul  some 
emaciation  lias  gradually  taken  place ;  at  least  C  lias  not  improved  like 
A,  and  weighs  about  half  as  nnich  as  the  latter,  notwithstanding  A  is 
in  an  open  pen,  exposed  to  the  inclemencies  of  the  weather,  and  C  in  a 
good,  new  building,  with  a  shingled  roof,  in  which  it  is  amply  protected 
against  the  changes  of  the  weather. 

October  YL — Pig  C  rather  poor  appetite;  breathing  a  little  accelerated, 
and  coat  of  hair  somewhat  rough  and  staring. 

October  18. — Pig  0  exhibits  plain  sjTiiptoms  of  swine-plague;  its 
breathing  is  accelerated;  it  sneezes  a  good  deal,  and  its  appetite  is  poor. 
Eats  some  in  the  evening. 

October  10. — Pig  C  improving;  has  better  appetite. 

October  20. — Pig  C  much  improved ;  eats  its  Ibod  again,  but  is  not 
greedy. 

October  21. — ISTo  change. 

October  22. — Pig  C  is  lively  again,  and  eats  well — at  any  rate,  seems 
to  care  more  for  its  food.  The  sores  on  the  ears  are  healing  and  disap- 
Ijearing. 

October  23.— Pig  C  nuist  be  considered  as  fully  recovered  from  its 
slight  attack. 

Up  to  date  pig  C  has  presented  the  appearance  of  a  perfectly  healthy 
pig.  Its  ears  have  healed,  and  are  now  (November  11th)  perfectly  smooth. 
It  is  lively  and  greedy  for  its  food,  but  has  grown  very  little,  and  weighs 
to-day  about  half  as  much  as  pig  A.  It  can  be  seen  very  plainly  that 
pig  C  has  been  sick.  When  I  received  A,  B,  and  C,  A  was  slightly  the 
best  pig.  B  came  next,  and  C  was  the  smallest,  but  the  diiference  was 
only  a  trifling  one. 

The  experiments  just  related  show  that  the  bacilU  and  their  germs 
must  have  a  causal  connection  with  the  morbid  process  of  swine-i)lague, 
because  an  inoculation  with  hacilU  and  bacillus-germs,  cultivated  in  such 
an  innocent  and  harmless  fluid  as  milk,  i)roduced  the  disease,  whUe  an 
inoculation  with  blood-serum  from  diseased  lungs — a  highly  infectious 
fluid,  if  not  deprived  of  its  bacilli  and  bacillus-germs — remained  without 
the  sMghtest  effect  after  it  had  been  freed  from  its  bacilli  and  bacillus- 
germs.  I  know  very  well  that  the«result  obtained  can  hardly  be  consid- 
ered as  conclusive,  and  that  some  more  experiments  of  the  same  kind  are 
needed  to  conflrm  the  conclusions  arrived  at. 

5.  THE  CONTAGION,  THE  CAUSES,  AND  THE  NATUKE  OF  THE  MOEBID 

PROCESS. 

That  swine-])iaguc  is  an  infectious  disease,  whicli  can  bo  communi- 
cated to  heathy  animals,  has  been  demonstrated  by  my  experiments. 
It  has  further  been  proven  that  an  exceedingly  small  quantity  of  an 
infectious  or  contagious  substance  (blood-serum  or  exudation,  for  in- 
stance) if  inoculated,  or  directly  absorbed  by  the  vascular  system,  is 
sufficient  to  produce  the  disease.  It  has  also  been  ]Hoven  that  morbid 
tissues  and  inorbid  products,  if  consumed  by  healthy  pigs,  will  cause 
them  to  become  aflccted  with  the  i)lague.  Consequently,  two  ways  of 
infection  liave  been  ascertained  Avith  certainty.  Further,  if  the  results 
of  {ha po;-it-7nortem  examinations  are  inquired  into  more  closely,  it  will 
be  found  that  the  principal  morbid  changes  have  occurred  in  the  digest- 
ive ca)ral,  but  especially  in  the  cajcum  and  colon,  in  all  those  cases  in 
which  tlie  disease  had  been  communicated  by  way  of  the  digestive  ap- 
paratus ;  and  that,  on  the  other  hand,  the  ])rincipal  seat  of  the  morbid 
process  has  been  in  the  organs  of  respiration  and  circulation,  or  in  the 


.V 


-J/,- 


'■/(.. 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER   ANIMALS.  39 

C  sliows  plain  symptoms  of  disease;  its  appetite  is  poor,  and  some 
emaciation  bas  gradunlly  taken  place ;  at  least  C  lias  not  improved  like 
A,  and  weighs  abont  half  as  much  as  the  latter,  notwithstanding  A  is 
in  an  open  pen,  exposed  to  the  inclemencies  of  the  weather,  and  0  in  a 
good,  new  building,  with  a  shingled  roof,  in  which  it  is  amply  protected 
against  the  changes  of  the  weather. 

October  17. — Pig  C  rather  poor  appetite ;  breathing  a  little  accelerated, 
and  coat  of  hair  somewhat  rough  and  staring. 

October  18. — Pig  C  exhibits  plain  sjonptoms  of  swine-plague;  its 
breatliing  is  accelerated;  it  sneezes  a  good  deal,  and  its  appetite  is  poor. 
Eats  some  in  the  evening. 

October  19. — Pig  0  improving;  has  better  appetite. 

October  20. — Pig  0  much  improved ;  eats  its  food  again,  but  is  not 
greedy. 

October  21. — ISTo  change. 

October  22. — Pig  C  is  lively  again,  and  eats  well — at  any  rate,  seems 
to  care  more  for  its  food.  The  sores  on  the  ears  are  healing  and  disap- 
pearing. 

October  23. — Pig  C  must  be  considered  as  fully  recovered  from  its 
slight  attack. 

Up  to  date  pig  C  has  presented  the  appearance  of  a  perfectly  healthy 
pig.  Its  ears  have  healed,  and  are  now  (November  11th)  perfectly  smooth. 
It  is  lively  and  greedy  for  its  food,  but  has  grown  very  little,  and  weighs 
to-day  about  half  as  much  as  pig  A.  It  can  be  seen  very  iilainly  that 
pig  C  has  been  sick.  When  I  received  A,  B,  and  C,  A  was  slightly  the 
best  pig.  B  came  next,  and  C  was  the  smallest,  but  the  difference  was 
only  a  trifling  one. 

The  experiments  just  related  show  that  the  bacilli  and  their  germs 
must  have  a  causal  connection  vrith  the  morbid  process  of  swine-plague, 
because  an  inoculation  with  bacilli  and  bacillus-germs,  cultivated  in  such 
an  innocent  and  harmless  fluid  as  milk,  i)roduced  the  disease,  while  an 
inoculation  with  blood-serum  from  diseased  hmgs — a  highly  infectious 
fluid,  if  not  deprived  of  its  bacilli  and  bacillus-germs — remained  without 
the  sliglitest  effect  after  it  had  been  freed  from  its  bacilli  and  bacillus- 
germs.  I  know  very  Avell  that  the«result  obtained  can  hardly  be  consid- 
ered as  conclusive,  and  that  some  more  experiments  of  the  same  kind  are 
needed  to  conlirra  the  conclusions  arrived  at. 

5.  THE  CONTAGION,  THE  CAUSES,  AND  THE  NATFEE  OF  THE  MOEBID 

mocEss. 

That  swine-plague  is  an  infectious  disease,  whicli  can  be  communi- 
cated to  heathy  animals,  has  been  demonstiated  by  my  experiments. 
It  has  further  been  proven  that  an  exceedingly  small  quantity  of  an 
infectious  or  contagious  substance  (blood-serum  or  exudation,  for  in- 
stance) if  inoculated,  or  directly  absorbed  by  the  A-ascular  system,  is 
suihcient  to  produce  the  disease.  It  has  also  been  ])roven  tliat  morbid 
tissues  and  morbid  products,  if  consumed  by  health^'  pigs,  will  cause 
them  to  become  affected  Avith  the  plague.  Consequently,  two  ways  of 
infection  have  been  ascertained  with  certainty.  Further,  if  the  results 
of  iha  post-mortem  examinations  are  inquired  into  more  closely,  it  will 
be  found  that  the  principal  morbid  changes  have  occurred  in  the  digest- 
ive canal,  but  especially  in  the  cajcum  and  colon,  in  all  those  cases  in 
which  the  disease  had  been  communicated  by  way  of  the  digestive  ap- 
paratus ;  and  that,  on  the  other  hand,  the  i)rincipal  scat  of  the  morbid 
process  has  been  in  the  organs  of  respiration  and  circulation,  or  in  the 


40  DISEASES    OF    SWlNE    AND    OTHER   ANIMALS. 

organs  situated  in  the  tliorax  if  the  coiitasioii  had  been  inocnlated  or 
been  introduced  into  tlie  system  throuyli  Avounds  and  absorbed  by  the 
veins  and  lymi^hatics. 

Whether  an  inhahition  of  the  contagious  or  infectious  principle  into 
the  respiratory  jtassage  or  into  the  hmgs  is  sufficient  to  produce  the 
disease  is  doubtfuL  One  pig-  (pig  No.  1),  an  animal  free  from  any  lesions 
or  Tvounds  whatever,  has  been  exposed  twice  and  has  not  contracted 
tlie  disease;  but  while  exposed  and  immediately  after  its  pen  was  moved 
once  a  day,  and  as  the  pen  was  thus  kept  clean,  and  as  dry  earth  is  a 
good  disinfectant,  it  must  be  supposed  that  the  animal  was  never  obliged 
to  consume  the  contagious  principle  clinging  to  the  excrements  of  the 
diseased  animals,  neither  with  its  food  nor  with  its  water  for  drinking. 
Its  trough  was  cleaned  thi^ee  times  a  day,  and  always  before  fresh  water 
was  ])oured  in.  Pig  B,  however,  was  exposed  only  once,  by  being  kept 
together  with  iiig  Xo.  G,  and  contracted  the  disease  in  due  time.  But 
the  conditions  were  entirely  different.  Pen  No.  3,  in  which  both  pigs 
were  kept,  contains  a  wooden  floor :  pig  B  was  put  in  soon  after  pig  No. 
5  had  died,  and  the  pen,  otherwise  always  cleaned  once  a  day,  had  been 
left  dii'ty  (uncleaned)  on  purpose.  So  it  happened  that  the  ears  of  corn, 
thrown  on  the  floor  for  food,  became  soiled,  though  perhaps  only  slightly, 
with  the  dung  and  the  urine  of  dead  pig  No.  5  and  diseased  i^ig  No.  6. 
Pitrther,  both  pigs  (B  and  No.  G)  tramped  through  the  excrements  and 
soiled  their  feet,  and,  as  pigs  will  do,  went  with  their  dirty  feet  into  the 
trough  which  contained  the  water  for  drinking.  So  it  is  but  fair  to  suppose 
that  pig  B  contracted  the  disease,  not  by  inhaling  the  contagion,  but  by 
consuming  the  same  with  its  food  and  water  for  drinking.  Hence  I  have 
come  to  the  conclusion  that  swine-plague  is  probably  not  communicated 
through  the  lungs  by  an  inhalation  of  the  atmosphere  surrounding  the 
diseased  animals  or  by  simple  contact,  but  that,  in  order  to  effect  a  com- 
munication of  the  disease,  the  contagion  or  infectious  x>rinciple  must  be 
introduced  directly  into  a  wound  within  the  reach  of  the  veins  and  lym- 
phatics, or  be  taken  up  by  the  digestive  apparatus.  This  conclusion  of 
mine  has  been  corroborated  by  several  facts,  some  of  which  I  had  an 
opportunity  to  observe  myself,  and  some  of  which  have  been  related  to 
me  by  reliable  persons.  To  mention  a  few  will  suffice :  Mr.  Henry  Yothy, 
who  lives  four  miles  north  of  Urbana,  informed  me  that  his  neighbor, 
Mr.  StickgTath,  who  lives  only  one  hundred  yards  south  of  him,  lost 
every  hog  but  one  on  his  iilace;  that  he,  Yothy,  had  nineteen  head  of 
swine  shut  up  in  a  yard,  and  has  not  lost  a  single  animal,  notwithstand- 
ing StickgTath's  diseased  animals  have  been  running  at  large,  have 
tramped  all  around  Y'othy's  pens,  and  come  every  day  close  to  the 
fence ;  but  that  his,  Yothy's,  hogs  have  no  lesions  or  wounds  whatever, 
and  having  remained  separated  from  Stickgrath's  hogs  by  a  fence,  had 
no  opportunity  to  consume  food  or  water  soiled  with  the  excrements  or 
urine  of  the  latter,  and  to  become  infected  in  that  way. 

Mr.  L.  Harris,  a  few  miles  north  of  Champaign,  kept  his  shoats  and  pigs 
separate  from  his  older  hogs.  Among  the  former,  swine  plague  made  its 
appearance,  and  proved  to  be  very  fatal.  They  were  kept  in  a  yard 
west  of  the  house,  and  had  access  to  a  pasture  to  the  west  and  an  orchard 
to  the  south.  The  peculiar,  offensive  smell  emanating  from  that  yard 
was  so  marked  that  I  ])erceived  it  several  times  very  plainly  when  pass- 
ing by,  at  a  distance  of  half  a  mile  or  more,  so  it  is  to  be  supposed  that 
considerable  contagion  must  have  been  floating  in  the  air.  The  yard  in 
which  Mr.  Harris  kept  his  old  hogs  (they  were  intended  to  be  fattened 
and  were  not  allowed  to  run  out  into  a  pasture)  was  not  over  lifty  yards 
south  or  southeast  of  the  yard  occupied  by  the  diseased  and  tlyiug  shoats 


SAVI]>^K    I^KVKR. 


Report  CommissxoTier  of  Aoi-icullm'e  for  1878. 


Plate  ME. 


■^Si^ 


•*s 


/ 


.\Jloc'iiSc Cal.illK/r.iusI ic  KnlUili'Hr 


V.:iccro\is  Uimors  on  mucous  lUPTubraJH"  of  the   stomack. 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER    ANIMALS.  41 

and  pigs,  consequently  the  wind,  usually  in  the  south,  carried  the  efflu- 
via and  the  foul  atmosphere  of  the  former  almost  constantly  into  the 
yard  occui)ied  by  the  old  liogs.  The  latter,  notwithstanding,  remained 
exempted.  It  may  yet  be  stated  that  the  old  hogs  were  fed  exclusively 
with  corn,  and  received  nothing  but  well-water  for  drinking.  On  the  other 
hand,  I  have  not  been  able  to  learn  of  any  herd  remaining  exempted 
after  the  disease  had  once  made  its  appearance  in  the  immediate  neigh- 
borhood, unless  the  animals  constituting  the  herd  were  free  from  any  ex- 
ternal lesions,  were  watered  from  a  well,  fed  with  clean  food,  and  shut  up 
during  the  night  and  in  the  morning  till  the  dew  had  disappeared  from 
the  grass,  either  in  a  bare  yard  not  containing  any  old  straw-stacks,  or  in 
sties  or  pens.  Animals  allowed  to  run  out  on  a  pasture  or  on  grass,  clover, 
or  stubble  fields  at  all  times  of  the  day,  and  animals  that  had  external 
sores  or  wounds,  contracted  the  disease  sooner  or  later  in  every  instance 
where  the  plague  made  its  appearance  in  the  neighborhood.  Further, 
the  plague,  at  least  during  the  summer  or  while  south  wind  was  prevail- 
ing, seemed  to  have  a  special  tendency  to  spread  from  south  to  north.  If 
the  history  of  swine-plague  is  inquired  into  it  will  probably  be  found 
that  that  tendency  has  been  prevailing  every  year.  This  year,  for 
instance,  the  disease  made  its  appearance,  as  I  have  been  informed,  for 
the  first  time,  in  Wisconsin.  These  facts,  of  course,  could  not  fail  to  be 
suggestive.  So  I  conceived  the  idea  that  the  contagious  or  infectious 
principle,  abundant  in  the  excretions  of  the  diseased  animals,  might  rise  in 
the  air  in  daytime,  be  carried  oft'  a  certain  distance  by  winds,  and  come 
down  again  during  the  night  with  the  dew.  That  such  might  be  the 
case  appeared  to  be  possible,  because  the  excrements  of  hogs,  if  exposed 
to  the  influence  of  sunhght,  heat,  rain,  and  wind,  are  soon  ground  to 
powder  (partially  at  least),  which  is  fine  enough  to  be  raised  into  the 
air  and  to  be  carried  oft"  by  winds.  Moreover,  as  the  bacillus-germs, 
which,  I  have  no  doubt,  must  be  looked  upon  as  the  infectious  principle, 
are  so  exceedingly  small,  it  appears  to  be  possible  and  even  probable 
that  they  are  carried  up  into  the  air  by  the  aqueous  vapors  arising  from 
evaporating  urine  and  moisture  contained  in  the  excrements,  and  from 
other  evaporating  fluids  (small  pools  of  water),  which  may  have  become 
polluted  with  the  excretions  of  sick  hogs.  To  ascertain  the  facts,  I  col- 
lected dew  from  the  herbage  of  a  hog-lot  occupied  by  diseased  animals, 
and  also  from  the  grass  of  an  adjoining  pasture,  and  on  examining  the 
same  under  the  microscope  I  found  the  identical  hacilli  and  bacillus- 
germs  invariably  found  in  the  blood,  other  fluids,  and  morbid  tissues 
of  swine  aflected  with  the  plague.  (See  drawing  VII,  fig.  5.)  Conse- 
quently I  have  come  to  the  conclusion  that  the  bacillus-germs  rise  into 
the  air  during  the  day,  are  carried  from  one  place  to  another  by  the 
wind,  and  are  introduced  into  the  organism  of  the  animal  either  by  eat- 
ing herbage  (grass,  clover,  &c.),  or  old  straw  covered  with  dew,  or  by 
entering  Avounds  and  being  absorbed  by  the  veins  and  lymphatics. 
There  is,  however,  still  another  way  by  which  the  contagious  or  infec- 
tious principle  is  conveyed  from  one  place  to  another.  It  is  by  means 
of  running  water.  It  has  been  observed  that  wherever  swine-plague 
prevaded  among  hogs  that  had  access  to  running  water  (as  small 
creeks,  streamlets,  &c.),  that  all  the  hogs  and  pigs  which  had  access 
to  the  creek  or  streandet  below  contracted  the  disease,  usually  within 
a  short  time,  while  all  the  animals  which  had  access  above  remained 
exempted,  unless  they  became  iniected  by  other  means.  I  could  cite  a 
large  number  of  instances,  but  as  this  observation  has  been  made  every- 
where, i)rol)ably  nobody  who  is  at  all  acquainted  with  swine-plague  will 
ask  for  any  further  jjroof. 


42  DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER   ANIMALS. 

As  to  the  distaiico  -wliioli  tlie  infections  i^rinciplc  can  be  conveyed 
tlirougli  llie  air,  I  cannot  make  any  accnrate  statements,  bnt  liave  rea- 
sons to  believe  tliat  swine  located  a  distance  of  one  mile  from  any  dis- 
eased lierd  Vvillbe  safe.  To  decide  tliis])oint,  wliicli  is  of  very  great  im- 
portance, requires  careful  experiments. 

The  nature  of  the  infectious  or  contagious  principle. — The  experiments 
mtli  pigs  A  and  0,  though  not  conclusive  and  needing  re])etition,  indi- 
cate very  strongly,  as  has  already  been  mentioned,  that  the  hacllll  and 
their  germs  found  invariably  in  tlie  blood,  in  the  morbidly  changed  tis- 
sues, and  in  the  excretions  of  the  diseased  swine,  must  constitute  the 
infectious  or  contagious  principle  of  swine-plague.  I,  for  my  ])art,  am 
convinced  that  such  is  the  case.  Still  I  should  hesitate  to  express  this 
opinion  if  it  was  supported  only  by  those  experiments  and  not  by  other 
facts,  such  as  the  peculiarities  in  the  spreading  of  the  disease,  the  man- 
ner in  which  the  infectious  principle  is  acting  and  is  communicated  to 
healthy  animals,  and  the  workings  of  the  morbid  process.  (See  next 
chapter.)  At  any  rate,  if  the  hacilU  and  bacillus-germs  constitute  the 
infectious  principle,  all  the  strange  features  of  swine-i^lagiie  find  a  satis- 
factory explanation;  but  if  the  infectious  principle  consists  in  an  un- 
known and  mysterious  chemical  something,  the  peculiarities  of  the  dis- 
ease arc,  to  say  the  least,  enveloped  in  mystery  and  cannot  be  explained. 
What  Professor  Beale  calls  bioplasm  could  not  be  discovered  under  the 
microscope. 

In  want  of  a  better  name  I  have  called  the  hacllll  "  hacllll  .s?/?'.?,"  be- 
cause the  same,  as  far  as  I  have  been  able  to  learn,  are  peculiar  to  and 
characteristic  of  swine-plague.  The  baciUus-germs  are  small  round 
bodies  of — as  near  as  I  can  figiu-e  without  the  aid  of  a  micrometer — 
about  0.0007  millimeter  diameter,  and  reflect  the  light  very  strongly. 
The  hacllll  suis  are  small,  almost  straight,  cvlindrical  bodies  of  about 
0.003  to  0.005  millimeter  in  length,  and  0.0007  to  0.0008  millimeter  in 
thickness,  sometimes  moving  and  sometimes  without  motion,  and  in  cer- 
tain stages  of  development  slightly  moniiiform,  but  in  others  apparently 
not.     (See  drawings.) 

The  causes. — Whether  the  disease  is  caused  exclusively  by  infection — 
by  the  hacllU  and  their  germs  being  conveyed  directly  or  indirectly  from 
diseased  animals  to  healthy  ones — or  whether  those  hacllU  suls  and  their 
germs  can  be  produced  independently  from,  and  outside  of,  the  organ- 
ism of  swine;  whether,  in  other  words,  swine-plague  is  a  piu'e  contagion, 
caused  exclusively  by  means  of  the  infectious  or  contagious  principle, 
or  can  develop  spontaneously,  is  a  very  important  question,  which  can 
be  solved  only  by  protracted  experiments,  and  may  not  be  solved  at  all 
until  the  question  as  to  whether  a  '-^ (jencratlo  cquiroca'^  is  possible  or 
actually  taking  place  or  not  has  found  a,  definite  solution.  If  the  hacilli 
suis  and  their  germs  constitute  the  sole  cause  of  swine-plague,  as  they 
undoubtedly  do,  the  disease  must  be  considered  as  a  x)ure  contagion, 
like  many  other  contagious  or  infectious  diseases,  not  capable  of  a  pro- 
topathic  or  spontaneous  development,  as  long  as  the  possibility  of  a 
'■'■  gcneratlo  equivoca^^  is  denied,  but  if  the  latter  is  admitted,  or  proved 
to  be  taking  place,  a  spontaneous  development  must  be  considered  not 
only  as  possible  but  also  as  very  probable. 

If  the  conclusions  I  have  arrived  at  concerning  the  cause  of  the  dis- 
ease are  correct,  and  I  have  scarcely  any  doubt  they  are,  the  question 
as  to  the  causes  has  been  solved.  Still,  as  a  positive  knowledge  of  the 
true  cause  or  causes  is  of  the  greatest  importance,  and  as  my  experi- 
ments are  not  numerous  enough  to  be  absolutely  conclusive,  further 
investigations  and  more  experiments  of  the  same,  or  of  similar  kind,  will 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER    ANIMALS.  43 

bo  very  desirable,  and,  indeed,  necessaiy,  in  order  to  obtain  absolute 
certainty  as  to  tlie  trne  nature  of  tlie  cause  or  causes. 

One  tiling  I  aan  sure  of,  and  that  is  that  an  exclusive  corn  diet,  as  has 
been  asserted  by  several  agricultural  writers,  wallowing  in  dirt  and 
nastiness,  starvation,  in  and  in  breeding,  «&c.,  although  by  no  means 
calculated  to  promote  health  or  to  invigorate  the  animal  organism,  can- 
not constitnte  tlie  cause  and  cannot  jtroduee  a  solitary  case  of  swine- 
]dague,  unless  the  infectious  principles  (the  bacUll  and  tlieir  germs)  are 
present.  If  they  are,  then,  of  course,  dirt  and  nastiness,  consumption 
of  nnclean  food  and  of  dirty  water,  facilitate  an  infection,  and  warmth 
and  moisture,  pregnant  witii  organic  substances,  or  organic  substances 
in  a  state  of  decay,  are  undoubtedly  vrell  calculated  to  preserve  the 
Ijacillus-germs  and  to  develop  the  hacilli. 

Whether  the  disease  can  be  communicated  to  other  animals  besides 
swine  or  not,  is  a  question  I  am  trying  at  present  to  decide.  Some  time 
ago  I  had  an  occasion  to  throw  away  some  morbid  tissues  (parts  of  dis- 
eased lungs)  of  a  diseased  hog,  which  I  had  used  for  microscopical  ex- 
amination. I  threw  them — very  carelessly,  I  admit^ — into  an  empty  lot 
full  of  rank  weeds,  across  the  road.  About  a  week  after  several  chickens 
(four  or  five)  died  in  the  neighborhood,  of  so-called  "chicken-cholera." 
Although  there  was  no  proof  whatever  that  these  chickens  had  con- 
sumed the  morbid  tissues,  there  was  a  possibility  that  they  had.  I 
bought  two  healthy  chickens,  kept  them  separate,  each  in  a  coop,  and 
fed  them  with  the  morbidly  changed  colon  of  a  diseased  pig.  They 
consumed  the  same  in  my  presence,  but  up  to  date  (November  12th)  no 
results  have  made  their  appearance.  Further,  as  no  case  of  an  infection 
of  any  other  animals  besides  swine  has  come  to  my  knowledge,  it  would 
seem  that  swine-plague  is  a  disease  peculiar  to  swine  like  pleuro-pneu- 
monia  to  cattle. 

G.   THE  MOEBID  PROCESS. 

Concerning  the  nature  of  the  morbid  process,  or  the  manner  in  which 
the  morbid  changes  are  brought  about,  the  microscope  has  made  some 
important  revelations. 

In  all  those  post-mortem  examinations  (fifty-three  in  number)  which  I 
have  made  since  August  3rd,  and  in  all  those  I  had  an  opportunity  of 
making  before  that  time,  I  found  the  lungs  more  or  less  atiected.  The 
same  were  partially  hepatized,  and  partially  filled  yet  with  fluid  exuda- 
tion or  blood-serum.  Besides  that,  where  the  morbid  changes  in  the 
lungs  were  of  recent  origin,  innumerable  small  red  specks,  ca^lsed  by 
capillary  hypersemia,  or,  rather,  a  stagnation  of  the  blood  or  embolism 
in  the  capillaries,  could  be  observed.  In  several  other  cases — four  or  five 
in  number — where  the  morbid  changes  in  the  lungs  were  not  of  a  recent 
origiu,  or  older  than,  say,  two  weeks,  innumerable  small,  round,  and 
larger  confluent  tuberculous-looking  centers  of  beginning  supi)uration  or 
decay  (incipient  abscesses)  presented  themselves,  especially  in  the  lower 
and  anterior  portions  of  the  lungs,  and  usually  more  i)ronounced  in  the 
right  lobe  than  in  the  left  one.  My  friend.  Dr.  Prentice,  who  is  not 
only  a  veterinary  surgeon,  but  also  a  practiciug  physician,  pronounced 
the"  lungs  of  Mr.  Bassett's  boar  (tw6  years  old,  and  three  weeks  sick), 
thus  changed,  similar  or  identical  in  aiipearance  to  the  consumptive  or 
tuberculous  lungs  of  a  human  being.  Close  investigatioji,  liowever, 
soon  revealed  the  fact  that  all  the  morbid  changes  found  in  the  lungs  of 
dilierent  animals — innumerable  small  red  specks,  accuuudation  of  blood- 
serum  or  exudation,  hepatization,  red,  browu,  and  gray,  and  incijnent  ab- 
scesses— are  the  products  or  the  consequences  of  extensive  capillary  em- 


44     .  DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER   ANIMALS. 

bolisiii.  Tlie  other  morl)i(l  cliaiig'es,  usually  found  in  the  thoracic  cavity, 
such  as  ])leuriti.s,  peiicarditLs,  accumulation  of  straw-colored  scnmi,  and 
the  morbid  clianges  found  sometimes  in  the  heart,  but  especially  in  the 
auricles,  in  "which,  in  numerous  cases,  the  capillary  vessels  have  been 
found  to  be  gorged  with  blood,  tend  also  to  show  that  embolism  consti- 
tutes the  cause,  or  at  least  the  main  cause,  of  all  those  changes.  The 
microscope  very  fortunately  has  revealed  how  this  embolism  is  effected. 
The  cai^illaries  of  the  lungs,  as  is  well  known,  are  narrower  than  those 
in  other  parts  of  the  body.  The  blood  of  the  diseased  animals,  and  es- 
jiecially  the  blood-serum  deposited  in  the  affected  pulmonal  tissue,  con- 
tain invariably  large  numbers  of  bacillus-germs  and  hnclUl.  These  bacil- 
lus-germs, as  I  have  observed  with  the  microscope,  and  as  Hallier,  who 
calls  them  micrococci,  nine  years  ago  found,  bud  and  develop  to  hacilli, 
and  show,  at  a  certain  period  of  their  development,  a  great  tendency  to 
agglutinate  to  each  other,  and  to  form  in  that  way  larger  or  smaller,  ir- 
regular-shaped, and  apparently  somewhat  viscous  clusters.  (See  draw- 
ing II,  fig.  1 ;  drawing-  IX,  fig.  la.)  These  clusters,  or  some  of  them, 
are  large  enough  to  close  or  to  obstruct  the  finer  capillaries,  and  to  stop 
in  that  way  the  capillary  circulation.  As  a  necessary  consequence,  the 
serum  of  the  blood  transudes  through  the  walls  of  the  capillary  vessels, 
and  is  deposited  in  the  tissue  of  the  lungs,  in  the  thoracic  cavity,  and  in 
the  ijericardium.  In  some  cases,  and  at  some  places,  the  tender  walls  of 
the  finer  capillaries  yield  to  the  ]U'essure  and  rupture,  and  then  extrava- 
sations of  blood,  such  as  have  been  observed  in  several  cases,  are  the  con- 
sequence. The  capiUary  redness,  and  the  red  and  i)urple  spots  observed 
in  certain  comparatively  fine  portions  of  the  sldn,  and  in  the  subcu- 
taneous tissues,  I  have  no  doubt,  are  also  a  product  of  the  same  process, 
and  are  caused  by  capillary  embolism.  If  the  animals  would  only  live 
long  enough,  gangrene  or  mortification  of  parts  of  the  skin  would  be  met 
with  quite  often,  but  as  other  morbid  changes  cause  death,  and  thus 
terminate  the  morbid  process  usually  before  the  stagnation  of  the  blood 
in  the  skin  becomes  perfect,  gangrene  or  mortification  has  been  found 
only  once  in  the  skin  on  the  lower  surfiice  of  the  body.  Certain  morbid 
changes  in  the  abdominal  cavity,  such  as  abdominal  dropsy,  and  the 
blood  extravasations  found  repeatedly  in  various  organs,  such  as  stom- 
ach and  intestines,  are  due  to  the  same  cause.  The  clusters  of  bacillus- 
germs  also  constitute  probably  the  causeof  the  swelling  of  the  l^Tuphatic 
glands.  Microscopic  examinations  of  the  interior  of  those  glands  (see 
drawing  IV,  fig.  3)  revealed  invariably,  besides  some  lymi^h-corimscles, 
immense  numbers  of  haciUi  and  bacillus-germs  in  different  stages  of  de- 
velopment, some  budding,  some  agglutinated  to  each  other,  and  some 
in  process  of  agglutination,  &c.  These  clusters  of  bacillus-germs,  it 
seems,  not  only  close  the  capillary  blood-vessels,  but  probably  also  the 
finer  lymphatics  ramifying  in  the  glands ;  a  swelling  of  the  latter,  there- 
fore, is  a  natural  consequence. 

The  production  of  the  morbid  growths  (swine-plague  tumors  would  be 
a  good  name),  which  are  found  in  nearly  every  case  on  the  raucous  mem- 
brane of  the  ciecum  and  colon,  and  sometimes,  though  not  so  often,  on 
the  mucous  membrane  of  other  intestines,  such  as  ilium,  jejunum,  duode- 
num, stomach,  gall-bladder,  and  uterus,  and  even  on  the  conjunctiva  and 
the  gums,  is  not  so  easily  explained.  It  seems  that  a  proliferous  process 
is  taking  place;  new  epithelium-cells  and  connective-tissue  corpuscles 
are  formed  rajndly,  but  decay  be  lore  fully  developed.  Tliese  new  morbid 
and  rapidly  decaying  cells  are  imbedded  in  a  stroma  of  a  dense  connec- 
tive tissue  which,  too,  is  a  morbid  i)roduct,  and  formed  ra])idly.  In  the 
older  and  larger  morbid  growths  or  tumors  in  the  caecum  and  colon  this 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTJIER    ANIMALS.  45 

connective  tissue  is  usually  very  abundant,  especially  in  the  frequently 
pedicle-sliaped  loot  or  basis.  The  proliferous  morbid  growths  which 
occur  in  the  small  intestines  are  almost  destitute  of  it.  If  these  morbid 
growths  or  tumors  are  examined  under  the  microscope,  immense  num- 
bers of  hacllli  sins,  some  of  them  moving  very  rapidly  and  others  at  rest 
(sometunes  some  other  bacteria),  and  comparatively  few  bacillus-germs 
will  be  seen.  (See  drawing  III,  iig.  o;  drawing  VI,  fig.  1;  drawing  V, 
fig.  2;  drawing  IV,  fig.  2;  drawing  VII,  tig.  2,  and  drawing  X,  fig.  2.) 
It  appears  to  be  probable  that  the  excessive  proliferous  growth  of  the 
ei)ithelium-cells  and  connective-tissue  corpuscles  is  caused  by  a  constant 
irritation  of  the  mucous  membrane,  or  of  the  mcmhrana  intermedia 
(basement  or  Limitary  membrane,  Fleming) ,  produced  by  the  hacilli.  This 
is  the  more  probable,  as  those  morbid  growths  occur  especially  in  such 
I)arts  of  the  alimentary  canal  in  M'hicli  the  food  is  known  to  tarry  the 
longest,  in  the  csecum  and  in  the  colon.  The  luorbid  changes  (ulcera- 
tions) found  occasionally  in  the  skin,  where  they  sometimes  cause  whole 
l^ortions  to  become  mortified  or  decayed  and  to  slough  off,  occur,  it  seems, 
only  in  parts  where  a  wound  or  lesion  has  been  existing  into  which  the 
infectious  principle,  the  bacilU  or  their  germs,  have  been  introduced ;  so, 
for  instance,  in  the  teats  of  brood-sows  wounded  by  pigs,  and  in  the  nose 
of  hogs  and  pigs  that  have  been  ringed.  These  morbid  changes  in  the 
skin,  it  would  seem,  are  produced  in  a  similar  way  as  the  morbid  growths 
in  the  intestines,  with  only  this  difference,  that  instead  of  an  excrescence 
loss  of  substance  makes  its  appearance.  The  skin  is  constantly  exposed 
to  the  atmospheric  au*,  and  to  a  much  lower  and  more  changeable  tem- 
l)eratui'e  than  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  intestines,  and  in  consequence 
the  process  of  decay  may  become  more  rapid  and  may  exceed  the  prob- 
ably slower  process  of  production. 

7.  PERIOD  OF  INCUBATION. 

The  period  of  incubation — perhaps  more  correctly  "stage  of  coloniza- 
tion," Klebs — or  the  time  passing  between  an  infection  and  the  first  out- 
break of  the  disease,  I  have  found  to  be  from  five  to  fii^een  days,  or  on 
an  average  of  about  seven  days.  Still,  I  have  no  doubt  that  in  single 
cases  an  outbreak  may  take  place  a  day  or  two  sooner,  and  in  others, 
though  rarely,  a  day  or  two  later. 

8.  MEASUKES  OF  PREVENTION. 

As  smnc-plague  is  a  contagious  or  infectious  disease,  which  spreads 
everywhere  by  means  of  direct  and  indirect  infection,  and  as  a  sponta- 
neous develo])meut  is  problematic,  or  has  not  yet  been  proven,  the  prin- 
cipal means  of  prevention  must  consist  in  preventing  a  dissemination  of 
the  contagious  or  infectious  principle,  and  in  an  immediate,  promi^t,  and 
thorough  destruction  of  tlie  same  Avherever  it  may  be  found.  To  i^revcnt 
successfully  a  dissemination  of  the  contagion  and  to  secure  a  jn'ompt 
destruction  of  the  same,  stringent  legislation  will  be  found  necessary. 
As  it  is,  the  contagion  or  the  infectious  priuci])le  is,  and  has  been, 
disseminated  through  tlie  wliole  country  in  a  wliolesale  manner,  as  I 
sliall  sliow  iiumedlatcly.  During  tlie  first  mouth  of  my  presence  in 
Cluimpaign  I  stopped  at  tlu^.  Doane  House,  a  hotel  belonging  to  the 
Illinois  Central  Kailroad  Company,  and  constituting  also  the  railroad 
depot.  Every  night  car-loads  of  diseased  hogs  destined  for  Chicago 
passed  my  window.    Only  a  very  short  time  ago,  on  one  of  the  last 


46  DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER   ANIMALS. 

days  of  October,  a  1'ariner,  J.  T.  M.,  living  near  Tolono,  sold  .sixty-seven 
hogs  (some,  if  not  all  of  tliem,  diseased  and  a  few  of  them  already  in  a 
dynig  condition)  for  two  cents  a  ]ioiind,  to  ha  shipped  to  Chicago.  I 
conld  cite  unmerons  instances,  but  I  think  it  is  not  necessary,  because 
these  facts  are  known  to  every  one  where  swine-plague  is  prevailing. 
Besides,  in  nearly  every  little  town  in  the  neighborhood  of  which  cases 
of  swine-plague  are  of  frequent  occurrence,  is  a  rendering  establishment 
to  Avhich  dead  hogs  are  brought.  These  establishments  pay  one  cent  a 
pound,  and  the  farmers  haul  their  dead  hogs,  sometimes  ten  or  hfteeu 
miles,  in  open  wagons,  past  farms,  barns,  and  hog-lots,  and  disseminate 
thereby  the  germs  of  the  disease  through  the  whole  country.  The  trans- 
portation of  dead  hogs  by  wagon,  I  admit,  might  be  stopped  by  State 
laws,  but  the  latter  prove  usually  to  be  inelfective  where  railroad  com- 
panies (inter-State  and  iuteruational  traffic)  are  concerned.  I  include 
international  traffic,  because  swine-plague  is  or  has  been  prevailing  in 
Europe.  Besides  that,  there  are  other  contagious  diseases  Avhich  spread 
exclusively  by  means  of  their  contagion — I  will  mention  only  glanders, 
foot  and  mouth  disease  or  aphtha?,  and  pleiu-o-pneumonia  of  cattle — and 
can  be  stamped  out  and  be  prevented  from  spreading  only  bj'"  efficient 
Congressional  legislation.  Pleuro -pneumonia  particularly  deserves  spe- 
cial attention.  It  has  already  gained  a  firm  foothold  in.  the  East,  and 
would  undoubtedly  invade  the  West  very  soon,  or  would  have  done  so 
long  ago,  if  the  traffic  in  cattle  were  from  East  to  West  instead  of  from 
West  to  East.  It  may,  however,  at  any  time  be  carried  to  the  West  by 
shipments  of  blooded  cattle  from  the  East  the  same  as  it  was  imi^orted 
fi'om  Holland  to  ISTew  Tork,  and  having  once  entered  any  of  the  Western 
States  or  Territories  it  will  soon  find  ample  means  to  spread  toward  the 
East  again  and  to  sweep  the  whole  country.  If  it  comes  to  that  it  will 
prove  to  be  much  more  disastrous  to  the  live-stock  interest  of  the  United 
States  than  swine-plague  or  any  other  contagious  disease. 

If  any  transportation  of,  or  traffic  in,  diseased  and  dead  swine  is  ef- 
fectually prohibited  by  proper  laws,  a  spreading  of  the  swine-])lague  on 
a  large  scale  will  be  impossible,  and  its  ravages  will  remain  limited  to 
localities  where  the  disease-germs  have  not  been  destroyed,  and  been 
preserved  till  the  same  find  sufficient  food  again.  In  order  to  prevent 
such  a  local  spreading,  two  remedies  may  be  resorted  to.  The  one  is  a 
radical  one,  and  consists  in  destroying  every  sick  hog  or  pig  immediately, 
wherever  the  disease  makes  its  api)earance,  and  in  disinfecting  the  in- 
fected premises  by  such  means  as  are  the  most  effective  and  the  most 
practicable.  If  this  is  done,  and  if  healthy  hogs  are  kept  away  from 
such  a  locality,  say  for  one  month  after  the  diseased  animals  have  been 
destroyed,  and  the  sties,  i)ens,  &c.,  disinfected  with  chloride  of  lime  or 
carbolic  acid,  and  the  yards  plowed,  &c.,  the  disease  will  be  stamped 
out.  I  know  that  this  is  a  violent  vray  of  dealing  with  the  plague,  but 
in  the  end  it  may  prove  to  be  by  far  the  cheapest.  The  other  remedj'  is 
more  of  a  palliative  character,  and  may  be  substituted  if  swine-plague, 
as  is  now  the  case,  is  prevailing  almost  everywhere,  or  in  cases  in  which 
the  radical  measures  are  considered  as  too  severe  and  too  sweeping.  It 
consists  in  a  perfect  isolation  of  every  diseased  herd,  not  only  during 
the  actual  existence  of  the  i)lague  but  for  some  time,  say  one  month, 
after  the  occurrence  of  tlie  last  case  of  sickness,  and  after  the  sties  and 
pons  have  been  thoroughly  cleaned  and  disinfected  with  carbolic  acid 
or  other  disinfectants  of  equal  efficiency,  and  the  j^ards,  &c.,  plowed. 
Old  straw-stacks,  &c.,  must  be  burned,  or  rapidly  converted  into  ma- 
nure. It  is  also  A'cry  essential  that  diseased  animals  are  not  allowed  any 
access  to  running  water,  streamlets,  or  creeks  accessible  to  other  healthy 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER    ANIMALS.  47 

swine.  Those  healtliy  liogs  and  j^igs  wliicli  are  wituiii  the  po.s.sible  intlu- 
euce  of  tlie  contagious  or  infectious  principle,  perlia])s  on  the  same  farm 
or  in  the  immediate  neighborhood  of  a  diseased  herd,  must  be  pro- 
tected by  special  means.  For  these,  I  think,  it  will  be  best  to  make 
movable  pens^  say  eight  feet  square,  of  common  fence-boards  (eleven 
fence-boards  will  make  a  pen) ;  put  two  animals  in  each  pen ;  place  the 
latter,  if  possible,  on  high  and  diy  ground,  but  by  no  means  in  an  old 
hog-lot,  on  a  manure-heap,  or  near  a  slough,  and  move  each  pen  every 
noon  to  a  new  place,  until  after  all  danger  has  ])assed.  If  this  is  done 
the  animals  will  not  be  comi^elled  to  eat  their  food  soiled  with  excre- 
ments, and  as  dry  earth  is  a  good  disinfectant,  an  infection,  very  likely, 
will  not  take  place.  Besides  this,  the  troughs  must  always  be  cleaned 
before  water  or  food  is  put  in,  and  the  water  for  drinking  must  be  fi'esh 
and  i)iu'e,  or  be  drawn  from  a  good  well  immediately  before  it  is  poured 
into  the  troughs.  Water  from  ponds,  or  that  which  has  been  exposed 
in  any  way  or  manner  to  a  contamination  with  the  infectious  principle, 
must  not  be  used.  If  all  this  is  comx^Iied  with,  and  the  disease  notwith- 
standing should  make  its  appearance  and  attack  one  or  another  of  the 
animals  thus  kept,  very  likely  it  will  remain  confined  to  that  one  pen. 

If  the  hogs  or  pigs  cannot  be  treated  in  that  way,  it  will  be  advisable 
to  keep  every  one  shut  up  in  its  pen,  or  in  a  bare  yard,  from  sundown 
until  the  dew  next  morning  has  disappeared  fi'om  the  grass,  and  to  allow 
neither  sick  hogs  nor  pigs,  nor  other  animals,  nor  even  persons,  who 
have  been  near  or  in  contact  with  animals  aflected  with  swine-plague,  to 
come  near  the  animals  intended  to  be  protected.  That  good  ventilation 
and  general  cleanliness  constitute  valuable  auxiliary  measui'es  of  pre- 
vention may  not  need  any  mentioning.  The  worst  thing  that  possibly  can 
be  done,  if  swine-plague  is  prevailing  in  the  neighborhood,  is  to  shelter 
the  hogs  and  pigs  under  or  in  an  old  straw  or  hay  stack,  because  noth- 
ing is  more  apt  to  absorb  the  contagious  or  infectious  x)rinciple,  and  to 
preserve  it  longer  or  more  effectively  than  old  straw,  hay,  or  manure- 
heaps  composed  mostly  of  hay  or  straw.  It  is  even  probable  that  the 
contagion  of  swine-plague,  hke  that  of  some  other  contagious  diseases, 
if  absorbed  by,  or  clinging  to,  old  straw  or  hay,  &c.,  will  remain  effective 
and  a  source  of  spreading  the  disease  for  months,  and  maybe  for  a  year. 

TherapeuticaEy  but  little  can  be  done  to  prevent  an  outbreak  of  swine- 
plague.  Where  it  is  sufficient  to  destroy  the  infectious  principle  outside 
of  the  animal  organism,  carbohc  acid  is  effective,  and,  therefore,  a  good 
disinfectant ;  but  where  the  contagious  or  infectious  principle  has  akeady 
entered  the  animal  organism  its  value  is  doubtful.  Still,  wherever  there 
is  cause  to  suspect  that  the  food  or  the  water  for  drinking  may  have  be- 
come contaminated  with  the  contagion  of  swine-plague,  it  will  be  advis- 
able to  give  every  morning  and  evening  some  carbolic  acid,  say  about 
ten  drops  for  each  animal  weighing  from  one  hundred  and  twenty  to  one 
hundred  and  fifty  pounds,  in  the  water  for  diinkiug ;  and  wherever  there 
is  reason  to  suspect  that  the  infectious  i)rinciple  may  be  floating  in  the 
air,  it  will  be  advisable  to  treat  every  wound  or  scratch  a  hog  or  pig  may 
happen  to  have  immediately  with  diluted  carl)olic  acid.  During  a  time, 
or  in  a  neighborhood  in  which  swine-plague  is  prevailing,  care  should  be 
talcen  neither  to  ring  nor  to  castrate  any  hog  or  pig,  because  every 
Avound,  no  matter  how  small,  is  apt  to  become  a  port  of  entry  ibr  the 
infectious  priucii)le,  and  the  very  smallest  amount  of  the  latter  is  sufli- 
cient  to  ])ro(luce  the  disease. 

Still,  all  these  minor  measures  and  precautions  will  avail  but  little 
unless  a  dissemination  of  the  infectious  principle,  or  disease-germs,  is 
made  impossible.    1.  Any  transportation  of  dead,  sick,  or  infected  swine, 


48  DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER    ANIMALS. 

and  even  of  hogs  or  pigs  that  have  been  the  least  exposed  to  tlie  con- 
tagion, or  may  possibly  constitute  the  bearers  of  the  same,  must  be 
effectively  prohibited.  2.  Every  one  who  loses  a  hog  or  pig  by  swdne- 
plague  must  be  compelled  by  laAv  to  bury  the  same  immediate^,  or  as 
soon  as  it  is  dead,  at  least  foiu'  feet  deep,  or  else  to  cremate  the  carcass 
at  once,  so  that  the  contagious  or  infectious  principle  may  be  thoroughly 
destroyed,  and  not  be  carried  by  dogs,  wolves,  rats,  crows,  &c.,  to  other 
places. 

Another  thing  may  yet  be  mentioned,  which,  if  ])roperly  executed, 
will  at  least  aid  very  materially  in  preventing  the  disease;  that  is,  to 
give  all  food  either  in  clean  troughs,  or  if  corn  in  the  ear  is  fed,  to  throw 
it  on  a  wooden  i)latform  which  can  be  swept  clean  before  each  feeding. 

9.   TREATMENT. 

If  the  cause  and  the  nature  of  the  morbid  process  and  the  character 
and  the  importance  of  the  morbid  changes  are  taken  into  projier  con- 
sideration, it  cannot  be  expected  that  a  therapeutic  treatment  will  be  of 
much  avail  in  a  fully  developed  case  of  swine-plague.  "  Specific"  reme- 
dies, such  as  are  advertised  in  column  advertisements  in  certain  news- 
papers, and  warranted  to  be  infallible,  or  to  cure  every  case,  can  do  no 
good  whatever.  They  are  a  downright  fraud,  and  serve  only  to  draw 
the  money  out  of  the  pockets  of  the  despairing  farmer,  who  is  ready  to 
catch  at  any  straw.  No  ciu-e  has  ever  been  found  for  glanders,  anthrax, 
and  cattle-plague,  diseases  that  have  been  known  for  more  than  two 
thousand  years,  and  that  have  been  investigated  again  and  again  by 
the  most  learned  veterinarians  and  the  best  practitioners  of  Europe, 
and  yet  there  is  to-day  not  even  a  prospect  that  a  treatment  will  ever  be 
discovered  to  which  those  diseases,  once  fully  developed,  will  yield. 
Neither  is  there  any  prospect  or  iirobabdity  that  fully  developed  swine- 
plague  will  ever  yield  to  treatment.  It  is  true  that  the  hacilli  suis  and 
their  germs  can  be  killed  or  destroyed  if  outside  of  the  animal  organism, 
or  within  reach  on  the  surface  of  the  animal's  body.  Almost  any  known 
disinfectant — carbolic  acid,  thymic  acid,  chloride  of  lime,  creosote,  and 
a  great  many  others — will  destroy  them.  But  the  hacilli  and  their  germs 
are  not  on  the  surface  of  the  body,  except  in  such  parts  of  the  skin  and 
accessible  mucous  membranes  (conjunctiva  and  gums)  that  may  happen 
to  have  become  affected  by  the  morbid  process.  They  are  inside  of  the 
organism,  and  not  only  in  every  jjart  and  tissue  morbidly  affected,  in 
every  morbid  product,  and  in  every  lymphatic  gland,  but  they  are  also  in 
every  drop  of  blood  and  in  every  i)articlc  of  a  drop  of  blood  circulating 
in  the  whole  organism.  Who,  I  would  like  to  ask,  will  have  the  audacity 
to  assert  that  he  is  able  to  destroy  those  hacilli  and  their  germs  without 
disturbing  the  economy  of  the  animal  organism  to  such  an  extent  as  to 
cause  the  inuaediate  death  of  the  animal?  But  even  if  means  should 
be  found  by  which  these  hacilli  and  their  germs  can  be  destroyed  with- 
out serious  injury  to  the  animal,  a  destruction  of  the  same  will  not  be 
sufficient  to  effect  a  cure.  Important  morbid  changes  must  be  repjaii'ed; 
extensive  embolism  is  existing  in  some  very  vital  organs ;  a  rapid,  pro- 
liferous growth  of  morbid  cells  has  set  in;  some  of  the  intestines  (cae- 
cum and  colon)  may  have  become  i^erforated;  exudations  have  been 
deposited  in  the  lungs,  in  the  thoracic  cavity,  in  the  pericardium,  and  in 
the  abdominal  cavity;  the  heart  itself  may  have  been  morbidly  changed, 
and  eveiy  lyiii]>hatic  gland  in  the  whole  organism  become  diseased, 
llow,  I  would  like  to  know,  will  those  (]uacks  who  advertise  their  "Sure 
Cure"  and  their  high-sounding  "  Specifics"  to  swindle  the  farmer  out  of 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER    ANIMALS.  43 

his  hard-earned  dollars  aud  cents — how,  I  ask,  will  those  quacks  restore, 
repair,  stop,  aud  reduce  all  those  morbid  changes? 

Still,  I  do  not  wish  to  say  that  a  rational  treatment  can  do  no  good; 
on  the  contrary,  it  may  in  many  cases  avert  the  worst  and  most  fatal 
morbid  changes,  and  may  thereby  aid  nature  considerably  in  effecting 
a  recovery  in  all  those  cases  m  which  the  disease  presents  itself  in  a  mild 
form,  and  in  which  very  dangerous  or  irreparable  morbid  changes  have 
not  yet  taken  place.  A  good  dietetical  treatment,  however,  including  a 
strict  observation  of  sanitary  principles,  is  of  much  more  uuportance 
than  the  use  of  medicines.  In  the  first  place,  the  sick  animals,  if  possi- 
ble, should  be  kept  one  by  one  in  separate  pens.  The  latter,  if  mov- 
able— movable  ones,  i)erhaps  six  to  eight  feet  square  and  without  a 
floor,  are  preferable — ought  to  be  moved  once  a  day,  at  noon,  or  after  the 
dew  has  disappeared  from  the  grass ;  if  the  pens  are  not  movable,  they 
must  be  kept  scrupulously  clean,  because  a  pig  affected  Avith  swine- 
plague  has  a  vitiated  appetite,  and  eats  its  own  excrements  and  those 
of  others,  and,  as  those  excrements  contain  innumerable  bacilU  and  their 
germs,  will  add  thereby  fuel  to  the  flame ;  in  other  words,  will  increase 
the  extent  and  the  mahgnancy  of  the  morbid  process  by  introducing 
into  the  organism  more  and  more  of  the  infectious  principle.  The  food 
given  ought  to  be  clean,  of  the  very  best  quahty  and  easy  of  digestion, 
and  the  water  for  drinking  must  bo  clean  and  fresh,  be  supphed  three 
times  a  day  in  a  clean  trough,  and  be  drawn  each  time,  if  possible,  from  a 
deep  well.  Water  from  ponds  and  water  that  has  been  standing  in  open 
vessels,  and  that  may  possibly  have  become  contaminated  with  the  infec- 
tious principle,  should  not  be  used.  If  the  diseased  animal  has  any 
wounds  or  lesions,  they  must  be  washed  or  dressed  from  one  to  three 
times  a  day  with  diluted  carbohc  acid  or  other  equally  effective  disin- 
fectants. 

Concerning  a  therapeutic  treatment,  I  have  made  several  experiments, 
the  princij^al  ones  of  which  I  will  relate,  not  because  they  are  illustra- 
tive of  success,  as  they  are  not,  but  because  some  interesting  features 
of  the  disease  wiU  be  brought  to  light.  A  therapeutic  treatment — that 
is,  as  far  as  my  experiments  are  able  to  show — has  not  been  very  success- 
ful, but  the  facts  will  speak  for  themselves. 

1.    EXPEREMENTS  AT  MY  EXPEREMENTAL    STATION,  THE  VETERINARY 
HOSPITAL   OF   THE   ILLINOIS  INDUSTRIAL   UNIVERSITY. 

October  8. — At  5.30  o'clock,  p.  m.,  received  from  Mr.  J.  A.  Hossack 
eight  diseased  swine  of  various  size  and  age  for  experimental  treatment. 
Thej'  were  put  in  pen  No.  3,  which  had  been  thoroughly  cleaned,  and 
were  fed  three  times  a  day  Avith  corn  in  the  ear,  and  provided  with  clean 
water  for  drinking.  I  had  engaged  and  had  comfortable  room  for  only 
three  or  four,  but  Mr.  Cossack  thought  best  to  bring  me  every  sick  an- 
imal he  had  at  that  time  on  his  place.  So  it  happened  that  five  of  the 
pigs  were  in  an  almost  dvuig  condition  when  they  arrived.  I  numbered 
them  I,  II,  III,  IV,  Y,  VI,  VII,  and  VIII.  The  therapeutic  treatment 
(consisted  in  giving  three  times  a  day  about  ten  drops  of  carbolic  acid 
in  the  water  lor  drinking  for  each  hundred  pounds  of  hve  weight.  In 
deciding  upon  that  amount,  it  was  taken  into  consideration  that  some 
of  the  water  woidd  remain  luiconsumed.  The  troughs  were  emptied 
aud  cleaned  each  time  before  fresh  water  was  put  in. 

October  9, — Pig  1,  a  small  animal,  dead.  Fost-mortcm  examination  was 
made  by  Dr.  rreutice,  and  revealed  the  usual  morbid  changes — hepati- 
4  sw 


50  DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER    ANIMALS. 

zatiou,  ])lemitis,  serum  iii  pericardiuiu,  aud  morbid  growths  iu  caecum 
and  colon. 

October  10. — Pig-  II,  a  large  slioat  from  eigiit  to  ten  mouths  old,  dead. 
Fost-mortcm  examination  by  Dr.  Prentice.    ISTearly  the  same  results. 

October  11. — Pig-  III,  a  small  animal,  dead.  It  had  probably  died  on 
the  evening  of  the  10th ;  at  least  it  was  very  much  decomposed  in  the 
morning,  aud  as  pig  B  had  died  and  had  to  be  examined,  no  i)ost-mortem 
examination  w^as  made. 

October  12. — Pig  IV,  dead ;  had  died  during  the  night.  ISIo.  V,  an  old 
sow,  and  IsTos.  VI,  VII,  and  VIII  yet  alive.  No.  VIII  is  the  only  one 
that  has  any  appetite.  Pig  VI  is  very  low,  and  will  soon  die.  Postmor- 
tem examination  of  No.  IV.  Externally :  skin  on  lower  siu-face  of  the 
body  and  between  the  legs  purple.  Internally :  lymphatic  glands  en- 
larged ;  bronchial  tubes  filled  with  mucus ;  both  lobes  of  the  lungs,  but 
the  left  one  more  than  the  right,  hepatized — red,  brown,  and  gray  hepa- 
tization ;  two  ounces  of  straw-colored  serum  in  pericardium,  and  plastic 
exudations  on  the  surface  of  the  heart.  In  abdominal  cavity  about  one 
pint  of  serum;  spleen  enlarged;  kidneys  normal;  mesenteric  glands 
enlarged;  intestines  free  from  any  morbid  growths,  and  without  any 
lesions  whatever ;  interior  of  stomach  slightly  covered  with  bile. 

October  13. — Old  sow  No.  V,  and  young  sow  No.  VIII  (eight  months 
old)  have  a  little  appetite.  No.  VI  is  very  weak,  and  No.  VII  is  dull ; 
seems  to  have  considerable  jtressure  upon  the  brain.    In  the  evening  No. 

VI  is  in  a  dying  condition,  and  lies  motionless  in  a  corner.  Sows  Nos. 
V  and  VIII  have  some  appetite ;  No.  VII  breathes  with  a  throbbing 
motion  of  the  flanks ;  seems  to  have  headache,  is  very  duU,  and  holds 
its  nose  persistently  to  the  floor. 

October  14. — Sow  VIII  considerably  improved ;  sow  V  some  appetite ; 

VII  very  low ;  and  VI  dead.  For  post-mortem  examination  of  No.  VI, 
see  account  given  in  the  chapter  on  Morbid  Changes. 

October  15. — Old  sow  No.  V  and  sow  No.  VIII  coughing  a  good  deal ;  VIII 
has  a  good  appetite ;  V  has  not.  No.  VII,  a  sow  pig  about  eight  months 
old,  dead  in  the  pen.  Post-mortem  examination  of  No.  VII  at  8.30  o'clock, 
a.  m.  Externally :  Skin  on  nose,  neck,  and  lower  surface  of  body  pur- 
ple in  spots  and  patches ;  carcass  not  very  much  emaciated.  Internally : 
some  adhesion  between  posterior  part  of  right  lobe  of  lungs  and  dia- 
phragm ;  costal  pleura  and  pericardium  aifected ;  surface  of  the  lungs 
exhibit  numerous  small  red  specks ;  both  lobes  are  partially  hepatized, 
and  contain  considerable  exudation  yet  in  a  iluid  condition.  (See  pho- 
togxaphs,  Plates  I  and  II.)  External  coat  of  posterior  vena  cava 
morbidly  changed,  inllamed,  and  coalesced  with  pulmonal  pleura.  In 
abdominal  cavity :  numerous  light-colored  nodules  or  tubercles  on  the 
surface  of  the  spleen,  some  of  the  size  of  a  millet  seed,  and  others  as 
large  as  a  small  pea ;  mesentric  glands  \evy  much  enlarged ;  numerous 
small  ulcerous  tumors  or  morbid  growths  on  mucous  membrane  of  ca3- 
cum  and  colon ;  the  whole  interior  sui'face  of  jejunum,  for  several  feet 
in  length  one  interrupted  layer  of  a  morbid  growth  and  subsequent  de- 
cay of  epithelium  cells,  eas^ily  removed  with  the  back  of  the  scalpel,  aud 
leaving  behind,  if  thus  removed,  an  uneven  villous  siuface. 

October  IG. — Old  sow  No.  V  and  sow  No.  VIII  fan^  appetite ;  both 
cough  a  great  deal.  Old  sow  V  discharged  yesterday  and  to-day  large 
quantities  of  a  glassy  mucus  exuding  from  the  nose.  Discovered  two 
ulcerating  sores,  one  in  the  left  middle  teat  and  one  in  the  right  for- 
ward teat.  Her  pigs  had  been  weaned  a  short  time  before  she  con- 
tracted the  disease. 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER    ANIMALS.  51 

October  17. — Sows  Y  and  YIII  improving,  that  is,  are  less  iudiflerent 
to  surroimdings  and  have  better  appetite,  biit  still  cough  a  great  deal. 

October  18. — Sows  V  and  VIII  improving;  but  especially  YIII,  which 
has  good  appetite.  In  al'temoon  sow  Y  had  some  diarrhea,  probably 
caused  by  feeding  on  new  corn — old  corn  had  been  fed  before. 

October  19. — Oid  sow  Y  has  diarrhea ;  feces  green  and  semi-fluid. 
Sow  YIII  seems  to  be  improving,  at  least  eats  a  good  deal.  Sow  Y  is 
perfectly  bUnd. 

October  20. — Sows  Y  and  YIII  still  coughing  considerably,  but  are 
otherwise  impro\'ing. 

October  21. — Sows  Y  and  YIII  improidng;  YIII  is  already  in  a  little 
better  condition. 

October  22. — Sows  Y  and  YIII  improving. 

October  23. — Sow  Y  is  still  very  slow  in  her  movements,  but  her  ap- 
petite is  much  better.  Sow  YIII  stiU  shows  difficulty  of  breathing,  but 
may  otherwise  be  considered  as  recovered.  The  diarrhea  of  sow  Y  has 
disappeared. 

October  21, — Sows  Y  and  YIII  Linpro\ing ;  have  good  appetite,  and  are 
not  near  so  thirsty  as  formerly ;  both  cough  some.  Kecovery  may  be 
considered  certain. 

October  25. — Sow  Y  very  much  improved ;  idcer  in  forward  teat  is 
healing  rapidly  (the  idcers  have  been  treated  with  diluted  carbolic  acid). 
Sow  YIII  shows  no  morbid  symptoms,  except  some  coughing  and  some 
difficulty  of  breathing.    She  has  very  good  appetite  and  is  very  lively. 

October  2G. — Sow  Y  eats  tolerably  well,  but  is  still  weak.  Sow  YIII 
eats  and  di-inks  well,  and  might  be  looked  upon  as  i)erfectly  healthy  if 
it  were  not  for  the  yet  existing  difficulty  of  breathing.  The  excrements 
have  gradually  lost  their  pecidiar  ofiensive  smell. 

October  27. — Sow  Y  fair,  and  -sow  YIII  very  good  appetite.  The  lat- 
ter is  getting  lively. 

October  28. — ^o  perceptible  change. 

October  29. — Sow  Y  more  active,  but  stiU  partially  blind.  Sow  VILL 
is  gaining  in  flesh. 

October  30. — Both  sows  have  good  appetite  and  are  visibly  improving. 

October  31. — Both  improving  steadily. 

Wovember  1. — Sows  Y  and  YIII  keep  on  improving.  The  ulcers  of  Y 
have  healed,  and  her  sight  has  been  partially  restored.  The  carbohc- 
acid  treatment  has  been  continued  to  this  day  (November  1),  but  is  now 
discontinued. 

November  6. — Both  sows  have  been  returned  to  their  owners.  Sow 
YIII  is  like  a  perfectly  healthy  pig,  but  coughs  some  and  also  shows  a 
slight  difficulty  of  breathing.  Sow  Y  has  almost  entirely  recovered  her 
eyesight ;  is  not  in  as  good  condition  as  sow  YIII,  and  coughs  some, 
but  breathes  perfectly  easy. 

October  20. — Eeceived  of  Mr.  D.  Burwash,  at  6  o'clock,  a.  m.,  a  Berk- 
shire pig,  about  five  months  old,  for  experimental  purposes ;  it  had  been 
sick  two  or  three  days.  It  proved  to  be  very  severely  affected,  but  was 
in  a  good  condition  as  to  flesh.  Treatment :  about  eight  or  nine  drops 
of  carbolic  acid  in  the  water  for  drinking  every  morning,  and  about  two 
drams  of  bisulphite  of  soda  and  one  dram  of  carbonate  of  soda  every 
evening.    The  pig  was  designated  as  Xo.  IX,  and  i)ut  in  pen  Xo.  2. 

October  27. — Pig  Xo.  IX  worse;  has  plain  symptoms  of  pneumonia; 
died  in  the  afternoon.  Post-mortem  examination  three  hours  alter  death ; 
four  ounces  of  serum  in  chest,  and  also  a  like  quantity  in  pericardium  ; 
trachea  filled  with  mucus ;  both  lobes  of  lungs  congested  and  gorged 
with  exudation ;  capillary  vessels  of  the  auricles  of  the  heart  gorged 


52  DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER   ANIMALS. 

with  blood ;  spleen  enlarged,  and  large  numbers  of  tubercle-like  excres- 
cences on  its  lower  surface ;  caecum  and  colon  full  of  hardened  feces ;  a 
few  ulcerous  tumors  in  caecum,  and  two  large  decaying  morbid  growths 
in  colon ;  mesenteric  glands  enlarged ;  other  organs  healthy. 

Numerous  other  experiments  have  been  made,  and  quite  a  variety  of 
medicines  have  been  tested  at  dilierent  places  and  in  different  herds. 
Some  of  those  experiments  have  been  carried  out  under  my  personal 
sux)erintendence,  and  some  by  the  owners  of  the  diseased  animals  in  ac- 
cordance with  my  instructions.  But  as  the  residts  obtained  with  any 
one  of  them  are  far  fioui  satisfactory,  it  will  be  sufficient  to  mention 
only  a  few.  The  i)rincipal  medicines  tried  were  carboUc  acid,  bisulphite 
of  soda,  thymol,  salicylic  acid,  white  hellebore  or  vcratrwn  alhitm,  as  an 
emetic,  alcohol,  and  suli^hate  of  iron,  and  it  has  been  found  that  neither 
of  them  x)ossesses  any  special  curative  value.  In  a  few  cases  in  which 
most  of  the  lesions  were  external,  apphcations  of  very  much  diluted 
thymol  or  thymic  acid  produced  apparently  good  results ;  the  animals 
recovered,  but  might  have  recovered  at  any  rate.  Diluted  carbohc  acid 
has  been  used  for  the  same  purpose  and  with  the  same  results.  An 
emetic  of  white  hellebore  or  veratrum  album  was  given  to  some  shoats 
(about  eight  or  nine  months  old,  and  i^roperty  of  Dr.  Hall,  at  Savoy)t, 
in  the  first  stage  of  the  disease,  and  seemed  to  have  arrested  the  morbid 
process  immediately,  at  least  the  shoats  recovered.  In  other  more  de- 
veloped cases  it  did  no  good  whatever.  Bisulphite  of  soda,  salicylic 
acid,  and  carbolic  acid  were  used  quite  extensively,  but  no  good  results 
plainly  due  to  the  influence  of  those  drugs  have  been  observed  in 
any  case  in  which  the  disease  had  fully  developed,  neither  by  myself 
nor  by  others.  Sulphate  of  iron  has  proved  to  be  decidedly  injurious. 
Mr.  Bassett  used  it  quite  persistently  for  forty-five  nice  shoats.  Forty- 
three  of  them  died,  one  recovered  from  a  sUght  attack — it  had  external 
lesions,  which  were  treated  with  carbohc  acid — and  one  remained  ex- 
empted. To  bleed  sick  hogs,  in  some  places  a  customary  practice  among 
farmers  against  all  aihnents  of  swine,  has  had  invariably  the  very  worst 
consequences,  and  accelerated  a  fatal  termination.  A  great  many  farm- 
ers in  the  neighborhood  of  GhampaigTi  have  used  several  kinds  of  "  spe- 
cifics "  and  "  sure  cure  "  nostrums,  but  none  of  them  are  inchned  to  talk 
about  the  results  obtained,  and  so  it  must  be  supposed  that  the  latter 
have  remained  invisible.  One  case,  which  should  have  been  related  in 
the  chapter  on  "  Prevention,"  deserves  to  be  mentioned.  Mr.  Crews  had 
forty-odd  hogs,  of  w^hich  he  had  lost  ten  or  twelve,  and  was  losing  at 
the  rate  of  two  to  four  a  day.  I  advised  him  to  separate  those  appar- 
ently yet  healthy,  or  but  slightly  affected,  from  the  very  sick  ones ;  to 
jnit  the  former  in  a  separate  yard,  not  accessible  to  the  others ;  to  feed 
them  clean  food ;  to  water  them  three  times  a  day  from  a  weU,  and  to 
give  to  each  animal,  two  or  three  times  a  day,  about  ten  drops  of  car- 
bolic acid  in  their  drinking  water.  He  did  so,  and  saved  every  one  he 
separated  (fourteen  in  niunber),  while  aU  others,  with  the  exception  of 
two  animals  which  died  later,  died  within  a  short  time. 

Bespectfully  submitted. 

H.  J.  DETMEES,  V.  S. 

Chicago,  III.,  November  15, 1878. 


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DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER    ANBIALS.  53 


SUPPLEMENTAL  EEPOET. 

Sir:  Since  the  15th  of  November,  the  day  on  which  I  forwarded  to  you  my  fall  re- 
port, I  have  devoted  my  time  principally  to  a  solution  of  some  of  those  questions 
which  had  not  been  fully  answered,  and  have  succeeded  in  ascertaining  some  addi- 
tional facts  of  practical  importance.  In  addition  to  this  the  correctness  of  my  conclu- 
sions as  to  the  nature  of  the  infectious  principle,  and  the  manner  in  which  swine- 
I)lague  is  communicated,  has  been  confirmed  by  further  observations.  The  vitality  of 
the  infectious  principle  has  been  tested  by  experiment ;  several  herds  of  diseased  swine 
and  places  where  the  disease  had  been  prevailing,  and  where  healthy  pigs  had  been 
introduced  a  few  weeks  after  the  occiUTence  of  the  last  case  of  swine-plague,  have 
been  visited,  and  a  few  more  post-mortem  examinations  have  been  made.  In  the  fol- 
lowing, which  may  be  considered  as  a  supplement  to  my  report  of  the  15th  of  Novem- 
ber, I  have  the  honor  of  submitting  to  you,  very  respectfully,  the  results  of  my  inves- 
tigation. 

1.   THE  BACILLI  SUIS. 

These  are  found  invariably,  either  in  one  form  or  another,  in  all  fluids — such  as  blood, 
urine,  mucus,  fluid  exudations,  &c. — in  all  morbidly  aftected  tissues,  and  in  the  ex- 
crements of  the  diseased  animals,  and  constitute,  beyond  a  doubt,  the  infectious  prin- 
ciple, or  produce  the  morbid  process  if  transmitted,  directly  or  indirectly,  from  a 
diseased  animal  to  a  healthy  one.  These  lacilli  undergo  several  changes,  and  require 
a  certain  length  of  time  for  further  propagation ;  consequently,  if  introduced  into 
.an  animal  organism,  some  time — a  period  of  incubation,  or  a  stage  of  colonization — 
must  pass  before  morbid  symptoms  can  make  their  appearance.  Three  stages  of  de- 
velopment (a  germ  or  micrococcus  stage,  a  bacillus  or  rod-bacterium  stage,  and  a  germ- 
producing  stage)  can  be  discerned. 

The  micrococci,  globular  bacteria,  or  bacillus-germs,  as  I  prefer  to  call  them,  are 
found  in  immense  numbers  in  the  fluids,  but  especially  in  the  blood  and  in  the  exuda- 
tions of  the  diseased  animals.  If  the  temperature  is  not  too  low,  and  if  sufficient  oxy- 
gen is  present,  they  soon  develop  or  grow  lengthwise,  by  a  kind  of  budding  process — 
a  globular  bacterium,  or  l:)acillus-germ,  constantly  observed  under  the  microscope, 
budded,  and  grew  to  double  its  length  iu  exactly  two  hours  in  a  temperature  of  70° 
F.  (see  drawing) — and  change  gradually  to  rod-bacteria,  or  hacUU.  Some  of  the  latter, 
finally,  after  a  day  or  two,  if  circumstances  are  favorable,  commence  to  grow  again  in 
length,  until  they  appear,  magnified  8.50  diameters,  to  be  from  one  to  six  inches  long. 
At  the  same  time,  however,  they  become  very  brittle,  and  break  into  two  or  more 
pieces.  Where  a  break  or  separation  is  to  take  ijlace,  at  iirst  a  knee  or  angle  is 
formed,  and  then  a  complete  break  or  separation  is  eff"ected  by  a  swinging  motion  of 
both  ends,  which  move  to  and  fro,  and  alternately  open  and  close,  or  stretch  and  bend 
the  knee  or  angle.  After  the  division  has  become  perfect,  which  takes  only  a  minute 
or  two,  both  ends,  thus  separated,  move  apart  in  different  directions.  These  long  bao- 
teria,  it  seems,  are  pregnant  with  new  germs ;  their  external  envelop  disappears  or  la 
dissolved,  and  then  the  very  numerous  bacillus-germs  become  free.  In  this  way  a 
propagation  is  eft'ected. 

Some  of  the  ladlli  or  rod-bacteria  move  very  rapidly,  while  others  are  apparently 
motionless.  The  causes  of  this  motion  I  have  not  been  able  to  ascertain  with  cer- 
tainty, but  have  observed  repeatedly  that  no  motion  takes  place  if  the  temperature  of 
the  fluid  or  substance  which  contains  the  bacteria  is  a  low  one,  and  that  iinder  the  mi- 
croscope the  motion  increases  and  becomes  more  lively  if  the  rays  of  light,  thrown 
upon  the  slide  by  the  mirror,  are  sufficiently  concentrated  to  increase  the  temperature 
of  the  object.  So  it  seems  that  a  certain  degree  of  warmth  is^  required ;  at  any  rate  I 
never  saw  any  Vacilli  moving  iu  a  fluid  or  substance  immediately  after  it  had  been 
standing  in  a  cold  room. 

Tliere  is,  however,  also  another  change  taking  place,  caused  probably  by  certain 
coiulitions  which  I  have  not  been  able  to  ascertain.  It  is  as  follows :  The  globular 
bacteria  or  bacillus  germs  commence  to  bud  or  grow  in  length,  but  on  a  suddi'U  their 
development,  it  seems,  ceases,  and  partially-developed  hacilli  and  simple  and  budding 
genus  congregate  to  colonies,  agglutinate  to  each  other,  and  form  larger  or  smaller  irreg- 
ularly-shaped and  (apparently)\-iscous  clusters.  Such  clusters  are  found  very  often  in 
the  blood  aud  iu  other  fluids,  and  invariably  in  the  exudations  in  the  lungs;  and  in 
tlie  lymphatic  gland  in  pulmoual  exudation,  and  in  blood  serum,  this  formation  can 
be  observed  under  the  microscope  if  the  object  remains  unchanged  for  some  time,  say 
for  an  ho'ur  or  two.  In  the  ulcerous  tumors  on  the  intestinal  mucous  membrane  the 
clusters  are  comparatively  few,  but  the  fully-developed  laciUi,  many  of  which  move 
very  lively,  are  always  exceedingly  numerous.  The  tiunors  or  morbid  growths  iu  the 
intestines  seem  to  aliord  tlio  most  favorable  conditions  for  the  growth  and  develop- 
ment of  the  hacUU  and  their  germs.  That  this  must  be  the  case  is  also  suggested  by 
the  presence  of  such  immense  numbers  of  bacilli  aud  bacillus-germs  in  the  excrements, 


XticToscopical  Lw'Psti^ations  by  I)rH.  J.Detmcr.s. 


./^-. 


ilal  jn^N" 


MK)    Ti.')   ;8 


o 


^^.  A> 


vs. 


III.  >g,^    c.   ^    , 


."^i^ 


','.   Boiled   nlnk.h,^^^lld  bpi»7i  ci-|i<is<-i!   110  lie 
of    9V"F.  x8J0.   8.P.M. ','y.  9  78 


<p3C 
H.iO       I    Spfimi   from  tl 


\}    'i   Same  milk 


8=)(l     H'-'l'M  ?'.'  9  78 


£_,    <?)  4    Xtiitloii  l)r()tli.  cxjiosril  the  sanif 

J)      {,      „  Il7,ip  as  u.ilk  \<>1  lo3?"R 

T         o  x8i()   !)'"PM  ?:e  9.78. 


x850. 


:>    Smnc  iimllon  laolli  fTqioseil 

to  same  tempei-ature.lmt  char^cd. 

at  8"  A.M  'J\M  78  with  less 

lliajiqiiarl.rora  di-op  of 

"6       "                             ^ 

Wi.od  .if  Ml-  U/in-iss  j)io  . 

X  850 

(,...  1^,^,  o-j  t)   7ij. 

c 


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xjieii 
-.1      ^.;^)--^^/     ^■'■-'  menta]pie  N?6. 
v>v!     Wn'.^"'    <3     nno''    rp if  .-id  9.  78. 


K^-:oi^'  of 


w      ^ 


K  1'  M    id  •)    78. 


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fniin  tht*  rwilrf  ()f'«  m 


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^  "*  J^cf'^  cif  rxpcfiinnil 111  jn*^  K"tv 

"  ''^       xH.'iO  <)  I'M  :«)  9  78 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER   ANIMALS.  53 


SUPPLEMENTAL  EEPORT. 

Sir  :  Since  the  15tli  of  November,  the  day  on  wMch  I  forwarded,  to  yon  my  full  re- 
port, I  have  devoted  my  time  principally  to  a  solution  of  some  of  those  questions 
which  had  not  been  fully  answered,  and  have  succeeded  in  ascertaining  some  addi- 
tional facts  of  practical  importance.  In  addition  to  this  the  correctness  of  my  conclu- 
sions as  to  the  nature  of  the  infectious  principle,  and  the  manner  in  which  swine- 
plague  is  communicated,  has  been  confirmed  by  further  observations.  The  vitality  of 
the  infectious  principle  has  been  tested  by  experiment ;  several  herds  of  diseased  swine 
and  places  where  the  disease  had  been  prevailing,  and  where  healthy  pigs  had  been 
introduced  a  few  weeks  after  the  occiUTcnce  of  the  last  case  of  swine-plague,  have 
been  visited,  and  a  few  more  pont-vxortem  examinations  have  been  made.  In  the  fol- 
lowing, which  may  be  considered  as  a  supplement  to  my  report  of  the  IGth  of  Novem- 
ber, I  have  the  honor  of  submitting  to  you,  very  respectfully,  the  results  of  my  inves- 
tigation. 

1.   THE  BACILLI  SUIS. 

These  are  found  invariably,  either  in  one  form  or  another,  in  all  fluids — such  as  blood, 
urine,  mucus,  fluid  exudations,  &c. — in  all  morbidly  affected  tissues,  and  in  the  ex- 
crements of  the  diseased  animals,  and  constitute,  beyond  a  doubt,  the  infectious  prin- 
ciple, or  produce  the  morbid  process  if  transmitted,  directly  or  indirectly,  from  a 
diseased  animal  to  a  healthy  one.  These  hacilli  undergo  several  changes,  and  require 
a  certain  length  of  time  for  further  propagation ;  consequently,  if  introduced  into 
an  animal  organism,  some  time — a  period  of  incubation,  or  a  stage  of  colonization — 
must  pass  before  morbid  symptoms  can  make  their  appearance.  Three  stages  of  de- 
velopment (a  germ  or  micrococcus  stage,  a  bacillus  or  rod-bacterium  stage,  and  a  germ- 
producing  stage)  can  be  discerned. 

The  micrococci,  globular  bacteria,  or  bacillus-germs,  as  I  prefer  to  call  them,  are 
found  in  immense  numbers  in  the  fluids,  but  especially  in  the  blood  and  in  the  exuda- 
tions of  the  diseased  animals.  If  the  temperature  is  not  too  low,  and  if  sufficient  oxy- 
gen is  present,  they  soon  develop  or  grow  lengthwise,  by  a  kind  of  budding  process — 
a  globular  bacterium,  or  bacillus-germ,  constantly  observed  under  the  microscope, 
budded,  and  grew  to  double  its  length  in  exactly  two  hours  in  a  temperature  of  70"^ 
F.  (see  drawing) — and  change  gradually  to  rod-bacteria,  or  hacilli.  Some  of  the  latter, 
finally,  after  a  day  or  two,  if  circumstances  are  favorable,  conunence  to  grow  again  in 
length,  until  they  appear,  magnified  8.50  diameters,  to  be  from  one  to  six  inches  long. 
At  the  same  time,  however,  they  become  very  brittle,  and  break  into  two  or  more 
pieces.  Where  a  break  or  separation  is  to  take  j)lace,  at  first  a  knee  or  angle  is 
formed,  and  then  a  complete  break  or  separation  is  efiected  by  a  swinging  motion  of 
both  ends,  which  move  to  and  fro,  and  alternately  open  and  close,  or  stretch  and  bend 
the  knee  or  angle.  After  the  division  has  become  perfect,  which  takes  only  a  minute 
or  two,  both  ends,  thus  separated,  move  ai^art  in  different  directions.  These  long  bao- 
teria,  it  seems,  are  pregnant  with  new  germs ;  their  external  envelop  disappears  or  is 
dissolved,  and  then  the  very  numerous  bacillus-germs  become  free.  In  this  way  a 
propagation  is  effected. 

Some  of  the  iacilli  or  rod-bacteria  move  very  rapidly,  while  others  are  apparently 
motionless.  The  causes  of  this  motion  I  have  not  been  able  to  ascertain  with  cer- 
tainty, but  have  observed  repeatedly  that  no  motion  takes  place  if  the  temperature  of 
the  fluid  or  substance  which  contains  the  bacteria  is  a  low  one,  and  that  under  the  mi- 
croscope the  motion  increases  and  becomes  more  lively  if  the  rays  of  light,  thrown 
upon  the  slide  by  the  mirror,  are  sufficiently  concentrated  to  increase  the  temperature 
of  the  object.  So  it  seems  that  a  certain  degree  of  warmth  is  required ;  at  any  rate  I 
never  saw  any  hacilli  moving  in  a  fluid  or  substance  immediately  after  it  had  been 
standing  in  a  cold  room. 

There  is,  however,  also  another  change  taking  place,  caused  probably  by  certain 
conditions  which  I  have  not  been  able  to  ascertain.  It  is  as  follows:  The  globular 
bacteria  or  bacillus  germs  commence  to  bud  or  grow  in  length,  l)ut  on  a  sudden  their 
development,  it  seems,  ceases,  and  partially-developed  hacUli  and  simple  and  budding 
germs  congregate  to  colonies,  agglutinate  to  each  other,  and  fonn  larger  or  smaller  irreg- 
ularly-shaped and  (apparently^  viscous  clusters.  Such  clusters  are  found  very  often  in 
the  blood  and  in  other  fluids,  and  invariably  in  the  exudations  in  the  lungs;  and  in 
the  lymph.'.tic  gland  in  pnhnonal  exudation,  and  in  blood  serum,  this  formation  can 
be  observed  under  the  microscope  if  the  object  remains  unchanged  for  some  time,  say 
for  an  ho'ur  or  two.  In  the  ulcerous  tumors  on  the  intestinal  nmcous  membrane  the 
clusters  are  comparatively  few,  but  the  fully-developed  hadUi,  many  of  which  move 
very  lively,  are  always  exceedingly  munerous.  The  tumors  or  morbid  growths  in  the 
intestines  seem  to  afford  the  most  favorable  conditions  for  the  growth  and  develop- 
ment of  the  hacUU  and  their  germs.  That  this  must  bo  the  case  is  also  suggested  by 
the  presence  of  such  immense  numbers  of  bacilli  and  bacillus-germs  in  the  excrements, 


54  DISEASES   OF   SWINE   AND   OTHER   ANIMALS. 

tJhat  tlip  lattor,  bcyoud  a  doubt,  coustitiite  ilio  principal  dissf^minator  of  tlio  infective 
priuciplo.  Wliother  tlie  colonies  or  vIkcouh  clusters  of  bacillus-germs  and  i^artially 
develo])e(l  JHicilli  are  instrumental  in  bringing  about  the  extensive  eml)oli8m  in  the 
liuigs  aTid  in  other  tissues,  by  merely  closing  the  cai)illary  vessels  in  a  mechanical  way, 
or  whet  her  t  he  presence,  growth,  development,  and  propagation  of  the  hac'dli  and  their 
germs  produce  peculiar  chemical  changes  in  the  composition  of  the  blood,  which  dis- 
qualify the  latter  to  pass  with  facility  through  the  capillaries,  or  which  cause  a  clot- 
ting or  retention  of  the  same  in  the  capillary  system,  is  a  question  which  I  am  not  pre- 
pared to  decide.  According  to  my  own  observations,  it  a])pea,rs  that  the  colonies  or 
viscous  clusters  of  bacillus-germs  and  partially  developed  haclUi  get  stuck  in  the  capil- 
laries so  as  to  obstruct  the  jiassage,  and  constitute  in  that  way  tlie  xirincipal,  if  not  the 
sole,  cause  of  the  embolism.  Dr.  Orth  is  of  a  different  opinion.  He  says :  "The  prin- 
cipal effect  of  the  '  Schizomycetes '  {bacteria,  hacilU,  &g.)  is  an  indirect  one,  viz.,  by 
producing  a  poison  (virus)."  (Arcltiv.fuer  wissenscliaftliche  unci  praJcfisclie  Thierheilkunde, 
1877,  2)a(je  1.)  It  is  possible  that  the  circulation  of  the  blood  in  the  capillary  system 
is  interfered  with  by  both  mechanical  obstruction  and  chemical  changes.  Still,  it 
seems  to  me  that  the  observations  of  Dr.  Orth  and  others  apply  more  to  the  fully  de- 
veloped haclUi  in  the  blood  and  in  the  lymj)h.  The  vitality  of  the  bacillus-germs, 
and  especially  of  the  haciUi,  is  not  a  very  great  one,  except  where  the  germs  are  con- 
tained in  a  substance  or  a  tluid  not  easily  subject  to  decomposition;  for  instance,  in 
water  which  contains  a  slight  admixture  of  organic  substances.  If  such  a  fluid  is  kept 
in  a  vial  with  a  glass  stoj),  the  germs  remain  for  a  long  tim*  (over  six  weeks)  in  nearly 
the  same  condition,  or  develop  very  slowly,  according  to  amount  of  oxygen  and  degree 
of  temperature.  In  an  open  vessel  the  development  is  a  more  rapid  "one.  If  oxygen 
is  excluded,  or  the  amount  available  exhausted,  no  further  change  seems  to  be  taMug 
place.  In  the  water  of  streamlets,  brooks,  ditches,  ponds,  &c.,  the  bacillus-germs  are 
not  destroyed  very  soon.  How  long  they  retain  their  vitality  I  have  not  been  able  to 
ascertain.  In  fluids  and  substances  subject  to  putrefaction,  the  hacilli  and  their  germs 
lose  their  vitality  and  are  destroyed  in  a  comparatively  short  time ;  at  least  they  dis- 
ai^pear  as  soon  as  those  fluids  (blood,  for  instance)  and  substances  undergo  decompo- 
sition. In  the  blood  they  disappear  as  soon  as  the  blood-corpuscles  commence  to 
decompose.  That  such  is  the  case  has  been  ascertained  not  only  by  microscopical  ob- 
servation, but  also  by  clinical  experience.  The  hacilli  and  their  germs  are  also  destroyed 
if  brought  in  contact  with,  or  if  acted  upon  by,  alcohol,  carbolic  acid,  thymol,  iodine, 

&G. 

2.   CLINICAL  OBSERVATIONS. 

The  experimental  pigs,  Nos.  1  and  A,  put  in  pen  No.  2,  on  November  13th  (together 
with  experimental  j)ig  C),  in  which  pen  pig  No.  IX  had  died  of  swine-plague  on  the 
28th  of  October,  remained  perfectly  healthy,  notwithstanding  pen  No.  2,  which  was 
thoroughly  infected,  had  received  only  an  ordinary  cleaning,  but  had  not  been  disin- 
fected. Consequently,  it  must  be  sui^posed  that  the  infectious  i^rinciple  (the  lacilli 
and  their  germs)  contained  in  i^articlcs  of  excrement  and  in  the  urine  clinging  to  the 
floor  and  lodged  in  the  cracks  between  the  boards  must  have  been  destroyed,  because 
I  observed  repeatedly  that  the  pigs,  probably  in  search  of  saline  substances,  licked 
those  parts  of  the  floor  which  had  become  saturated  with  urine. 

Mr.  Bassett,  who  had  lost  nearly  his  whole  herd  of  swine — of  one  lot  containing 
originally  forty-five  animals  only  two  survived — bought,  about  eighteen  days  after  the 
occurrence  of  the  last  death,  two  young,  healthy  pigs,  and  allowed  them  to  run  at 
large  in  his  orchard,  a  pasture,  and  one  of  his  swine-yards,  the  same  premises  on  whicli 
the  lot  of  forty-five  animals  just  mentioned  had  been  kei)t.  The  few  surviving  hogs 
of  his  old  herd,  are  kept  in  another  yard  farther  north.  Seeing  that  those  two  pigs 
remained  healthy,  he  thought  he  might  risk  it  and  buy  some  more,  and  about  two 
weeks  later  he  bought  sixty -nine  (not  ninety-live,  as  I  believe  I  have  stated  in  my  re- 
port) healthy  Berkshire  shoats,  from  five  to  six  months  old,  at  the  auction  of  the  Hon. 
James  Scott,  president  of  the  Illinois  State  Board  of  Agriculture,  and  turned  them  out 
on  the  same  premises  (hog-lot,  orchard,  and  pasture).  After  these  sixty-nine  shoats 
had  been  there  two  days  they  discovered  the  burial  places  of  the  forty-three  dead 
shoats,  hogs,  and  pigs,  which,  by  the  way,  had  been  buried  only  from-  two  to 
three  feet  deep.  These  they  commenced  to  exhume  immediately,  and  soon  consumed 
all  the  decom-iiosed  carcasses.  Mr.  Bassett  would  have  prevented  this  had  ho  discov- 
ered them  in  time,  l-^vexy  shoat  lias  remained  healthy  up  to  date  (November  29th), 
and  as  the  period  of  incubation  (from  five  to  fifteen  days,  or  on  an  average  seven 
days)  expired  some  time  ago,  it  must  bo  supposed  tliat  the  infectious  principle,  the 
'bacilli  and  their  germs,  liad  been  thoroughly  destroyed  by  putrefaction.  It  must  be 
mentioned  that  there  are  no  straw-stacks,  &lc.,  on  the  swine-range,  and  that  the 
ehoats  have  no  access  to  any  streamlet,  ditch,  or  pool  of  water. 

Mr.  Locke's  herd  of  swine  has  been  kept  perfectly  isolated  in  a  pasture  near  the  city 
limits  of  Champaign,  and  has  I'cmained  exempt  from  swine-plague  till  lately. 
The  hog-pasture  is  close  to  the  Illinois  Central  Eailroad  track.    Whether  the  tnfec- 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER    ANIMALS.  55 

tious  principle  has  beeu  iutrodncfid  into  Mr.  Locke's  pasture  hy  the  car-loads  of  dis- 
eased swine  which  pass  by  every  evening,  and  which  sometimes  remain  standing  on 
the  tracks,  at  a  distance  of  not  uiuch  over  forty  rods  from  the  hog-pasture,  for  half  an 
hour  or  longer;  whether  the  vicinity  of  the  rendering  establishment  has  been  instru- 
mental in  bringing  about  an  infection  ;  or  whether  the  infectious  priucii)lo  has  been 
communicated  l)y  other  means,  I  have  not  been  able  to  ascertain. 

The  herds  of  Mr.  Clellaud  (or  McClelland),  nine  or  ten  miles  northwest  of  Champaign, 
and  of  Mr.  Allen,  six  or  seven  miles  northeast  of  Urbana,  have  remained  exempt  for  a 
long  time,  proliably  because  neither  of  them  has  any  close  neighbors,  hut  finally  the 
disease,  spreading  from  farm  to  farm,  has  reached  their  herds. 

Mr.  Clay  West,  three  and  a  half  miles  northwest  from  Champaign,  living  also  some- 
what isolated,  expected  that  his  swine  (forty-seven  head)  would  remain  exempted. 
Most  of  them  (forty-two  or  forty-three)  obtained  their  water  for  drinking  from  a  run- 
ning streamlet  which,  three-fomths  of  a  mile  above,  passes  through  the  hog-pasture 
of  another  fann.  On  the  latter  swine-plague  made  its  appearance,  and  three  weeks 
later  Mr.  West's  swine  commenced  to  die.  So  it  must  he  supposed  that  the  infection 
had  been  brought  about  bj"  the  water  in  the  streamlet.  Mr.  West,  as  soon  as  he 
found  that  his  hogs  commenced  to  die,  sold  twenty-seven  head  to  he  shii)ped  to  Chi- 
cago. 

3.    MORBID   CHAXGES  AFTER  DEATH. 

Since  November  15th  I  have  made  some  more  post-mortem  examinaiions,  mostly  for 
the  purpose  of  obtaining  material  for  microscopical  investigation;  but  have  found 
nothing  not  found  before,  or  of  any  sj>ecial  imi^ortance,  except  in  one  case,  of  which, 
therefore,  a  full  account  may  not  be  superfluous.  It  was  a  pig  of  Mr.  Clellan's  (or 
McClelland's),  who  had  lost  four  head  out  of  seventeen  witMn  a  few  days,  or  after 
brief  sickness.  The  pig  iir  question,  which  was  a  little  over  four  months  old,  had  been 
sick  only  two  or  three  days.  The  post-mortem  examination  was  made  on  November 
22d,  about  sixteen  hours  after  the  animal  had  died. 

Externalhj. — Considerable  capillary  redness  of  a  purple  htfe  in  the  skin  on  the  lower 
surface  of  the  body,  between  the  legs,  and  behind  the  ears.  Internallij. — Lower  and 
anterior  jjarts  of  both  lobes  of  the  lungs  hepatized  (red  hepatization) ;  the  rest  of  both 
lobes  gorged  with  blood-serum  or  fluid  exudation ;  j)ericardimn  coated  with  plastic  exu- 
dation ;  auricles  of  the  heart  congested,  the  capillary  vessels  tinged  with  dark-colored 
blood ;  lymphatic  glands,  but  especially  those  of  the  mesenterium,  very  much  swelled ; 
liver, sclerotic ;  serous membraneofsomeof the intestines(csecumandcolon)coated with 
exudation;  ecchymoses  and  capillary  redness  in  pyloric  jjortiou  of  the  stomach  ;  and 
a  few  worms  (Trichocepliahis  crenatus)mcaicxiva,  but  no  morbid  growths  or  ulcerous 
tumors  whatever  in  any  part  of  the  digestive  canal.  This  case  is  worth  mentioning, 
because  no  morbid  growths  or  ulcerous  titmors  were  found  in  the  coecmn  and  colon, 
or  in  other  parts  of  the  intestinal  canal ;  it  consequently  shows  once  more  that  em- 
bolism and  subsequent  exudation  in  the  lungs  and  in  other  tissues  are  more  constant 
and  more  characteristic  of  the  morbid  iirocess  of  swine-plague  than  the  iieculiar  morbid 
growths  or  ulcerous  tumors  in  the  ca;cum  and  colon. 

Whether  those  ulcerous  tumors  on  the  intestinal  mucous  meml^rano  occur  only  in 
cases  in  which  the  infectious  principle  has  been  introduced  partly  or  wholly  through 
the  digestive  canal,  and  are  absent  in  those  cases  in  which  the  haciUi  and  their  germs 
have  entered  exclusively  through  wounds  or  lesions,  or  whether,  finally,  this  presence 
or  absence  depends  upon  other  influences  and  conditions,  is  a  question  which  I  am 
not  fully  prepared  to  answer.  It  has  decidedly  the  appearance  that  the  seat  and  the 
character  of  the  morbid  changes  depend,  to  a  certain  extent  at  least,  upon  the  means 
and  parts  by  and  through  which  the  hacilU  and  their  germs  have  entered  the  animal 
organism. 

My  opinion,  expressed  in  my  report  of  the  15th  ultimo,  that  an  infection  is  brought 
about  either  through  the  digestive  canal  or  through  wounds  or  lesions,  and  probably 
not  through  the  respiratory  mucous  membi'ano  and  through  the  skin,  if  no  wounds 
or  lesions  are  existing,  has  been  corroborated  by  an  observation  made  at  Mr.  West's 
place.  I  was  there  on  November  20th.  The  disease  had  made  its  appearance  on  Novem- 
ber 10th.  Mr.  West  had  lost  five  animals,  had  sold  twenty-seven  more  or  less  diseased, 
and  still  had  fourteen  or  fifteen,  including  four  or  five  older  hogs  kept  in  a  separate 
pen,  about  12  by  16,  which  had  a  wooden  floor,  and  was  separated  from  the  hog-lot  or 
hog-pasture  only  by  a  board  fence.  Those  older  animals  receive  and  have  received 
their  water  for  drinking  from  a  well,  while  all  those  kc])t  in  the  hog-lot  or  hog-iiasture, 
origin.'illy  forty-two  in  number,  had  access  to  the  streamlet  before  mentioned.  None 
of  the  older  animals,  although  breathing  the  same  atmosphere  as  the  rest,  showed  any 
symptoms  of  disease,  and  are  still  healthy  (November  29th),  as  far  as  I  have  been  able 
to  learn. 

In  conclusion,  I  may  say  that  swine-plague  does  not  seem  to  bo  commniucable  to 
any  other  domesticated  animals,  and  must  be  considered  as  a  disease  sui  generis  pe- 
culiar to  swine. 


56  DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AN»   OTHER    ANTfMALS. 

I  intciidoiT  to  nnike  i'nrlhor  expeiimouts,  by  inoculating lifialtbyfiuira.ils with blrtofl* 
Bernni  or  i)nlnional  exudations,  lit'ed  from  bacilli  and  bacillus-gerjns  by  repeated  lil- 
tratious  ami  viitli  eultivated  haeilli,  but  the  time  left  me  (sixte>ni  days)  was  not  suffi- 
cient to  obtain  reliable  results.  Besides,  it  appeared  to  bo  desirable  to  use  the  pigs  I 
Lad  on  Iiaud  lor  the  jjurposo  of  testing  the  vitality  of  tho  infections  principle  in  sucli 
a  way  as  would  give  the  test  a,  direct  practical  value. 
I  am,  very  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant, 

H.  J.  DETMERS,  F.  S. 
Chicago,  III,,  Decemhcr  1,  1878. 


REPORT  OF  DR.  JAMES  LAW. 

Hon.  Wm.  G.  Le  Due, 

Commissioner  of  Agriculture : 

Sir  :  I  have  the  honor  to  submit  the  followmg  report  of  exiieriinent» 
and  observations  on  the  prevailing  fever  in  hogs. 

As  you  are  already  aware,  my  attention  has  been  directed  mainly  to 
the  i^athology  of  the  disease,  the  nature  and  vitality  of  the  virus,  and 
its  behavior  when  treated  by  different  disinfectants.  Distant  as  Ithaca 
was  from  all  inflected  districts,  and  seeing  it  was  impossible  here  to  ex- 
periment on  large  herds  of  diseased  and  exposed  swine,  it  seemed 
preferable  to  leave  to  others  all  essays  of  treatment  and  prevention  of 
the  illness  by  the  use  of  disinfectants  and  other  sanitary  measures.  This 
isolated  and  noninfected  locality  offered  special  advantages  for  coiiduct- 
iug  that  class  of  observations  -which  I  aimed  at,  as  there  was  no  danger 
of  accidental  infection  from  other  sources  than  the  experimental  pens. 
At  the  same  time  the  number  of  animals  subjected  to  experiment  was 
limited  by  the  necessity  for  the  most  perfect  isolation  of  the  healthy  and 
diseased,  for  the  employment  of  separate  attendants  for  each,  and  for 
the  disinfection  of  instruments  used  for  scientific  observations,  and  of 
the  persons  and  clothes  of  those  who  conducted  these. 

The  experimental  idcus  were  constructed  in  a  high  open  field,  with 
nothing  to  imi^ede  the  free  circulation  of  air ;  they  vv^ere  large  and  roomy, 
with  abundant  ventilation  from  back  and  front,  with  perfectly  close  walls, 
floors,  and  roofs,  and  in  cases  where  two  or  more  existed  in  the  same 
building  the  intervening  walls  were  constructed  of  a  double  thickness  of 
matched  boards  with  building  pasteboard  between,  so  that  no  com- 
munication could  possibly  take  place  excepting  through  the  open  air  of 
the  field.  When  it  seemed  needful  disinfectants  were  placed  at  the  ven- 
tilating orifices.  On  the  pigs  showing  the  first  signs  of  illness,  infected 
pigs  were  i^romptly  turned  over  to  the  care  of  attendants  delegated  for 
these  alone,  and  the  food  utensils,  &c.,  for  tho  healthy  and  diseased  were 
kept  most  carefully  apart.  AVhen  passing  Irom  one  to  the  other  for 
scientific  observations,  the  healthy  were  first  attended,  and  afterward  the 
diseased,  as  far  as  possible  in  the  order  of  severity.  Then  disinfection 
was  resorted  to,  and  no  visit  was  paid  to  tlte  healthy  iiigs  until  after  the 
lapse  of  six  or  eight  hours,  with  free  exposure  in  the  interval.  In  the 
])ens  the  most  scrujMilous  cleanliness  was  maintained  and  deodorizing 
agents  used  so  as  to  keep  them  perfectly  sweet. 

I  may  be  allowed  to  add  that  I  have  received  most  valuable  assistance 
from  two  of  my  students,  Messrs.  A.  M.  Farrington  and  A.  G.  Boyer,  in 
conducting  the  daily  observations^  as  well  as  in  making  post  moriein 
examinations,  and  in  tho  examination  of  diseased  products. 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE   AND    OTHER   ANIMALS.  57 

INCUBATION  OF   THE   DISEASE. 

Our  experiments  have  sliown  this  to  vary  g-reatly,  though  in  the  great 
majority  of  cases  it  termiuated  in  from  three  to  seven  days  after  inocu- 
lation. As  shown  in  the  table  appended,  one  sickened  on  the  tirst  day, 
three  on  the  third,  two  on  the  fourth,  one  on  the  fifth,  two  on  the  sixth, 
four  on  the  seventh,  and  one  each  on  the  eighth  and  tliirteenth  days 
respectively.  A  comparison  of  these  results  with  those  obtained  else- 
where seems  to  show  that  we  have  reached  the  two  extremes.  Dr.  Sut- 
ton, observing  the  result  of  contact  alone  in  autumn,  sets  the  period  at 
from  thirteen  to  fourteen  days ;  my  own  observations  in  Scotland,  in 
summer,  indicated  seven  to  fourteen  days ;  Professor  Axe,  in  London, 
in  summer,  concluded  on  five  to  eight  days ;  Dr.  Budd,  in  summer,  four 
to  five  days ;  and  Professor  Osier,  in  autumn,  four  to  six  days. 

SYMPTOMS. 

The  cases  observed  were  of  all  degrees  of  severity,  from  a  slight  access 
of  fever,  with  some  loss  of  appetite,  irregidarity  of  the  bowels,  and  alter- 
nations of  heat  and  cold  on  the  surface,  to  violent  attacks,  terminating 
fatally  after  eleven  days'  illness. 

Early  symptoms. — In  an  average  case,  one  of  the  earliest  signs  of  ill- 
ness was  an  elevated  temperature  of  the  body,  amounting  to  one  or  two 
degrees  above  the  former  indications  furnished  by  the  same  animal. 
This  qualification  appears  requisite,  as  the  temperatures  of  healthy  -pigs 
were  found  to  vary  widely  imder  different  conditions  of  life.  After  act- 
ive exercise  or  excitement  104°  F.  is  not  unfrequent,  while  in  a  close 
pen  where  they  are  quiet  and  still,  100°  to  102°  F.  is  quite  as  common. 
On  more  than  one  occasion,  when  a  pig  got  accidentally  fixed  in  a  nar- 
row space  where  he  had  barely  room  to  stand,  the  temperature  was  re- 
duced to  99"^  and  even  98°  F.  The  body  heat  was  raised  by  a  hearty 
meal  and  lowered  by  abstinence.  Generally  a  sudden  rise  of  tempera- 
ture and  saturation  of  the  atmosphere  with  moisture  led  to  an  elevation 
of  the  body  heat,  in  other  cases  a  reduction  of  the  temperature  of  the 
air  led  to  the  same  phenomenon.  (See  table  of  Meteorological  Observa- 
tions and  Temperatures.)  In  connection  with  the  rise  of  temjierature 
there  was  generally  a  diffuse  redness  of  the  skin,  with  increased  warmth, 
alternating  with  cold,  especially  in  the  ears,  nose,  tail,  and  limbs.  The 
pulse  usually  rose  perceptibly,  sometimes  reaching  120  per  minute,  while 
the  breathing  was  little  if  at  all  affected.  The  snout  was  often  drawn 
back,  giving  a  wrmkled  or  pinched  appearance  to  the  face ;  the  move- 
ments were  less  active,  sometimes  decidedly  stiff  and  slow ;  there  was 
])erceptible  faUing  off  in  appetite,  and  the  bowels  were  usually  costive. 

Disease  at  its  height. — The  temperature  rose  in  most  cases  to  105°  F., 
and  exceptionally  only  to  107^  or  108c>  F.  (Dr.  Osier  records  110°  F.), 
to  be  followed  after  a  variable  length  of  tune  (three  to  twenty  days)  by  a 
a  descent  to  the  natural  standard,  or  even  lower.  The  pulse  also  rose  to 
120-130,  and  the  flushes  of  heat  on  the  skin  were  much  more  frequent  and 
extreme.  At  the  same  time  certain  changes  appeared  in  the  skin,  vary- 
ing greatly  in  degree  in  different  cases,  but  which  may  be  described  as 
follows : 

First.  A  pink  or  scarlet  rash  in  spots  averaging  about  one-tenth  inch 
in  diameter,  but  often  becoming  confluent  so  as  to  form  an  extended 
blush.  Many  such  spots  disappeared  momentarily  under  pressure,  show- 
ing that  the  minute  blood-vessels  were  not  yet  completely  blocked,  but 
only  dilated.    Many,  however,  could  not  be  even  temporarily  obliterated 


58  DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER    ANIMALS. 

by  pressure,  sliowiug  already  existing  embolism  if  not  even  rnptiire  and 
tlie  escape  of  tlie  blood-elements  into  the  tissne. 

Second.  In  some,  though  by  no  means  in  all,  there  ap])eared  black 
spots  on  Avliich  pressure  had  no  elTect.  The  cuticle  of  such  si^ots  dried 
up  and  shrunk,  and  if  the  pig  survived  long  enough  Avas  tinally  de- 
tached. 

Third.  In  nearly  all  there  were  slight  ])ointed  elevations,  mostly 
around  the  roots  of  the  bristles,  which  over  the  whole  body  had  become 
more  erect,  rough,  and  harsh. 

Fourth.  Scattered  more  or  less  abundantly  over  the  surface  were  black 
concretions,  hardening  in  most  cases  into  a  scab,  but  in  others,  and  j^ar- 
ticularly  on  the  inner  side  of  the  thighs,  accumulating  as  a  soft,  greasy 
inunction.  \\Tiere  this  was  not  diffused  as  a  imiform  black  incrusta- 
tion, it  sliowed  as  small  black  particles  mostly  at  the  roots  of  the  bris- 
tles, and  was  evidently  a  product  of  the  diseased  sebaceous  glands. 

Fifth.  The  skin  showed  at  many  points,  and  above  all  on  the  pendent 
margins  of  the  ears,  on  the  hocks  and  knees,  on  the  rumj)  and  abdomen, 
an  unbroken  blue  or  violet  tint,  which  could  not  be  effaced  by  pressure. 
In  bad  cases  this  was  associated  with  considerable  swelling  of  the  ears, 
and  in  one  with  rux)ture  of  the  integument  and  loss  of  blood. 

Finally.  A  great  accimiulation  of  scurf  took  i^lace  along  the  back,  and 
with  the  tough,  rigid  state  of  the  skin  contributed  much  to  the  unthrifty 
look  of  the  subject. 

The  arching  of  the  back,  the  drawing  up  of  the  flank,  the  advance  of 
the  hind  toward  the  fore  feet,  and  the  stiff  movements  of  the  hind  limbs 
sufficiently  attested  abdominal  suffering,  while  the  contractions  of  the 
rectum  resisting  the  introduction  of  the  thermometer  testified  in  most 
cases  to  the  irritability  of  the  bowels,  if  not  to  the  thickening  and  corru- 
gation of  theii"  mucous  membrane.  The  gait  was  stiff  and  uncertain, 
and  the  patient  inclined  to  lie  in  its  litter,  by  preference  stretched  on  its 
belly.  The  bowels  at  this  stage  were  mostly  irritable.  In  the  milder 
cases  they  were  mostly  costive,  or  if  the  dung  was  of  natural  consist- 
ency it  smelt  strongly.  In  the  worst  cases,  and  in  several  of  the  milder 
ones,  they  became  relaxed  with  a  semi-solid  fetid  discharge,  or  a  yel- 
lowish white  or  slaty  yellow  watery  flow,  alternating  with  more  confined 
or  costive  conditions.  Vomiting  was  noticed  once  or  twice,  but  was  al- 
together excei)tional.  One  patient  ground  its  teeth,  but  one  only.  Sev- 
eral had  a  cough,  occurring  in  paroxysms,  but  the  majority  had  none, 
and  this  is  the  more  remarkable  that  several  of  those  that  appeared  to 
show  this  immunity  harbored  numerous  lung-worms.  In  most  cases  the 
inguinal  glands  could  be  felt  to  be  enlarged. 

Starje  of  sinldrig. — AVhen  patients  were  approaching  death,  the  tem- 
perature, after  reaching  its  highest  point,  suddenly  descended  to  below 
the  natural,  the  j)ulse  increased  to  130  or  oven  IGO  per  minute,  extreme 
weakness  supervened  so  that  the  animal  could  barely  rise  or  di'ag  itself 
around ;  in  some  cases  the  nervous  powers  were  so  dulled  that  the  pig 
lay  in  a  stupor,  hardly  disturbed  when  pricked  to  obtain  a  dro]>  of  blood 
for  examination,  and  in  others  there  seemed  to  be  acti^'e  delirium,  with 
sudden  starting  and  screaming.  Nervous  disorder  was  fiu'thcr  shown 
by  general  tremors  and  muscular  jerking  of  the  limbs  or  body.  If  for- 
merly irarging,  the  anus  became  relaxed,  and  the  liquid  feces  escaping 
involuntarily  smeared  the  thighs  and  bod.  in  two  this  state  of  things 
lasted  for  two  days  beibre  death  sui)er\'ened.  At  this  stage  moving 
bacteria  were  re])eatedly  detected  in  the  blood. 

Subsidence  of  fever. — In  cases  which  seemed  to  promise  recovery,  in- 
cluding a  majority  of  the  whole,  the  temperature  declined  gradually 


DISEASES    OF    SWIXE    AND    OTHER    ANIMALS.  59 

toward  the  natural  standard,  tlie  bowels  became  more  regular,  tlie  ap- 
petite improved,  the  skin  cleared  u]),  and  all  the  bad  symptoms  steadily 
diminished.  As  it  was  not  our  object  to  preseiTC  them  they  were  either 
sacrificed  or  ag^ain  inoculated,  so  that  the  too  fi^equently  tardy  and  im- 
perfect or  uncertain  convalescence  was  not  verified  in  our  pens. 

POST-MORTEM  LESIONS. 

In  considering  the  morbid  anatomy  of  the  disease,  the  lesions  of  the 
skin  referred  to  above  under  the  head  of  symptoms  need  not  be  again 
recorded. 

The  diaracteristic  lesions  were  found  especially  in  the  digestive  or- 
gans, the  IjTuphatic  glands,  and  the  lungs,  though  the  serous  mem- 
branes and  other  tissues  were  by  no  means  always  exemi)t. 

Digestive  organs. — In  four  cases  the  tongue  was  the  seat  of  spots  of  a 
deep-blue  color,  ineffaceable  by  pressiu-e,  and  in  three  cases  it  bore  dis- 
tinct ulcers,  similar  to  those  to  be  described  later  as  existing  in  the 
large  intestine.  Similar  ulcers  ai)peared  on  the  soft  palate,  in  two 
cases,  and  on  the  tonsils  in  one.  In  four  cases  the  pharynx  bore  indeli- 
ble blue  spots  of  extravasation,  but  no  distinct  ulceration.  In  one  in- 
stance a  white  concretion  in  four  minute  lobes,  like  pins'  heads,  was 
found  on  the  mucous  membrane  on  the  back  of  one  arytenoid  cartilage, 
consisting  of  rounded  nucleated  cells  and  granular  matter.  In  one  case 
only  did  the  gullet  show  patches  of  congestion.  The  stomach  always 
contained  a  fair  amount  of  food,  usually  smelt  intensely  acid,  the  ex- 
halation fuming  with  ammonia,  and  presented  on  the  mucous  membrane 
of  its  great  curvature  a  mottled,  dark-brown  discoloration,  as  is  often 
seen  in  pigs  that  have  been  starved  for  some  time  prior  to  slaughtering. 
In  four  cases  this  membrane  bore  patches  of  thickening  from  ^  to  1 
inch  in  diameter,  of  a  deep-red  color,  from  blood  extravasation  into  and 
beneath  the  mucosa.  In  two  cases  it  bore  a  dirty  yellowish-white  pel- 
licle of  diphtheritic-looking  false  membrane,  the  microscopic  characters 
of  which  will  be  noted  hereafter.  In  one  case  slight  erosion  of  the  mem- 
brane had  ensued,  but  without  the  formation  of  any  slough. 

The  small  intestines  constantly  presented  spots  of  congestion,  and  some- 
times extended  tracks  of  the  same,  with  softening  of  the  mucous  mem- 
brane and  excessive  production  of  mucus.  The  spots  were  easily  over- 
looked unless  when  the  entire  length  of  the  gait  was  slit  open  and 
carefully  examined,  but  when  closely  examined  they  presented  not  only 
the  branching  redness  resulting  from  coagula,tion  of  blood  in  the  capil- 
lary blood-vessels,  but  also  microscopic  extravasations  of  the  blood  out 
of  thin  natural  currents.  Another  i^oint  which  served  to  characterize 
these  limited  congestions  was  a  greater  or  less  hsemorrhagic  reddening 
of  the  mesenteric  glands  immediately  adjacent  to  the  congested  spots. 
In  three  cases  only  were  distinct  erosions  found  on  the  small  intestines, 
and  in  one,  ulceration  with  the  dirty-white  central  slough  so  common  in 
the  large  intestines.  The  edge  of  the  ileo-ctecal  valve  was  t^vice  the 
seat  of  a  sloughing  ulcer,  and  in  four  subjects  the  glandular  follicles  of 
Peyer's  patch  were  enlarged  at  this  point,  a  condition  which  is,  liowever, 
not  uncommon  in  pigs  killed  in  health. 

In  the  large  intestines  the  lesions  were  at  once  more  constant  and  more 
advanced.  The  caecum  was  the  seat  of  dark-red  patches  from  conges- 
tion and  extravasation  in  six  cases,  the  colon  in  six,  and  the  rectiun  in 
five.  Ulcers  appeared  on  the  cfecum  in  eight  cases,  on  the  colon  in  seven, 
and  on  the  rectum  in  three.  In  two  cases  the  whole  length  of  the  large 
intestine  was  the  seat  of  great  thickening  of  the  mucous  membrane, 


60  DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER   ANIMALS. 

wliicli  vras  of  a  deep,  <lark-red  color,  aud  thrown  into  prominent  trans- 
verse folds,  that  considerably  diminished  its  internal  caliber.  The  large 
intestme  was  more  entu^ely  free  from  slight  congestion  of  the  mncons 
membrane,  and  in  two  cases  only  were  no  nlcers  found  on  this  part. 

The  variety  of  these  ulcers  deserves  a  iiassing  notice.  In  a  certain 
number  of  cases  the  mucous  membrane,  though  comi)aratively  free  from 
congestion,  showed  a  nnmber  of  small  conical  swellings,  with  yellowish 
depressed  centers,  aud  about  the  diameter  of  one-half  a  line.  To  the 
naked  eye  these  appear  like  enlarged  solitary  glands,  bub  have  been 
shown  by  Dr.  Klein,  of  London,  to  be  enlarged  and  diseased  mucous 
cryjrts  (follicles  of  Lieberklihn.)  Next,  erosions  of  larger  size  were  not 
uncommon.  In  these,  the  surface  layer  of  the  mucous  membrane  was 
destroyed,  leaving  a  depressed,  red,  congested  base,  and  swoUen,  slightly 
congested,  and  reddened  edges.  Then  there  are  the  older  nlcers  in  which, 
with  a  more  or  less  reddened  base  and  margin,  there  is  a  central  dirty- 
white  product,  arranged  in  concentric  layers,  and  usually  i^rojecting 
above  the  line  of  the  adjacent  mucous  membrane,  and  even  overlapping 
it.  This  ai)pears  like  a  slough,  and  though  sometimes  stained  with 
blood  contains  no  pervious  vessels.  In  one  instance  this  slough,  in 
place  of  occurring  in  rounded  isolated  forms,  extended  transversely  to 
the  direction  of  the  intestine,  occupying  the  limits  of  its  morbid  trans- 
verse folds  for  half  the  circumference  of  the  canal,  or  even  more.  These 
bands  were  abundant  in  the  csecum  and  colon,  aud  at  intervals  two  ad- 
jacent ones  would  merge  into  each  other  at  their  widest  parts.  Finally, 
in  one  case,  a  great  part  of  the  surface  of  the  csecum  and  colon  was  cov- 
ered by  a  yellowish- white  dipthheritic-looking  peUicle,  in  patches  of 
several  inches  in  length,  and  projecting  above  the  surface  of  the  mucous 
membrane  at  its  free  border. 

In  one  case  only  was  there  a  blood-colored  liquid  effusion  into  the 
peritoneum.  In  another,  a  transparent  exudation  between  the  folds  of 
the  mesentery  contained  a  microscoj)ic  embryo  worm ;  but  the  most  care- 
ful search  could  detect  no  others  at  this  point,  nor  in  the  coats  of  the 
intestines.  In  one  case,  whitish  concretions  were  found  on  the  mesen- 
tery, i)rojecting  from  the  surface  and  comj)osed  of  granular  cells  like 
those  of  the  concretion  on  the  larynx. 

Liver. — Slight  ecchymosis  on  the  siu'face  of  the  liver  was  common,  but 
extensive  congestion,  and  above  all  softening,  were  virtually  absent. 
When  congestion  existed  the  acini  were  most  deeply  colored  in  the  cen- 
ter, showing  the  implication  of  the  hepatic  veins  and  intralobular  flexus 
rather  than  the  portal  system.  In  two  cases  this  organ  contained  slight 
caseous  deposits,  in  one  an  acepJialocystj  and  several  times  hydatids. 

The  pancreas  appeared  to  be  uniformly  healthy. 

The  spleen  appeared  unduly  black  and  gorged  with  blood  on  two  occa- 
sions only,  and  in  the  worst  of  these  the  blood  was  alive  with  actively- 
moving  bacteria. 

The  lymphatic  f/lands  of  the  mesentery  and  of  the  abdomen  generally 
may  be  said  to  have  been  uniformly  altered.  Those  in  the  vicinity  of 
congested  or  ulcerated  iiatches  of  intestines  were  usually  of  a  dark  blood- 
red,  confined  to  the  surface  of  the  gland,  or  in  the  worst  cases  extending 
through  its  entire  substance.  In  cases  where  the  disease  had  passed  the 
crisis,  and  the  subject  was  advancing  towards  recovery,  there  was  often 
simply  a  grayish  discoloration  of  the  surface  of  the  gland,  where  such 
liJEmon-hagic  discoloration  would  have  been  found  in  the  earlier  stages. 
In  all  cases  the  glands  appeared  to  be  materially  enlarged. 

These  remarks  would  equally  apply  to  the  lymphatic  glands  in  the 
chest,  throat,  or  other  parts  where  congestion  and  ecchymosis  existed. 


SW  1  N  !•:     I'l'-  \ 


.  ■  1 . '  \  '  1  ■ 


,,ri   (  iiiniiiission.T   ul'   \oim.  nil  hit   |(.rl(S7N 


l\ 


\|i(  rose  ()|ii(     si'ili()i\    lluou'jli    skill    ^111(1    sldiioli 


Muriiscol.l.    scclK.M  ol  slvlli   111    |)iil|ili     s] 


A  lloi'llS  I  iil.lllliii'iiiiMlr  lialllllllll'i 


62  DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER   ANIMALS. 

served  around  the  roots  of  the  brLstles,  and  it  may  be  added  that  the 
bristles  always  stand  erect  and  harsh.  Moreover,  in  addition  to  the 
general  unthriftiaess  and  scuriiuess  of  the  skin,  it  tends  early  to  become 
coated  with  greasy  exudation,  resultiug  usually  in  the  black  concretion 
akeady  mentioned  and  soluble  in  ether.  This  is  manifestly  a  product 
of  the  hair  follicles  and  their  sebaceous  glands,  and  accordingly  a  section 
through  one  of  these  shows  the  deep  congestion  of  the  capillary  plexus. 
(See  Plate  IX,  Fig.  2.) 

Intestine. — Sections  through  those  portions  of  the  mucous  membrane 
which  are  merel}^  congested  and  reddened,  but  without  ulceration,  shows 
stagnation  and  blocking  of  the  capillary  vessels  in  the  mucosa  and  sub- 
mucosa,  with  thickening  and  softening  of  the  textures,  and  especially  of 
the  epithehal  layer.  This  last  contains  a  great  excess  of  granules  and 
aggregations  of  granules  into  cell  forms  (giant  cells  of  Kleiu),  while  the 
epithelial  cells  themselves  are  reduced  in  size  and  contain  enlarged 
nuclei.  As  formerly  pointed  out  by  Klein,  the  degeneration  is  often 
greatest  around  the  openings  of  the  crypts  of  Lieberkiihn,  and  in  their 
interior,  while  their  cavities  are  not  unfrequently  filled  with  extra vasated 
blood.  Besides  the  above  are  found  lymj)hoid  and  wandering  blood 
cells,  crystals  of  haematine  and  closely  aggregated  masses  of  granules 
stainiug  deep  purj)le  blue  in  hsematoxylon  and  insoluble  in  caustic  potass 
— the  micrococci  of  Klein.  These  last  are  especially  abundant  on  the 
surface,  but  extend  into  the  deeper  fibrous  layers  as  well.  In  severe 
cases  the  epithelial  layer  may  be  raised  from  the  mucosa  by  a  consider- 
able dark-red  clot,  though  the  escape  of  blood  in  large  amount  is  more 
frequent  under  the  mucous  membrane,  so  as  to  separate  it  from  the  mus- 
cular coat. 

The  ulcers  with  a  central  slough  present  at  their  base  the  same  char- 
acters as  the  congested  mucous  membrane,  as  regards  cellular  and  gran- 
ular prolilbration,  blocking  of  vessels,  exudation,  and  microscopic  extra- 
vasation. The  slough  may  be  shown  to  be  made  up  mainly  of  small 
nucleated  cells  and  granules,  but  it  retains  under  the  microscope  its  close 
laminated  appearance,  caused  by  the  gradual  extension  in  depth  and 
breadth  by  the  death  of  successive  layers  of  the  mucous  membrane.  It 
contains  numerous  groups  of  the  granular  bacteria  already  referred  to, 
and  extending  down  to  its  deepest  strata. 

LympJiatic  glands. — As  regards  the  lymphatic  glands,  I  need  only 
repeat  the  statement  of  Klein,  that  the  blocking  of  vessels  and  extrav- 
asation of  blood  is  most  commonly  into  the  outer  or  cortical  portion 
alone ;  in  the  more  severe  forms  in  which  the  medullary  part  is  also  im- 
plicated, the  blood  etfusion  is  often  confined  to  the  lymph-channels  and 
the  connective  tissue-partitions,  while  the  glandular  cylinders  escape. 
It  is  in  cases  of  longer  standing  that  the  cell  changes  are  the  most 
marked.  Then  there  may  be  found  in  the  lymph-channels  the  giant 
cells  already  mentioned,  and  the  groups  of  granular-looking  micrococci, 
similar  to  those  found  in  the  intestinal  ulcers,  as  well  as  lymph-cells  of 
an  abnormally  dark  granidar  aspect. 

Organs  of  respiration. — The  characteristic  lesion  of  the  lungs  is  lobular 
pneumonia,  the  exudation  taking  place  most  abundantly  into  the  con- 
nective tissue  between  the  lobules,  and  there  assuming  a  dark  color  by 
reason  of  the  abundant  escape  of  blood-globules.  On  making  a  micro- 
scopic section  across  the  smaUer  air  tubes  and  air  sacks,  we  lind  in  the 
comiecti^'c  tissues  generally,  and  in  the  walls  of  the  alveoli  and  around 
the  bronchia  an  exudation  containing  an  excess  of  small  round  lym- 
phoid cells  and  granules,  and  in  the  air  cells  themselves  accumulations 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER    ANIMALS.  63 

of  similar  rounded  cells  (Klein's  giant  cells),  granular  matter,  and  clumps 
of  granular  bacteria. 

Ijq  one  instance  the  wind-pipe  from  larynx  to  lung  liad  its  superior 
wall  covered  b;\'  a  yellowish- white  dii)theritic-looking  layer  similar  to  that 
which  I  found  on  another  occasion  throughout  nearly  the  whole  large 
intestine.  A  section  of  this  under  the  microscope  showed  maiuly  small 
rounded  granular  cells,  Klein's  large  granular  uniocular  cells,  and  clus- 
ters of  the  granular  masses  of  bacteria,  staining  deeply  yrith  htema- 
toxylon.  The  liver  sometimes  showed  congestion  and  blocking  of  its 
intralobular  capillaries  and  an  escape  of  small  rounded  granular  cells 
(lymph)  into  the  interlobular  spaces,  the  latter  affording  a  marked  con- 
trast to  the  redness  in  the  center  of  the  acini. 

Kidneys. — These  were,  with  one  exception,  pale  in  their  cortical  por- 
tion, and  a  cloudy  swelling  existed  in  the  walls  of  the  tubules.  Spots 
of  blood-staining  were  common  on  the  papillje,  and  at  those  points  the 
capillaries  were  blocked  by  coagula  to  a  greater  or  less  extent. 

Blood. — In  most  cases  no  alteration  of  the  blood  was  detected.  In 
one  pig,  however,  on  the  second  day  before  death,  the  blood  swarmed 
with  bacteria,  showing  very  active  movements.  In  the  subjoined  draw- 
ings (Plate  XIII,  Fig.  3)  may  be  seen  the  various  forms  presented  by 
one  bacterium  in  a  few  minutes  only.  The  blood  of  another  pig,  which 
had  been  inoculated  from  this  one  showed  the  same  Uving  germs  in 
equal  quantity.  They  were  further  found  in  the  blood  of  a  rabbit  and 
sheep  inoculated  from  the  first-mentioned  x)ig.  In  an  abscess  of  a  puppy 
which  had  also  been  inoculated  the  germs  were  abundant.  The  blood 
was  not  examined.  In  the  blood  of  healthy  j)igs  no  such  organisms 
were  found.  It  may  be  added  that  the  greatest  precautions  were  taken 
to  avoid  the  introduction  of  extraneous  germs.  The  caustic  potass  em- 
ployed was  first  fused,  then  placed  with  reboiled  distilled  water  in  a 
stoppered  bottle  that  had  been  heated  to  a  red  heat.  The  glass  slides 
and  cover  glasses  were  cleaned  and  burned,  the  skin  of  the  animal 
cleaned  and  incised  with  a  knife  that  had  just  been  heated  in  the  flame 
of  a  lamp,  the  caustic  solution  and  the  distilled  water  for  the  immersion 
lens  were  reboiled  on  each  occasion  before  using,  and  finally  the  glass 
rods  employed  to  lift  the  latter  were  superheated  before  being  dipped  in 
them.  On  different  occasions  when  the  animal  was  being  killed  I  even 
received  the  blood  from  the  flowing  vessels  beneath  the  skin  into  a  cap- 
illary tube  which  had  just  been  purified  by  burning  in  the  flame  of  a 
lamp.  With  these  precautions  it  might  have  been  possible  for  one  or 
two  bacteria  to  get  in  fi-om  the  atmosphere,  but  not  for  the  swarms  I 
found  as  soon  as  the  blood  was  placed  under  the  microscope. 

PARASITIC  WORMS. 

In  view  of  the  fact  that  the  swine-fever  has  been  repeatedly  ascribed 
to  the  ravages  of  worms,  it  may  be  well  to  notice  specially  those  that 
were  found  in  the  ]>igs  subjected  to  exiDcriment. 

^tronfjylm  elomjatics  (])ry.),  Paradoxus  (Mehlis),  Lung-icorm. — The  first 
eiglit  i>igs  were  x>urchased  of  a  butcher,  and  liacl  been  fed  on  offal  from 
his  slaughter-house.  Tlu>  lungs  of  all  tliese  contained  these  worms  in 
nundiers  varying  from  ten  to  forty  full-gTowu  siiecimcns,  and  one  pig 
died,  apparently  from  tiiis  cause,  on  the  seventh  day.  The  Avorms  Avere 
mostly  found  in  tlicteriinnali)art  of  the  main  bronchium  in  the  posterior 
lobe  of  one  or  both  lungs.  Others  of  the  air-tubes  were,  however, 
occasionally  infested.  The  infested  tubes  were  filled  with  a  glairy 
mucuSj  renderiug  them  totally  impervious  to  air,  and  containing  th^ 


64  DISEASES    OF    SWINE   AND    OTHER   ANIMALS. 

white  thread-like  worms  and  myriads  of  microscopic  eggs.  In  every 
case  the  lobules  to  which  such  obstructed  air -tubes  led  were  red,  con- 
gested, and  solid,  or,  as  in  one  or  two  instances,  dropsical,  and  of  a 
slightly  translucent,  grayish  color.  Sections  of  the  diseased  i)ortion 
showed  the  air-cells  partially  filled  with  an  exudate  in  which  small 
rounded  cell-forms  predominated.  The  walls  of  the  air-cells  were  the 
seat  of  congested  and  blocked  capillaries  and  granular  cells,  while  in 
most  cases  there  were  superadded  the  more  specific  characters  of  the 
fever — the  i:)resence  of  the  worms  and  their  irritation  having  evidently 
determined  the  lesions  of  the  specific  fever  to  the  infested  lobules. 

The  worms  may  be  thus  shortly  described :  Head  slightly  conical ; 
mouth  terminal,  small,  circular,  with  three  j)apilliB ;  body  like  a  stout 
thread,  white  or  brownish,  skin  nonstriated ;  oesophagus  short,  0.G3  mil- 
limeters, enlarged  posteriorly,  club-shaped  (Plate  XIII,  Fig.  4);  intes- 
tine shghtly  sinuous,  and  longer  than  the  body ;  anus  opening  on  a 
papilla  a  little  in  front  of  the  tail.  3fale,  8  to  9  lines  in  length  5  tail 
curved,  furnished  with  a  bilobed  membranous  pouch  supx)orted  by  five 
rays,  two  of  them  double,  and  two  long  delicate  spicula3  with  transverse 
markings  (see  Plate  XIII,  Pig.  5).  Female,  1  to  1^  inches  long ;  tail 
turned  to  one  side,  narrowing  suddenly  to  be  i)rolouged  as  a  short,  cui-ved, 
conical  i)oint ;  genital  orifice  in  the  anterior  half  of  the  body,  yet  close 
to  the  middle ;  oviducts  very  much  convoluted.  The  ova  are  shghtly 
ovoid  5^  inch  in  diameter,  and  appear  as  if  they  filled  the  entire  body 
of  the  adult  female  (see  Plate  XIV,  Figs.  G,  7,  and  8). 

Habits. — Like  other  strongyli,  these  worms  attain  sexual  maturity  in 
the  body  of  their  host,  and  they  lay  their  eggs  in  the  bronchia,  to  be 
carried  out  in  all  probability  and  hatched  in  pools  of  water  and  moist 
earth.  It  is  worthy  of  note  that  though  I  foimd  in  the  bronchia  and  air 
cells  eggs  in  all  stages  of  segmentation,  and  those  containing  fully-formed 
embryos,  I  did  not  find  a  smgle  free  embryo  worm.  The  presumption 
is  that,  like  other  closely  related  worms,  they  are  only  hatched  out  of 
the  body,  and  that  the  microscopic  embryos  live  for  a  variable  length  of 
time  in  water  or  moist  earth,  and  on  vegetables,  to  be  taken  in  with 
these  in  feeding  and  drinking. 

That  these  worms  are  injurious  there  can  be  no  doubt.  Pigs  infested 
by  them  thrive  badly,  and  many  die,  as  did  the  poorest  of  my  first  ex- 
perimental lot.  Like  all  parasites,  they  midtiply  rapidly  wherever  their 
propagation  is  favored  by  the  presence  of  large  herds  of  swine,  and  es- 
pecially if  these  are  kept  on  the  same  range  and  water  season  after  sea- 
son. In  such  circumstances  they  will  produce  a  veritable  plague,  prov- 
ing especially  destructive  to  the  younger  pigs.  There  is  httle  doubt 
that  many  outbreaks  of  alleged  hog-cholera,  in  which  the  lungs  alone 
are  affected,  are  but  instances  of  the  ravages  of  these  lung- worms,  but 
that  they  are  the  cause  of  the  specific  fever  which  v.e  are  investigating 
is  negatived  by  the  complete  absence  of  these  worms  in  all  of  my  sec- 
ond experimental  lot. 

Tncoceplialus  Dispai  {Crcjylin)  WMp-Worm  of  Sicinc. — This  I  found 
in  large  luimbers  in  the  caecum  and  colon  of  the  experimental  pigs,  and 
especially  of  the  first  lot — those  that  had  been  fed  on  raw  ofial.  This 
worm  is  characterized  by  a  long,  delicate,  filiform  anterior  ])art  of  the 
body,  and  a  short,  thick,  posterior  portion.  The  narrow  portion  is  0.02 
milhmeters  broad  and  exceedingly  retractile;  the  posterior  portion 
may  be  almost  1  millimeter  thick.  The  tegument  is  very  finely  striated 
across,  and  has  a  longitudinal  papillated  band.  The  oesophagus  is  vei-y 
wide  and  slightly  tortuous.  The  male  is  about  li  inches  long  but  the  thick 
portioii  does  not  much  exceed  ^  inch,  and  is  curved  in  a  spiraL    The 


sw'i X  i-:   i-M':\^i:k 


Wf^porl   (oniinis.sioiicr  of  ,\f>rifijll  iirc  lor  l(S7H.  Plalc    \'III. 

Fimiis  assumed  m  r/ipid  su((  cssioji  bv  bacti'i-ium ;  also  head  and  Inil  of  lune'  worm. 


Q 
'3  (^ 


60 


c®  4^^ 


Fio .  3    Foiins  assumed  iii 
rapid  .sujccessioii  by  a  barlcriimt 
from  the  blood  of  a  sick  pie .  x  1000 


?'i<J.  't.Head  of  Lixii^  Wbi-m 
Stron^'lus  Elo7i(j'al\is. 


\ 


\  UoiTiK  rcl.ilhoiinisui  lialhi 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE   AND    OTHER   ANIMALS.  65 

Bpiculuiu  measures  about  1  liue,  and  is  furiiished  witli  a  fuuuel-sliaped 
membranous  slieatb.  The  female  is  1^  to  2  inclies  in  len^2;th,  the  thick 
j)ortion  varying  from  ^j  to  ^  of  an  inch.  The  posterior  portion  is  brown- 
ish, tilled  with  eggs,  and  ends  in  a  blunt  point.  The  ova  are  0.052  mil- 
limeters in  diameter,  with  a  transparent  button-hke  prolongation  at  each 
pole. 

Like  as  with  other  round  worms,  the  ova  are  laid  in  the  bodj-  of  the 
host,  but  passing  out  are  hatched  in  water,  &c.,  the  young  spending 
their  early  life  in  pools,  streams,  «&c.,  and  gain  access  to  the  body  in 
food  and  drink.  The  worm  we  are  at  present  considering  is  especially 
injurious  because  of  its  infesting  the  human  being  as  well  as  the  pig. 
Living  in  the  large  intestine,  it  l3ores  its  head  and  much  of  its  anterior 
tililbrm  body  deeply  (^  inch)  into  the  mucous  membrane  and  sucks  the 
blood.  When  present  in  large  numbers  it  determines  active  inflamma- 
tion of  the  large  intestines,  with  costiveness  or  diarrhea,  and  a  rapidly- 
advancing  bloodlessness.  Inasmuch  as  the  seat  of  its  ravages,  tho 
caecum  and  colon,  is  specially  obnoxious  to  the  lesions  of  the  true  hog- 
fever,  epizootics  caused  by  the  undue  prevalence  of  these  worms  are 
very  liable  to  be  confounded  with  the  latter  disease.  The  worms  are  so 
small  that  they  are  easily  overlooked  among  the  solid  contents  of  the 
viscera,  unless  s])ecial  care  is  exercised  in  the  search. 

^clerostomiun  dcntatum  (Diesing). — This  is  another  small  worm  of  the 
ciTCCiun  and  colon  of  pigs,  Ibund  on  one  occasion  only  in  my  experimental 
animals.  It  varies  from  -^-  to  i  inch  in  length  and  is  about  i  hue  in  thick- 
ness, hence  perhaps  more  easily  overlooked  than  is  the  whip-worm,  but 
no  less  injurious.  The  body  is  of  a  dark  gray,  brown,  or  black,  accord- 
ing to  its  contents ;  the  tegument  covered  with  very  fine  transverse  striae : 
head  broad,  mouth  terminal,  round,  and  furnished  with  six  very  sharp 
horny  teeth,  with  which  to  penetrate  the  mucous  membrane.  The  gul- 
let is  broacl  and  club-shaped,  and  furnished  with  two  salivary  glands, 
opening  by  delicate  canals  into  the  mouth.  Intestine  wide  and  sinuous. 
3Iale,  i-  inch  long,  J-,7  inch  in  thickness ;  tail  furnished  with  a  bell-shaped 
membranous  expansiosi,  supported  by  three  rays,  but  open  on  one  side. 
Testicle  single  and  extended  in  a  sinuous  manner  from  near  the  gullet 
to  the  tail.  Two  delicate  spiculae.  Female,  4  to  5  lines  in  length,  tail 
slowly  narrovred  and  terminated  abrupjrly  with  a  sharp  projecting  point. 
Ovaries  very  tortuous,  extend  from  near  the  gullet  to  the  tail,  where 
they  end  in  a  globular  enlargement,  beneath  which,  and  close  to  the 
point  of  the  tail,  is  the  vulva.  The  ovoid  eggs  are  laid  in  the  intestines, 
and  carried  out  Avith  the  dung,  in  which  they  will  hatch,  and  give  exit 
to  the  embryo  worms  on  the  third  day.  Like  all  this  family  of  round- 
mouthed  worms,  this  fixes  itself  to  the  mucous  membrane  by  its  mouth, 
penetrates  the  tissues  with  its  sharp  teeth,  and  lives  upon  the  blood.  If 
present  in  largo  numbers  it  may  establish  such  a  drain  that  tho  host 
becomes  pale  and  bloodless,  rapidly  loses  conditiou,  and  perishes  from 
aua?mia.  It  will  also,  like  the  whip-worm,  irritate  the  bowels  and  bring- 
on  fatal  inflammation,  with  constipation  or  diarrhea.  In  both  cases 
alike  tho  lesions  are  in  the  caicum  aud  colon,  the  common  seat  of  ulcera- 
tion, &c.,  in  tho  specific  fever ;  hence  the  ejnzootic  is  liabhi  to  be  set 
down  as  hog-cholera.  It  should  bo  added  that  some  members  of  (ho 
family  of  Sclcrostomata,  und  nohihly  iha  iSclerostomum  equinum  {iSclcros- 
tomum  of  the  horse),  pass  a  ]:>ortion  of  their  early  life  encysted  in  tho 
mucous  membrane  and  even  in  other  internal  organs,  and  there  is  some 
reason  to  su])pose  that  tlie  Sckrostomum  of  the  pig  has  similar  habits, 
which  add  uiaterially  to  the  irritation  caused  by  its  i)resence  hi  large 
numbers.  The  pigs  in  Virginia  rei)uted  as  dying  from  hog-cholera,  caused 
5  sw 


66  DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER    ANIMALS, 

by  microscopic  worms  in  tlie  walls  of  the  bowels,  were,  in  all  x>robability, 
the  victims  of  an  epizootic  of  Sderosfomata. 

That  the  genuine  hog-fever  is  not  caused  by  either  of  these  worms  is 
best  illustrated  by  the  fact  that  in  my  second  lot  I  found  very  few  whip- 
worms and  no  Sclerosfomata,  though  both  were  dihgently  sought  for. 

Cystlccrcus  ZcmicoUis. — This  liydatid  I  found  iu  considerable  numbers 
in  the  abdominal  cavity  (in  the  omentum,  peritoneum,  liver,  Icidueys, 
&c.),  in  the  pelvis,  j^erineum,  and  pleurae  of  my  first  lot  of  pigs.  It  con- 
sists of  an  ovoid  bag  of  liquid  i  to  1  inch  iu  length,  with  an  opening  at 
one  end,  through  which  the  head"  is  drawn  bade  into  the  sack.  The  head 
is  supported  on  a  very  attenuated  thread-lilie  neck,  whence  the  name. 
The  membrane  of  the  sack  is  marked  by  fine  transverse  stria^,  and  if 
placetl  in  tepid  water  -s^ill  often  undergo  active  contractions,  during 
which  the  head  can  be  seen  to  rise  and  fall  in  the  interior.  The  head 
and  neck  contain  an  abundance  of  dark  calcareous  particles,  soluble 
with  effervescence  in  a  strong  acid. 

Seventeen  of  these  hydatids  were  fed  to  a  Newfoundland  pujipy,  fresh 
from  its  mother,  ten  having  been  kept  for  some  time  in  a  solution  of 
common  salt,  while  seven  were  fresh  from  a  newly-kiUed  pig.  After 
twentj^-five  days  the  pui)i)y  was  sacrificed,  and  seven  tapeworms  {Tcenia 
Marginata)  were  found  attached  by  their  hooked  snouts  to  the  mucous 
membrane  of  the  jejunum.  Exposure  to  a  strong  solution  of  common 
salt  for  less  than  a  week  in  some  cases  had  been  sufficient  to  destroy  the 
first  ten,  while  all  the  seven  cysticerci,  grown  fresh,  developed  into  tape- 
worms. These  had  the  globular  head  with  four  sucking  disks  and  re- 
tractile proboscis,  surrounded  by  a  double  row  of  36  booklets,  having 
the  characteristic  long  .posterior  process  as  shown  in  the  accompanying 
lithograph  (Plate  XIT,  Figs.  9  and  10);  also  the  calcareous  markings  iu 
the  head  and  neck  akeady  referred  to. 

It  is  well  known  that  when  several  ripe  segments  of  this  tapeworm  are 
given  to  a  sheep  or  goat,  the  myriads  of  resulting  embryo  worms  that 
bore  their  way  into  the  liver  and  other  organs  will  give  rise  to  such  de- 
structive changes  in  them  that  death  may  ensue  in  ten  days.  But  here 
again  we  have  the  counter  e\'idence  in  the  entire  absence  of  these  i)ara- 
sites  in  my  later  lot  of  pigs,  showing  that  they  were  in  no  way  responsi- 
ble for  the  sj)ecific  hog-fever. 

Other  parasitic  worms  of  swine. — It  is  needless  to  open  up  the  question 
of  the  causation  of  this  disease  by  the  other  \^  orms  of  swine.  Many 
years  ago  Dr.  Fletcher  called  attention  to  the  destructive  effects  of  the 
lard  worm — Stcphanurns  Dentatus — (misnamed  Sclerostoma  Pingnicula) 
on  the  liver  and  other  internal  organs,  and  even  attrilSuted  the  hog- 
cholera  to  its  ravages.  Doubtless  he  was  deahng  with  an  epizootic  of 
this  worm,  but  in  many  instances  since,  as  iu  my  own  recent  cases,  this 
worm  has  been  sought  for  in  vain. 

So  with  the  Trichina  Spiralis^  the  Hool'-headcd  Worm  {Ec]tinorhynrhi(S 
Gifjas),  the  common  measle  hydatid  {Cysticercus  CeUnlosa),  and  the  liver 
flukes  {Fasciola  Mcpatica,  and  Distomum  Lanciolatum)]  however  de- 
structi\'e  they  may  be  to  pigs  in  infested  localities,  then-  entii'e  absence 
in  my  experimental  pigs  sufficiently  excludes  them  from  the  causation 
of  the  specific  hog-lever. 

EXrERIMENT«   ON  THE  PllOPAGATION   OF   THE  DISEASE  BY  INOCULA- 
TION AND   OTHiyRWISE. 

Virulence  of  dried  virus. — In  experimenting  on  the  hogs  it  Avas  sought, 
first,  to  ascertain  the  tenacity  of  life  of  the  dried  virus.    This  was  iudi- 


Report  CoinimssioTier  of  Aorif  ullure  for  1878 

0'\'a.  liooks,  ,111(1  lioad  and  t.-iil  of  l\mf>  ^^'o^nls. 


Plate  MV'. 


Fi^.6.  TaUof  Vemale 
SU'on^yhis  Elon^alus. 


"^.^.^^ 


Fio-.IO  Loiiy  .iiiri  Slu.rt  hooks  of 
Taenia  uuiromal.i   x  ?40 


Fig'  7.  Ova  of 


FiQ  U.  Head  of  Ta,-iua  inarginata  x  30. 


A.Hoi'ii* ColjllnKiuisiii-  BulUmorp 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER    ANIMALS.  67 

cated  three  years  ago  by  Professor  Axe,  who  successfully  inoculated  a 
pig  V, ith  vii'us  that  had  remained  dried  upon  i^ory  points  for  twenty- 
six  days.  It  seemed  important  to  test  this  by  further  experiment,  as 
n])oii  this  question  depends  the  weighty  one  of  arresting  or  putting  an 
end  to  the  plague  by  the  extinction  of  its  poison. 

Three  pigs  were  inoculated  with  virulent  products  that  had  been 
di'ied  on  quills  for  one  day,  one  Asith  virus  dried  on  the  <iuill  for  four 
DAYS,  one  for  five  days,  and  one  for  six  days.  The  quills  had  been 
sent  from  Xew  Jersey  iind  Xorth  Carolina,  wrapped  in  a  sim])lc  paper 
coveriug,  and  therefore  not  in  any  way  specially  protected  against 
the  action  of  the  air.  Of  the  six  inoculations,  four  took  effect,  and  in 
the  two  exceptional  cases  the  quills  had  been  treated  with  disinfectants 
before  inoculation,  so  that  the  failure  was  to  be  expected. 

Viridcncc  of  the  dried  intestine. — In  the  case  of  the  quills,  the  virus 
was  dried  quickly  on  account  of  the  tenuity  of  the  layer,  and  no  time 
was  allowed  for  decomposition.  With  the  diseased  intestine  the  drying 
in  the  free  air  and  sun  was  necessarily  slower,  and  more  time  was 
allowed  for  septic  changes.  Three  pigs  were  inoculated  with  diseased 
intestine  which  had  been  diied  for  three  and  fouk  days  respectively. 
In  one  case  the  diseased  product  was  from  j^orth  Carolina.  In  all  three 
cases  the  inoculation  proved  successfid.  The  morbid  product,  therefore, 
even  in  comparatively  thick  layers,  may  dry  spontaneously,  so  as  to  be 
the  means  of  transmitting  tlie  disease  to  the  most  distant  States. 

Yirnlence  of  the  moist  morhid  product  if  secluded  from  the  air. — A  pig- 
was  inoculated  with  a  x^ortiou  of  diseased  intestine  sent  from  Illinois  in 
a  closely  corked  bottle.  The  inoculating  material  had  been  three  days 
fi'om  the  pig  and  smelt  slightlj'  putrid.  The  disease  developed  on  the 
sixth  day. 

A  second  pig  was  inoculated  with  blood  from  a  diseased  pig  that  had 
been  kept  for  eleven  days  at  100*^  Fahrenheit  in  an  isolation  apparatus, 
the  outlets  of  which  were  plugged  with  cotton  wool.  Illness  supervened 
in  twenty-foiu-  houi's. 

The  exclusion  of  air,  or  more  probably  the  prevention  or  retardation 
of  putrefaction,  therefore,  probably  favors  the  longer  preservation  of 
the  poison. 

Frobahle  non-virulence  of  morhid  products  that  have  undergone  putrefac- 
tion.— Two  pigs  were  inoculated  in  one  day  with  the  elements  of  an  ulcer 
from  a  portion  of  intestine  sent  from  ISTew  Jersey  in  a  box.  Tlie  pioduct 
was  TWO  DAYS  from  the  pig  and  distinctly  putrid.  Neither  seenied  to 
suffer  at  any  time. 

A  tliird  })ig  was  jilaced  in  a  pen  with  a  portion  of  the  same  diseased 
intestine,  and  some  manure  s«nt  v,ith  it.  The  intestine  disappeared 
after  the  second  day,  and  was  probably  eaten,  but  the  pig  showed  no 
evil  effects. 

It  should  be  stated  that  each  of  these  pigs  had  been  formerly  inocu- 
lated, and  two  appeared  to  pass  tlirough  a  mild  form  of  the  disease, 
while  the  third  had  showed  an  elevated  temperature  on  thiee  alternate 
days  only,  it  may  therefore  be  questioned  whether  they  had  not  at- 
tained to  a  certain  degree  of  insus(*ej)tibilit;\  wliicli  insured  the  negative 
results.  In  other  cases,  however,  1  liave  found  a  second  inoculation  to 
take  though  the  first  had  been  successful,  aud  Dr.  Osier  records  cases 
of  the  same  kind.  The  resvdts  obtained  in  the  three  above-mentioned 
jjigs  would  th'maiul  furtlier  investigation  in  tliis  direction,  as  they  sug- 
gest a  ])ro])able  explanation  of  any  varying  virulence  of  the  disease  in 
wet  and  dry  seasons,  in  sheds  and  in  tlie  lields. 

If  we  can  accept  Dr.  Klein's  tlieory  of  the  baccillar  origin  of  the  diseasei, 


68  DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER    ANIMALS. 

the  luirmloss  nature  of  tlioroiiglily  putrid  products  may  be  explained  on 
the  known  principle  that  in  preserved  or  cultivated  i)roducts  the  prop- 
ajf^ation  of  the  septic  bacteria  leads  to  the  disappearance  of  the  infecting 
ones. 

Virulence  of  ihe  hlood. — A  solitary  experiment  of  Dr.  Klein's  having 
appeared  to  su])port  the  idea  that  the  blood  was  non-virulent,  I  tested 
the  matter  by  inoculating  two  pigs  with  the  blood  of  one  that  had  been 
sick  for  nine  days.  They  sickened  on  the  seventh  and  eighth  days  re- 
spectively, and  from  one  of  these  the  disease  was  still  further  proi)a- 
gated  by  inoculating  the  blood  on  three  other  animals  as  recorded  below. 
It  may,  however,  still  be  questioned  whether  the  blood  is  virulent  at 
all  stages,  as  in  the  animals  infected  in  the  above  experiments  it  was 
found  to  contain  numerous  actively  moving  bacteria,  which  had  not 
been  found  in  certain  of  the  milder  cases.  This  subject  demands  further 
inquiry. 

Infection  throuf/h  the  air. — Only  one  experiment  was  instituted  on  this 
subject.  A  healthy  pig  placed  in  a  i^en  between  two  infected  ones,  and 
with  the  ventilating  orifices  within  a  foot  of  each  other  front  and  back, 
had  an  elevated  temperature  on  the  ninth,  tenth,  and  eleventh  days, 
with  lameness  in  the  right  shoulder,  evidently  rheumatic.  On  the 
twenty-fourth  day  the  temperature  rose  2°,  and  remained  104°  F.  and 
upward  for  six  days,  when  it  slowly  declined  to  the  natural  standard. 

Infection  of  slieej),  rabbit,  and  dog. — A  merino  wether,  a  tame  rabbit, 
and  a  Newfoundland  pux)py  were  inoculated  with  blood  and  pleural 
fluid,  containing  numerous  actively  moving  bacteria,  taken  from  the 
right  ventricle  an<l  pleura  of  a  pig  that  had  died  the  same  morning. 
Next  day  the  temperature  of  all  three  was  elevated.  In  the  puppy  it 
became  normal  on  the  third  day,  but  on  the  eighth  day  a  large  abscess 
formed  in  the  seat  of  inoculation  and  burst.  The  rabbit  had  elevated 
temperature  for  eight  days,  lost  appetite,  became  weak,  and  i)urged, 
and  its  blood  contained  myriads  of  the  characteristic  moving  bacteria. 
The  wether  had  his  temperature  raised  for  an  ecpial  length  of  time,  and 
had  bacteria  in  his  blood,  though  not  so  abundantly.  He  did  not  seem 
to  suffer  materially  in  appetite  or  general  health.  The  sheep  and  rab- 
bit had  been  each  unsuccessfully  inoculated  on  two  former  occasions, 
with  the  blood  of  sick  pigs,  in  which  no  moving  bacteria  had  been  de- 
tected. It  remains' to  be  seen  whether  the  virus  can  be  conveyed  back 
to  the  pig  and  with  what  effect.  Should  further  expeiiment  show  that 
other  domestic  animals  than  swine  are  subject  to  a  mild  form  of  the  dis- 
ease, and  callable  of  thus  conveying  it  and  transmitting  it  with  fatal 
effect  to  pigs  at  a  distance,  it  will  be  a  matter  for  the  gra^'est  consider- 
ation in  all  attempts  to  limit  the  spread  of  the  malady  or  to  secure  its 
extinction.  (Since  the  above  was  written,  I  have  notic^ed  that  Dr. 
Klein  has  succeeded  in  transmitting  the  disease  to  rabbits,  guinea-pigs, 
and  mice.) 

Results  of  disinfection  and  inoculation  of  diseased  products. — Under 
this  head  eight  experiuients  were  conducted  v.'ith  as  many  different  dis- 
infectants, the  morbid  products  being  in  every  case  such  as  had  pro^•cd 
successful  by  direct  inoculation  on  other  swine.  The  object  being  to 
test  first  the  most  available  and  least  expensive  of  the  disinfe(;tauts, 
the  virulent  matters  were  treated  with  ]  i)er  cent,  solution  of  each  of 
the  following  agents  :  Bisulphite  of  soda,  carbolic  acid,  sulphate  of  iron, 
chloride  of  zinc,  and  chloride  of  lime.  The  materials  to  be  inoculated 
were  in  th(^  thiiniest  layers,  in  four  cases  upon  <]uills  and  in  tv,o  in  tliin 
sections  to  be  inserted  under  the  skin.  They  were  kept  in  contact  Avith 
the  disinfectants  for  five  minutes,  so  that  the  virulent  material  was 


DISEASES    or    SWINE    AND    OTHER   ANIMALS.  69 

tlioroiiglily  moistened,  softened,  and  partially  dissolved  in  the  fire  cases 
in  which  a  solntion  was  nsed.  In  the  sixth  case  the  thin  slice  was  only 
kei)t  in  the  fumes  of  the  burning'  snlpliur  for  five  minutes.  In  all  cases 
a  portion  of  the  disinfectant  was  necessarily  introduced  into  the  wound 
along  with  the  virulent  agent.  In  four  out  of  the  six  pigs  the  disease 
developed  and  ran  its  course  as  shown  in  the  table,  the  disinfectants 
thus  pro\ing'  ineft^cctual  being*  carbolic  acid,  sulphate  of  iron,  sulphurous 
acid,  and  chloride  of  lime. 

The  -pig  inoculated  with  virus,  treated  with  bisulphite  of  soda,  died  on 
the  seventh  day,  evidently  from  lung-worms,  and  without  any  distinct 
symptoms  of  the  plague.  There  remains  the  possibility  that  had  it  lived 
longer  these  would  have  appeared. 

One  agent  only  out  of  the  six  can  be  set  down  as  having  proved  au 
efficient  disinfectant  as  used,  namely,  the  chloride  of  zinc.  The  virus, 
treated  with  this  agent,  produced  no  appreciable  illness ;  and  though  the 
pig's  temperature  was  raised  on  the  fourth,  sixth,  and  ninth  days,  this 
was  probably  accidental,  as  it  showed  no  tendency  to  become  permanent. 
Finally,  two  x)igs  were  subjected  to  a  hyj^odermic  injection  of  a  few  drops ' 
of  the  blood  of  a  diseased  subject,  mixed  in  a  dram  of  a  solution  of 
permanganate  of  potassa  for  the  one,  and  of  bromide  of  ammonium  for 
the  other.  Both  inoculations  took  effect,  and  one  of  tlie  pigs  thus  in- 
fected furnished  the  blood  which  conveyed  disease  to  the  sheep,  rabbit, 
and  dog,  as  recorded  above. 

NATURE  OP  THE  HOa  FEVER. 

Though  long  confounded  with  typhoid  fever,  anthrax  {malifinant  xniS' 
tnle),  erysipelas,  measles,  scarlatina,  &c.,  this  malady  is  distinct  from  aU 
of  them.  In  my  report  for  1875  I  pointed  out  my  reasons  for  declining 
to  recognize  in  it  either  of  the  above  maladies,  and  claiming  it  to  be  "a 
disease  siii  generis ^^;  and  this  position  has  been  fuUy  indorsed  by  the 
recent  researches  of  Klein,  Usler,  and  others,  as  well  as  b}^  my  own  ex- 
periments. This  affection  may  be  defined  as  a  specific,  contagious  fever 
of  swine,  characterized  by  a  high  but  variable  temperatiu'e,  by  conges- 
tion, exudation,  ecchymosis,  and  ulceration  of  the  intestinal  mucous  mem- 
brane, especially  that  of  the  caecum  and  colon,  and,  to  a  less  extent,  of 
the  stomach  f  by  congestions  and  exudations  in  the  lungs  in  the  form  of 
lobular  pneumonia ;  by  general  heat  and  redness  of  the  skin,  the  latter 
efiaceable  by  pressure ;  by  darker  red  and  black  spots  unaffected  by 
jiressure;  by  a  jiap^ilar  eruption  and  abundant  dark  sebaceous  exuda- 
tion ;  by  ecchymosis  on  the  nmcous  and  serous  membranes  generally;  by 
swelling  and  ecchymosis  of  the  lymi^hatic  glands;  by  irregularity  of  the 
bowels,  costiveness  alternating  with  a  fetid  diarrhea ;  and  perhai)S  most 
uuportant  of  all,  by  the  iireseuce  of  colonies  of  minute  globular  micro- 
cocci in  the  various  seats  of  morbid  change. 

Au  experiment  of  Dr.  IClein,  in  1877,  in  which  he  cultivated  the  micro- 
coccus for  se^'en  successive  generations  in  the  aqueous  humor  taken  from 
the  eyes  of  rabbits,  using  only  a  si)ec]i;  on  the  point  of  a  needle  to  inocu- 
late every  new  portion  of  the  humor,  and  finally  inoculated  the  product 
of  the  fifth  and  seventh  generations  successfully  on  two  pigs,  seems  to 
establisli  that  these  microphytes  are  the  ultimate  cause  of  the  diseasi'. 
ISly  own  exi)eriiuent,  in  whicli  the  disease  was  conveyed  by  blood  that 
had  been  kc])t  for  eleven  days  in  an  incubator  at  the,  tem])erature  of  the 
body,  goes  to  support  the  sanu^  conclusion;  but  I  hope  still  to  subject 
this  (piestion  to  a  more  crucial  ti\st.  If  we  accejjt  this  hypothesis  of  the 
pathogenic  action  of  the  bacteria,  it  would  almost  of  necessity  follow 


70  DISEASES    OF   SWINE    AND    OTHER    ANIMALS. 

tliat  the  blood,  tlie  cliaunel  througli  wliicli  these  must  be  carried  to  the 
various  organs  in  wliich  they  are  found,  must  prove  virulent.  One  of 
Dr.  Klein's  ex]>eriments  appears  to  neg'ative  this  conclusion,  whereas 
three  of  mine  go  to  support  it.  From  v^lvdi  we  know  of  the  generation 
of  microphytes,  it  seems  not  improbable  that  at  certain  stages  of  its  de- 
velopment tliis  specimen  may  fail  to  be  injurious,  or  more  probably  the 
germs  may  be  filtered  froin  the  blood,  being  arrested  in  the  capillaries, 
where  they  determine  the  morbid  changes,  a]'d  thus  many  specimens  of 
blood  may  bo  obtained  which  are  destitute  of  the  morbid  element,  initil 
tliat  is  again  produced  iji  abunda^nce  by  proliferation  in  the  tissues.  By 
reference  to  my  experiments,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  blood  ^vith  which 
the  successful  inoculations  were  made  was  taken  from  pigs  in  the  last 
stage  of  the  disease,  or  just  after  death.  Tliat  the  blood  is  virulent  at 
certain  stages  is  unquestionable,  and  in  the  nature  of  things  this  can 
scarcely  fail  to  be  the  case,  even  if  we  were  to  set  aside  expeiiments  and 
reach  our  decision  from  the  lesions  alone. 

CAUSES. 

It  has  been  no  part  of  my  x)iu-]iose  to  investigate  the  causes  of  this 
disease  apart  trom  the  one  specific  cause  of  contagion.  It  was  indeed 
impossible  to  pursue  Buch  a  line  of  inquiry  at  a  distance  from  any  dis- 
trict where  hogs  are  largely  raised,  where  ihe  disease  prevails  exten- 
sively, and  where,  presumably,  new  generations  of  the  poison  are  taking 
place.  One  instance,  however,  of  probable  generation  de  novo  has  been 
brought  under  my  notice,  and  the  attendant  circumstances  were  such 
that  I  think  it  important  to  x>ubhsli  the  prhicipal  facts.  In  the  end  of 
April,  1871,  Colonel  Hoffmann,  of  Horseheads,  i'>urchased  a  large  herd 
of  swine  to  consume  the  buttermilk  of  his  creamery.  The  swme  were 
supplied  Avith  sheds,  the  open  range  of  an  orchard,  witli  i)lenty  of  shade 
under  the  trees,  on  a  gravelly  soil,  rismg  al^ruptly  10  to  3  5  feet  above 
the  general  level  of  the  valley,  and  were  fed  fresh  buttermilk  and  corn 
meal.  All  went  well  until  late  in  June  or  early  in  July,  when  the  hogs 
began  to  sicken  and  died  in  large  numbers,  with  the  general  symptoms  of 
the  hog  feve]\  I  have  ntentioned  this  mainly  to  negative  the  widespread 
belief  that  the  source  of  the  troiible  is  in  the  exclusive  feeding  upon 
com.  Here  we  had  a  laxative  and  otherwise  model  diet,  supplemented 
only  to  a  slight  extent  by  corn.  It  may  be  well  to  state  that  in  other 
years,  when  he  has  purchased  Western  hogs,  the  disease  has  always 
appeared  within  ten  days  or  a  fortnight  after  their  aft-ival.  When  Kew 
York  State  hogs  only  have  been  bought  the  jiestilence  has  not  broken 
out. 

In  view  of  the  strong  assertions  that  pigs  will  not  contract  the  disease 
when  fed  in  part  on  green  food  or  on  succulent  vegetables — turnips, 
beets,  potatoes,  apples,  &c. — I  had  some  subjects  of  exiieriment  freely 
supx>lied  vv'ith  potatoes  and  apples,  but  whenever  the  ]ioison  was  intro- 
duced by  inoculation  I  could  detect  no  difference  in  the  period  of  incu- 
bation or  the  severity  of  the  attack. 

It  may  be  added  that  all  uuArholesome  conditions  of  feeding  and  man- 
agement will  fiivor  the  development  of  this  as  of  other  specific  fevers, 
by  deranging  the  nutrition,  disturbing  the  balance  of  waste  and  re- 
l^air,  loading  (he  blood  and  tissues  with  effete  and  abnormal  products, 
raising  the  body  tem])eratnre,  and  on  the  whole  bringing  about  a  state 
of  the  system  (>xtn'm<>ly  laAorable  to  the  propagation  and  growth  of 
disease  gerr.is.     r.ut  while  the  importance  of  all  these  maybe  recog- 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE   AND    OTHER    ANIMALS.  71 

iiized  as  accessories,  ^vc.must  uot  allow  them  to  withdraw  our  attention 
fwm.  the  one  condition  essential  to  the  development  and  propa.iiation  of 
the  malady — the  presence  of  the  specific  poison.  To  quote  from  my 
report  of  1875,  '^  The  important  point  is  this :  Yie  laiow  this  is  a  con- 
tagious aifection,  to  the  propagati<m  of  which  all  possible  insalubrious 
conditions  contribute.  So  soon  as  we  concentrate  our  attention  on 
this  point  we  have  tlie  key  to  its  prevention,  if 'not  to  its  entire  extinc- 
tion."' 

IS   THE   Tr.EAT^IEXT   OF   HOG  FE^-EH   GOOD   POLICY? 

In  taking'  what  I  know  to  be  an  unpopular  position  on  this  subject,  I 
am  led  by  the  strongest  convictions  c»f  duty.  I  well  know  how  popular 
Avonld  be  an  investigation  into  the  ciu^ative  powers  of  ditierent  systems, 
and  even  nostrums,  in  this  disease,  and  hovv-  many  breeders  and  dealers 
in  svdne  will  readily  spend  more  than  the  value  of  the  siclt  hog  in  the 
pinrchase  of  boasted  specifics,  to  say  nothing  of  the  cost  of  attendance, 
and  how  they  wdl  rejoice  over  the  Avretched  unthrifty  animal  whose  life 
is  at  times  i)reserved.  It  is  not  that  recovery  is  impossible.  A  certain 
proportion,  20,  50,  or  even  80  per  cent.,  will  often  survive.  In  my  ex- 
Ijerimental  cases  only  21  per  cent,  died  and  over  28  per  cent,  recovered 
from  the  first  attack,  so  that  they  were  used  for  furtJier  exi^erunent,  and 
this  without  any  attemj^t  at  medication  or  treatment  further  than  whole- 
some food,  cleanliness,  and  disinfection  of  the  pens.  I  am  convinced 
that  a  still  better  showing  could  be  made  in  the  majority  of  cases  if  the 
sick  animals  were  submitted  to  careful  and  intelligent  medical  treat- 
ment. 

Were  the  question  of  the  preservation  of  the  infected  pig  the  only  one 
or  the  main  one  to  be  considered,  I  would  strongly  advocate  medicinal 
treatment.  But  the  question  is  rather  one  of  comparison  between  this 
one  sick  hog  or  herd  and  all  the  healthy  swine  in  the  same  town,  county, 
State,  or  nation.  This  is  not  a  question  of  morahty,  but  a  i)roblem  in 
political  economy,  and  when  dealt  with  l)y  a  govei-nment  must  be  de- 
cided on  tfie  grouiul  of  what  is  best  for  the  whole  nation.  If,  then,  the 
preservation  and  treatment  of  a  smgle  sick  hog  means  the  incessant  and 
iucalcuiable  increase  in  its  body  and  secretions  of  a  poison  wluch  is  in 
the  last  degree  deadly  to  other  hogs;  if  this  poison  can  be  dried  and 
preserved  for  a  length  of  time,  and  carried  meanwhile  to  a  distance  of  a 
thousand  miles,  and  if  not  hogs  alone  but  sheep,  guinea-pigs,  and  even 
wild  annuals  like  rabbits  and  mice,  can  contract  the  disease  and  convey 
the  poison  to  any  distance  in  their  bodies,  then  the  best  interests  of  the 
nation  demand  that  the  side  animal  shall  not  be  preserved,  but  promptly 
sacrificed  to  the  good  of  the  community. 

This  point  is  so  im])ortant  that  I  ma>  be  permitted  to  dwell  on  it  a 
little  further.  Some  of  my  expeiimental  pigs  were  successfully  inocu- 
lated with  quills  that  had  been  dipped  in  the  morbid  exudations  of  sick 
]ngs  in  Kew  Jersey  and  North  Carolina,  and  had  been  dried  an<l  pre- 
served for  from  one  to  six  days  in  this  condilion.  Here  we  had  the  thin- 
nest possible  film,  such  as  might  haA-e  adiiered  to  the  clothing  of  man, 
the  hair  of  an  animal,  the  feet  or  bill  of  a  biiil,  the  legs  or  prehensile 
organs  of  an  insect,  to  a  dried  leaf,  or  e\en  to  a  fioating  tliistledown,  and 
might  haN'e  been  thus  carried  in  a  great  man;*-  different  ways  to  infect 
distant  herds.  What  was  actually  conveyed  some  hundred  miles  on  a 
dried  ([uill,  and  preserved  its  virulence  for  six  days  in  this  condition,  can 
be  as  certainly  preserved  on  an.\   otlu'r  dry  object,  and  ii"  brought  by 


72  DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER   ANIMALS. 

accideut  in  contact  vrith  a  raw  snrface,  will  prodnce  disease  as  snrely  as 
did  the  qnills  in  my  inoculations.  My  own  observations  in  tliis  respect 
liave  been  more  than  corroborated  by  one  of  Professor  Axe,  of  the  Eoyal 
Veterinary  College,  London.  He  i^roduced  the  disease  by  inoculating- 
from  ivory  points  on  which  the  cutaneous  exudation  had  been  dried  up 
for  the  long  i^eriod  of  twenty-six  days. 

That  the  poison  can  be  in-eserved  even  in  the  liquid  state  when  the 
germs  of  pntref action  are  excluded,  may  be  inferred  from  my  successful 
inoculations  with  blood  that  had  been  kept  in  an  isolation  a-i>paratus,  at 
the  ordinary  body  temperature,  for  the  period  of  eleven  days.  As  directly 
to  the  point  is  the  cultivation  of  the  poison  in  aqueous  humor  for  seven 
days,  by  ELlein,  and  its  subsequent  successful  inocnlation.  This  experi- 
ment of  KHein  is,  however,  possessed  of  vastly  greater  importance,  inas- 
much as  by  it  it  was  first  shown  that  the  poison  can  be  cultivated  and 
indefinitely  increased  out  of  the  animal  body  as  well  as  in  it.  On  seven 
successive  days  he  inoculated  seven  successive  portions  of  aqueous  humor 
with  as  much  of  the  inoculated  liquid  of  the  previous  day  as  would  ad- 
here to  the  point  of  a  needle,  the  first  having  been  similarly  inoculated 
from  the  sick  pig.  From  the  cultivations  of  the  fifth  and  seventh  days, 
respectively,  a  drop  was  taken  and  two  pigs  were  successfully  inoculated 
therewith.  In  the  cultivation  of  each  day  were  found  myriads  of  hacillus, 
but  no  other  organization,  and  thus  Klein  was  the  first  to  show  that  the 
hacillus  is  the  probable  cause  of  the  disease.  Had  there  been  no  repro- 
duction and  increase  of  the  poison,  it  mnst  have  been  rendered  incon- 
ceivably dilute,  an  approximate  ratio  of  the  poison  added  to  the  first 
day's  cultivation,  and  that  added  to  the  last,  being  about  as  1  is  to 
1,000,000,000,000,000,009.  That  such  a  dilution  could  be  operative  seems 
utterly  incredible,  a^nd  as  modern  research  shows  that  virulence  resides 
not  in  simple  liquids,  but  in  the  solid  particles  contained  in  them,  and 
as  the  only  definite  organisms  in  the  cultivation  liquids  were  the  hacilU, 
it  seems  inevitable  that  these  are  the  active  canse  of  the  disease.  But 
if  so,  they  cannot  only  be  ])reserved,  but  increased  in  suitable  fluids  out- 
side the  animal  body.  It  is  true  they  disappear  when  the  active  organ- 
isms of  ordinary  putrefaction  {hacferimn  iermo)  become  numerous,  but 
they  are  not  necessarily  destroyed.  From  what  we  know  of  the  life  of 
these  mycrophytes  it  is  to  be  feared  that  so  far  as  the  hacillns  has  ad- 
vanced to  the  i^roduction  of  spores,  it  will  be  jireserved  in  a  dormant 
state,  like  so  many  dried  seeds,  until  conditions  favorable  to  its  growth 
shall  transi)ire.  On  the  other  hand  it  may  be  recollected  that  my  at- 
tempts to  propagate  the  disease  from  a  putrefying  bowel  failed,  so  that 
further  observation  is  wanted  before  we  can  say  that  the  hacillus  or  its 
spores  are  X)reserved  in  a  septic  liquid.  However  that  may  be,  the  i)os- 
sibility  of  its  increase  in  a  non-septic  normal  fluid  is  an  additional  argu- 
ment for  the  total  destruction  of  all  diseased  pigs  and  morbid  products. 

In  the  case  of  high-priced  pigs,  where  expense  is  no  object,  and  where 
the  patients  can  be  kept  in  thoroughly  disinfected  pens,  mider  the  most 
rigid  seclusion,  treatment  may  sometiines  be  commendable;  but  in  the 
case  of  common  herds,  and  as  viewed  from  the  standpoint  of  the  great- 
est good  to  the  greatest  number,  there  can  be  no  question  at  all  that  the 
treatment  of  the  sick  is  the  most  ruinous  policy,  while  the  most  stringent 
measures  for  the  extinction  of  the  poison  is  the  only  economical  one. 
The  universal  experience  of  veterinarians  supx)orts  this  conclusion,  and 
nearly  every  European  government  has  now  reached  the  same  conviction, 
and  absolutely  ])revent  the  preservation  and  treatment  of  the  victims  of 
those  fatal  contagious  diseases  which  most  threaten  their  flocks  and 
herds. 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER    ANIMALS.  73 

]MEASURES  TO  AKREST  AND  EXTIRPATE   THE  DISEASE. 

To  put  a  stop  to  tlie  ravages  of  the  fever  concerted  measures  are 
essential.  One  farmer  may  easily  eradicate  it  from  his  own  herds;  but 
so  long  as  his  neighbors  continue  to  harbor  it  his  stock  is  daily  subjected 
to  the  danger  of  renewed  infection.  His  personal  sacrifice  is  all  in  vain, 
so  long  as  "he  is  liable  to  have  his  herds  infected  by  a  chance  visitor,  a 
wandering  animal  or  bird,  or  even  a  favorable  wind.  What  is  true  of 
the  individual  farmer  is  equally  true  of  the  township,  county,  and  State. 
One  may  crush  out  the  disease  at  a  cost  of  immense  effort  and  outlay 
only  to  iind  it  reappearing  the  next  day,  as  the  result  of  carelessness  on 
the  i^art  of  an  adjoining  or  even  distant  State  or  district.  In  our  East- 
ern States  this  jdague  is  almost  invariably  the  result  of  importation,  and 
though  from  the  lack  of  pigs  it  never  gains  a  wide  prevalence,  it  suffi- 
ciently illustrates  how  the  disease  is  propagated  in  the  West,  where  its 
more  extended  ravages  are  liable  to  blind  the  eyes  to  the  fact.  To  secure 
a.  complete  or  even  j)artial  immunity  active  measures  must  be  taken 
over  the  entire  land,  and  while  this  cannot  be  done  by  States,  districts, 
counties,  or  even  towns,  separately,  it  will  be  rendered  the  more  effectual 
in  the  i)recise  ratio  that  it  is  inaugurated  as  a  uniform  system  over  the 
entire  country,  and  under  one  central  controlling  authority. 

AYithout  entering  at  this  time  into  all  the  details  of  the  necessary 
restrictive  measures,  the  following  may  be  especially  mentioned :  lst..The 
appointment  of  a  local  authority  and  inspector  to  carry  out  the  measures 
for  the  supj)ression  of  the  disease.  2d.  The  injunction  on  all  having  the 
ownership  or  care  of  hogs,  and  upon  all  who  may  be  called  upon  to 
advise  concerning  the  same,  or  to  treat  them,  to  make  known  to  such 
local  authority  all  cases  of  real  or  suspected  hog  fever,  under  a  penalty 
for  every  neglect  of  such  injunction.  3d.  The  obligation  of  the  local 
autliority,  under  advice  of  a  comi^etent  veterinary  inspector,  to  see  to 
the  destruction  of  all  pigs  suffering  from  the  plague,  their  deep  burial 
in  a  secluded  place,  and  the  tliorough  disinfection  of  the  premises,  uten- 
sils, and  persons.  4th.  The  thorough  seclusion  of  all  domestic  animals 
til  at  have  been  in  contact  with  the  sick  pigs,  and  in  the  case  of  sheep 
and  rabbits  the  destruction  of  the  sick  when  this  shall  appear  necessary. 
/>tli.  Unless,  where  all  the  pigs  in  the  infected  herd  have  been  destroyed, 
the  remainder  should  be  placed  on  a  register  and  examined  daily  by  the 
inspector,  so  that  the  sick  may  be  taken  out  and  slaughtered  on  the 
appearance  of  the  first  signs  of  illness.  6th.  Sheep  and  rabbits  that 
have  been  in  contact  with  the  sick  herd  should  also  be  registered,  and 
any  removal  of  such  should  be  prohibited  until  one  month  after  the  last 
sick  animal  shall  have  been  disposed  of.  7th.  All  animals  and  birds, 
wild  and  tame,  and  all  persons  except  those  emi)loyed  in  the  work, 
should  be  most  carefully  excluded  fi-om  infected  premises  until  these 
have  been  disinfected  and  can  be  considered  safe.  8th.  TJie  losses  sus- 
tained by  the  necessary  slaughter  of  hogs  should  be  made  good  to  the 
owner  to  the  extent  of  not  more  than  two-thirds  of  the  real  value  as 
assessed  by  competent  and  disinterested  parties.  9th.  Such  reimburse- 
ment sliould  be  forfeited  when  an  owner  fails  to  notify  the  proper 
authorities  of  the  existence  of  the  disease,  or  to  asgist  in  carrying  out 
the  measures  necessary  for  its  suppression.  10th.  A  register  sliould  be 
drawn  u])  of  all  pigs  present  on  larnis  within  a  given  area  around  the 
infected  herd — say,  one  mile — and  no  removal  of  such  aniiiials  should  be 
allowed  until  the  disease  has  been  definitely  sui)])ressed,  unless  such 
removal  is  made  by  special  license  granted  by  the  local  authority'  after 
they  have  assured  themselves  by  the  examination  of  au  expert  that  the 


74  DiSEASEb    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER    ANIMALS. 

animals  to  be  inoved  are  sound  and  out  of  a  liealtlij"  lierd.  lltli.  Eail- 
road  and  sliii)piug  agents  at  adjoining  stations  slioidd  be  forbidden  to 
siiip  pigs,  excepting  under  license  of  the  local  authority,  until  the  plague 
has  been  suppressed  in  the  district.  32th.  When  infected  pigs  have 
been  sent  by  rail,  boat,  or  other  mode  of  conveyance,  measm-es  should 
be  takcii  to  insure  the  thorough  disinfection  of  such  cars  or  conveyances, 
as  well  as  the  banks,  docks,  yards,  and  other  places  in  or  on  ^vhich  the 
diseased  animals  may  have  been  turned. 

Other  measiu'es  Avould  be  essential  in  particular  localities.  Thus  in 
the  many  places  ^here  the  hogs  are  turned  out  as  street  scavengers 
and  meet  from  all  different  localities,  such  liberty  should  be  put  a  stop 
to  whenever  the  disease  apj;)ears  in  the  district,  and  all  hogs  found  at 
large  should  be  rendered  liable  to  summary  seizure  and  destruction. 

The  great  difticulty  of  putting  in  practice  the  means  necessary  to  the 
extiipation  of  the  disease  \rill  be  found  to  consist  in  the  lack  of  veterinary 
experts.  jS^o  one  but  the  accomplished  veterinarian  can  be  relied  on  to 
distinguish  between  the  different  communicable  and  destructive  diseases 
of  swine,  and  to  adopt  the  measures  necessary  to  their  suppression  in  the 
different  cases.  In  illustration  I  need  only  recall  the  numerous  reports  in 
which  what  is  supposed  to  be  hog  cholera  has  been  found  to  depend  on 
lung  worms^  on  any  one  of  the  four  different  kinds  of  intestmal  round 
worms,  on  the  lard-ii'orm.  on  emhryo  fajfe-vcorms,  on.  malignant  anilirax, 
on  finenmonia,  or  on  erysipelas.  To  class  all  these  as  one  and  apply  to 
all  the  same  suppressive  measiu^es  would  be  a  simple  waste  of  the  pub- 
lic money,  but  to  distinguish  them  and  apply  the  proper  antidote  to 
each  over  a  wide  extent  of  territory  would  demand  a  number  of  experts 
whom  it  would  be  no  easy  matter  to  find.  Tliis  state  of  things  is  the 
natural  result  of  a  persistent  neglect  of  veterinary  sanitary  science  and 
medicine  as  a  factor  in  tlie  national  well-being,  and  must  for  a  time 
prove  a  heavy  incubus  on  all  concerted  efforts  to  restrict  and  stamp  out 
our  animal  plagues.  It  ^dll  retard  success  under  the  best  devised  sys- 
tem, and  will  sometmies  lead  to  losses  that  might  have  been  saved,  yet 
if  an  earnest  and  prolonged  effort  is  made  the  obstacle  should  not  be  an 
insuperable  one,  and  the  United  States  should  be  purged  not  of  this 
plague  only,  l)ut  of  all  those  animal  pestilences  wMch  at  present  threaten 
our  future  well-being. 

Eespectfully  submitted. 

JAMES  LAW. 

Ithaca,  ISr.  y.^  January  2,  1879. 


sw'ix  1-:   I'MoxnoH 


l!(M)(>ri  roiuiiiissioiuT  of  A<M'i<  nil  iii'c  I'or  I87H. 


PL-ile  \'I 


Mi<  i'()S(  <>i)H    .s((  t  ion  of  liin<>'  wil  li  <^xii(lalc    lillmo    llic  air  (  clis. 
and  t  )ii(  k(MHii>>  llic  aKcolar  >\iills 


Ml.  i( 


si-itioii   III'  I  oii<_>'('sl('(l   vim.   sli()\vm<j    villi  \\i(  li  cxicss  olyiviiiular  mailer, 
slaiiud   in    luriiialow  Ion       I  )(l,i<  iicd  niuiui  rcils 


sw I  X  ]•:   i"i': x']']  \< 


1  'ciioi'l    Coin  lUlSSI  OIKT    (if  Aiil'U   uli  nil-    I'ni'  IcS/  S. 


ri.iic  \ii. 


Mi<  r(is(  oi)i(    sc(  lion    ol'  Iiiny.  sliowuii.''    I  Im  kiMicd     w.ills   ol     iincclls,     hlorkcil   \cssrls 
t'Xud.iU'     mio  cell   w.ills    .iiiil  ,i   i'rw   ol'  llic  ci'lls 


M  M  rc)s(  upii    scilKHi    Iron 


,11  ,  slio\\in<j  1.1  il  I  l.i'.M 
iiKJ     (i'lisl  -i'iil,iiii_ilini 


km     Willi      InukiMi    surf; 


,1  ml     sk  1 II     w  I 
)nsllcs 


,\ll...-1.»;i'.iI,|l|,„ri,ir.M.     I1..III 


DISEASES    OF    SWIXE   AND    OTHER   ANIMALS. 


75 


APPENDIX. 

RECORD  OF  Dk.  Law's  ExrERiMEXxs.— No.  1. 

Male  white  J)}  g,  cifjld  months  old;  noi^pccial  hrecd.     Formerhj  fed  offal  from  a  ulamjhter-house. 


Date. 

Hour. 

Temperature 
of  body. 

Remarks. 

Sept.    30 

3p.m 

]04.7o°  r. 

Hail  escaped  and  wa.s  cauglit  after  a  good  clia.se. 

Oct.       1 

9  4.  m 

103. 25 

1 

6p.m 

103.5 

2 

9. 30  a.  m . . 

102.5 

3 

9.30  a.m.. 

102 

5 

4p.  m 

102.  75 

IiH>CBlat#d  from  (lUill  rliarfjed  witli  dried  liquid  from  infected 
lung;   matter  from  2sorth  Carolina,  and  five  days  old;   quill 
tlipped  live  minutes  in  solution  of  bisulphite  of  soda — :  1 : :  500. 

6 

5p.  m 

103.  25 

7 

11  a.  m 

100 

8 

12  noon... 

101.5 

9 

11  a.  m 

103.5 

10 

5p.m 

101. 25 

11 

10  a.  m 

102 

12 

4  p.  m 

99 

Was  found  eprs.vling:  upon  its  belly  iinaWe  to  stand;  breathing  slo-^-,  deep,  pant- 
ing, and  labored  ;  snout  bot,  dry,  and  of  a  leaden  color ;  ears  and  feet  warm,  Ijluisb, 
but  -tt-itbout  any  rasb,  eruption,'  blotches,  or  extravasations.  Blood  appears  at  the 
arms.     Aia  hoiu-  later  this  pig  died. 

Fost-mortcm  examination  ihirti/six  hours  after  death. — Bodi/  in  excellent  preservation; 
condition  low ;  skin  scurfy  along  the  back ;  snout  livid  blue,  but  without  petechite. 

Digestive  organs:  Tongue  has  papillie,  at  its  base  reddened  ;  a  similar  blush  appears 
on  the  fauces  and  pharynx. 

Stomach  and  loicels  normal. 

Liver  firm  and  sound.     Kidneys  and  bladder  sound. 

Urethra  (intrapelvic)  deeply  congcsteci,  almost  black,  but  without  any  obstruction. 

Parasites  in  abdomen:  A  few  tricoccjyhali  {tchijxvorms)  in  the  large  intestines;  a  hydatid 
in  the  j)elvie  fascia. 

Chest:  Pleura  normal;  ^j(?r(car<?((/j?i healthy,  with  a  small  quantity  of  serum. 

Pight  heart:  Auricle  and  ventricle  filled  with  dark  clotted  blood. 

Left  heart :  Auricle  contains  a  small  clot  of  black  blood ;  ventricle  empty. 

Lungs :  A  great  i^art  of  these  is  in  a  condition  of  carnification  or  infarction.  This  is 
confined  to  definite  lobules  or  groups  of  lobules,  the  collap.sed,  red,  fleshy  aspect  of 
which  is  in  marked  contrast  with  the  full  form  and  pale  pinkish-white  color  of  the 
remainder. 

The  air  passages  (bronchi  and  bronchia)  contain  small  portions  of  the  contents  of  the 
stomach  which  have  been  vomited  up  and  drawn  into  the  lungs  in  the  last  violent 
efforts  to  breathe.  The  air-passages  leading  to  the  collapsed  lobules  contain  large 
quantities  of  a,  watery  mucas  and  pellets  of  worms  {strongglus  clongatns)  which  com- 
j)letely  block  them.  The  obstructed  terminal  bronchia  are  dilated,  and  have  their 
mucous  membrane  variously  reddened  and  congested.  Around  these  bronchia  the 
connective  tissue  is  strongly  congested  and  filled  with  extravasatod  lymph,  by  which 
the  vessels  passing  to  and  li'om  the  lobuletts  are  compressed  and  obstriTcted.  In  view 
of  this  state  of  things,  the  explanation  of  the  process  of  iutarction  in  the  lobules  is 
ea.sy ;  the  irritation  and  congestion  caused  by  the  worms  in  the  infei^tetl  air-tubes  ex- 
tended to  the  surrounding  connective  tissue  and  the  sheaths  of  the  accompanying 
blood- ve.s.sels ;  the  exudation  of  lymph  compressed  and  obstructed  the  vessels,  inducing 
stagnation,  congestion,  and  exudation  in  the  whole  substance  of  the  lobule  or  lobuletts 
to  which  these  led.  Hence  the  invariable  connection  of  the  infarcted  lobule,  and  the 
blocked,  congested,  and  worm -infested  tube  that  led  to  it. 


7fi  DISEASES    OF    SWINE   AND    OTHER   ANIMALS, 

EXPKEIMEXT  No.  2. 

White  male  piff,  chjlii  u-ccla^  old,  f.muUcKt  of  litter.     Formerly  fed  offal  c.t  a  slaughtc^'-house. 


Date. 

Hour. 

Toini)(?rature 
of  body. 

liomarks. 

Sept.  ^0 

."Jp.  Ill 

104.       °  F. 

Has  just  come  one  mile  in  a  wagon. 

(Jit.      1 

9  a.  m 

103.  24 

1 

Op.  Ill 

102.  .0 

2 

9.;i0a.  m 

102. 

;t 

....ilo 

101. 

.I 

4p.m 

102. 

^ 

0 

.5  p.  m 

101. 

7 

11  a.  m 

100.75 

Bowels  quite  loose;  rain. 

8 

12  noon 

102. 

Inoculated  from  quill  dipped  in  liquids  of  diseased  lunps  forty- 
eiftht  hours  ago  in  New  Jersey ;  quill  treated  with  chloride  ot 
zinc  before  inocnlating. 

0 

11  a.  m 

101. 

10 

5  p.  m 

103. 25 

n 

10  a.  m 

101.5 

12 

4  p.  ix 

105.  25 

i;f 

12  noon 

102.  75 

14 

4  p.m 

104. 

ir, 

10  a.  m 

102.  5 

IG 

....do 

102.5 

17 

....<Io 

104. 

18 

....do 

'    102.5 

19 

....do 

103.3 

20 

....do 

103. 

Scouring;  placed  in  pen  with  semi-putrid  ulcerated  int'CBtiae 
and  manure  ot  diseased  pig. 

21 

....do 

102. 

22 

....do 

102.  5 

23 

....do  

102. 75 

24 

....do 

103. 

25 

....do 

101. 

26 

....do 

102.  75 

27 

....do 

101. 

28 

....do 

102. 25 

2!) 

9.30  a.m.... 

103. 

:iO 

2p.m 

100.  5 

Til 

9  a.  m 

102.5 

Nov.     1 

10  a.  m 

101. 75 

a 

9  a.  m 

101. 25 

'Inoculated  with  quill  charged  with  liquid  from  .lungs  of  piga 
haring  no  bowel  lesions ;  sent  from  Indiana. 

4 

....do 

102. 

5 

9.30  a.  m 

101. 

G 

10  a.  m 

100. 5 

7 

....do  

103. 

8 

....do- 

100.9 

<) 

....do 

100.  5 

10 

...do  

103.  5 

Pining;  gets  lighter  daUy. 

11 

....do  

102.  9 

12 

....do 

103. 

"Wasting,  hut  lively. 

r.i 

....do 

102.  5 

14 

....do 

102.  2 

• 

15 

....do 

102.  8 

IG 

....do 

102.  5 

17 

....do 

102. 

IS 

....do  

100.  5 

19 

....do  

103. 

20 

....do 

102. 

21 

....do  

102. 

22 

....do  

101. 75 

, 

2;( 

....do 

100.  5 

24 

....do 

100.  5 

2r> 

....do 

97.  5 

20 

....do  

98. 

Very  weak  and  exhausted;  surface  cold;  breathing  slow  and 
rattling;  left  its  bed,  but  was  unable  to  get  back  without  as- 
si.stance.  An  hour  later  breatliing  .seemed  to  have  ceased,  hut 
when  removed  for  dissection  it  returned  in  a  gasping  manner; 

killed  by  bleeding. 

Post-mortem  examinailon. — Skin:  Palo,  bloodless,  Avithcrcd,  and  iiKdastic,  covered 
almost  nniversally  Avith  black  concretions  or  iinliealtliy-lookiiio-  aud  thick,  dirty, 
white  scurf.     Snotit  beneath  tlie  nostrils  blue,  but  nob  ocehyniosed. 

J)i<iextire  oryann:  Toiij^jiio  healthy  ;  beneatli  the  right  tonsil  is  a  considerable  collec- 
tion of  dirty,  grayish-yellow,  cheesy  matter,  consisting  of  pus-cells  and  7uuch  granuhir 
inalter. 

Slomaeli:  Moderately  full,  contents  fetid  and  slightly  acid,  firi:ily  adlierent  to  the 
muciuis  membrane,  and  bringing  otV  part  of  the  epithelium  when  detached.     Tlio  mti- 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE   AND    OTHER    ANIMALS. 


77 


cons  membr;me  ou  tlio  great  ciirvaturo  is  congested,  and  bears  several  xiatches  of  deep, 
blood-red  extravasatiou. 

tSmall  iirtcstinc-i:  Red  and  congested  throughout.  The  contents  are  smalliu  quantity 
and  dry,  being  collected  in  dry  masses  at  considerable  intervals,  and  partly  frothy. 
The  duodenum  and  first  half  of  the  jejunum  contains  twenty-two  ascaridcs  (A.  Suilla), 
one  extending  to  11  inches  in  length.  At  different  iioints  tho  bowel  is  completely 
blocked  by  tho  rolls  of  these  worms. 

Lavfje  intestine:  llio-caical  valve  normal.  Caecum  and  colon,  like  tho  small  intestine, 
congested  throughout  nearly  its  whole  extent,  with  patches  of  extravasatiou  and  ero- 
sion at  intervals,  but  none  of  tho  characteristic  sloughs  nor  ulcers,  with  thick  indu- 
rated base.  Tho  ciecum  and  upper  portion  of  the  colon  contains  thirteen  whip-Avorms 
{tricoeephalus  crenalus),  their  heads  lirmly  imbedded  in  the  mucous  membrane,  and 
requiring  considerable  force  to  withdraw  them. 

Liver:  Small  and  of  healthy  aspect.  Gall-bladder  full  of  a  dark-green,  tenacious 
bile.  Spleen  small,  black,  and  somewhat  soft.  Pancreas  normal.  Mesenteric  glands 
apparently  little  altered.     Some  Avere  slightly  congested. 

Kidneys :  Normal.     In  the  prepuso  is  a  slight,  fetid,  concretion-liko  false  membrane. 

On  the  omentum  are  two  hjidaiids. 

Itesjjiratori)  organs  :  The  whole  interior  of  the  larynx  is  of  a  dull  brownish-red,  ex- 
cepting where  covered  by  an  extensive  false  membrane.  Along  the  upper  wall  of  the, 
wiudpii)e,  where  the  euils  of  the  cartilages  overlay),  is  a  false  membrane  about  a  third 
of  an  inch  iu  breadth,  and  extending  from  the  larynx  as  far  as  tho  lungs.  This  has  a 
hrm  consistency,  and  a  dirty  yellowish-white  color,  tinged  with  green,  and  stands  out 
prominently  from  tho  adjacent  mucous  membrane  by  an  abrupt  margin  on  each  side. 
Under  tho  microscope  it  is  seen  to  consist  of  large  quantities  of  granular  matter,  gran- 
ule cells,  epithelial  and  pus  corpuscles,  blood  globules,  and  numerous  crystals.  It  also 
contains  eggs  of  tho  lung-worm  beneath  this  morbid  product. 

Lunffs :  Whole  anterior  lobe  of  the  right  lung  carnilied,  of  a  deep-red  color,  and  smks 
in  water.  The  special  bronchus  for  this  lobe,  and  its  divisions,  are  tilled  with  a  tena- 
cious mucus,  but  contain  no  worms.  Several  lobulettes  iu  the  anterior  lobe  of  tho 
left  lung  are  iu  a  similar  condition.  On  the  posterior  border  of  each  lung  several  lob- 
ulettes aro  consohdated,  being  of  a  dirty-gray  color  and  semi-transparent.  They  jire- 
sent,  in  short,  tho  appearance  of  pulmonary  cedema.  Tho  bronchia  leading  to  these 
lobulettes  are  comiiletely  tiUed  with  a  thick  mucus  and  numerous  worms  {strongylus 
elonyatus)  and  their  eggs. 

Tho  bronchial  li/mphatiG  glands  appear  normal. 

Blood :  The  blood  is  very  black,  coagulates  slowly  but  firmly,  and  without  buli'y 
coat,  and  has  its  globules  fiiU-sized  and  rounded.  The  right  side  of  the  heart  beat, 
wheu  touched,  for  nearly  five  hours  after  the  death  of  the  animal,  aiul  of  its  removal 
from  the  body. 

EXPKKIMENT  No.   3. 

White  pig,  eight  weeks  old;  no  special  breed.     Has  been  fed  on  raiv  offal  at  a  slaughter-house. 


Date. 

Hoiu'. 

Temperatui'e 
of  body. 

Kemarks. 

Sept.  30 

3  ji.  m 

103.  5'^  Y. 

Has  just  como  aniilo  in' a  box-wagon. 

Oct.      1 

9  a.  m 

■       103 

1 

Cp.Dl 

102.  r> 

2 

9  a.  m 

101.  5 

;! 

...do 

101 

4 

5 

4  p.  Ill 

102.3 

Blood  taken  from  siipheiia  vein  for  cultivation  experiment ;  then 
inoculated  with  (|rtiJl-point  charged  with  liquid  from  diseased 
Urns',  li'^o  days  old,  i'rum  Xorth  Carolina. 

() 

Sp.  ni 

103 

Sli^rhtly  lo.stive. 

7 

11  a.  ui 

100.  75 

lioweld  natural. 

8 

12  iioou 

102.5 

!) 

11  a.  m 

102.  5 

10 

.')  p.  HI 

103 

n 

10  a.  m 

103 

12 

4  J),  m 

104 

ly 

12  iioou 

103 

Bung  \  ery  fetid. 

14 

4  p.  m 

104.  25 

15 

10  a.  m 

102.  25 

10 

....do 

101.5 

17 

....do  

103. 25 

18 

do 

103 

10 

....do 

102.75 

20 

....do  

103 

Inoculated  witjli  putrid  inicstiunl  nicer  from  diseased  pig  in 
New  Jer.sey.     Ted  a  portion  of  .same. 

21 

....do  

100 

22 

do 

101.5 

23 

....do 

102.  25 

78 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER   ANIMALS. 
EXPKRIMEXT  No.  3 — Contimied. 


Date. 

Hour. 

Temperature 
of  body. 

Kemaiks. 

Oct.    24 

10  a.  m 

101°  F. 

Appears  to  suficr  from  introduction  of  thcimomctcr. 

25 

....do 

102.  5 

26 

9  a.  m 

100.5 

27 

....do 

101 

28 

10  a.  m 

101.  5 

20 

9.30  a.m.... 

100. 75 

30 

2p.  m 

102. 25 

31 

9  a.  m 

102.5 

Nov.    1 

10  a.  m 

101.5 

2 

3 

9  a.  m 

100.  25 

Inoculated  with  dried  diseased  intestine  sent  from  Nortli  Caro- 
lina.   Dried  ia  suu  and  air. 

4 

....<lo 

101 

5 

9.30  a.  in 

101.  75 

6 

10  a.  m 

lOJ.  75 

7 

-...do 

103 

8 

....do  

102 

9 

....do 

100.5 

10 

....do  

104.5 

U 

....do  

102.5 

13 

....do  

102. 5 

13 

....do  

103 

14 

-.-.do 

103.  G 

15 

....do 

103 

16 

-...do  

103.5 

Liruited  pink  papular  eruption  on  skin. 

17 

....do  

103 

18 

....do  

103 

19 

..-.do  

103 

20 

-...do  

102. 5 

21 

....do  

101 

22 

....do  

102.5 

23 

....do  

102 

24 

....do 

101.5 

2.5 

....do 

102 

26 

....do 

103 

27 

....do 

104 

28 

....do 

104 

29 

....do 

101. 75 

30 

Killed  by  bleeding. 

Post-mortem  cxanunallon. — Skin  :  Tho  seat  of  some  papular  eruption  aud  bliick  iacrus- 
tations,  but  without  any  patclies  of  purple. 

Digestive  or(jans  :  Mouth  aud  throat  sound. 

Stomach :  Is  mottled,  of  a  dark  hrowu  along  tho  great  curvature,  but  without  any 
extravasations  or  erosions. 

Small  intestines :  Has  several  limited  xjatches  of  slight  congestion,  but  no  erosioua. 
It  consains  twenty  ascarides. 

Lan/e  intestines :  Shows  some  slight  cougestion.s,  but;  no  slough,  cro.siou,  or  ulcer. 
A  dozen  Avhip-woryis  aru  j)reseiit  in  the  ciecum  and  colon. 

Mesenteric  lijmpliatic  fjlands :  Generally  healthy,  but  a  few  were  uimsually  red  and 
congested  near  to  tlio  congested  patches  of  tho  small  intestines. 

Hydatids :  Tho  abdomen  contains  eight  of  these. 

Liver  :  Firm  and  of  nearly  a  natural  appearance. 

Spleen  and  pancreas :  Sound. 

Kidneys  :  Have  cortical  substance  blanched,  but  are  fii-m  and  apparently  sound. 

Lungs :  Have  some  lobulottes  solidified  red,  impervious  to  air,  aud  sinking  in  water- 
In.  the  main  terminal  bronchia  towards  the  posterior  part  of  the  lungs  are  numerous 
wovms  {strougiihimi(»igalns),  though  not  always  in  the  aix-tubes  leading  to  the  con- 
solidated lobuletti's. 

Heart:  Sound. 

Brain:  Sound. 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER    AMMALS. 


79 


ExpEitniENT  No.  4. 

Wlxitc  female 2)1  g,  cUjM  circles  oldj  no  sjye-cial  breed.    Formcrl >j  fed  on  rcnv  offal  at  a  dauylder- 

heuse. 


Date. 

Hour. 

Temperature 
of  body. 

Et-marks. 

Sept.  30 

Sp.m 

103. 75  °  JP. 

Just  como  one  mile  in  a  vagon. 

Oct.      1 

9a.  ni 

102. 75 

1 

Gp.m 

104 

2 

0.30  a.  m 

102 

3 

.-.do 

100.5 

5 

4  p.m 

102. 

(5 

5  p.  m 

101 

7 

11  a.  m 

103 

Bowels  quite  looao. 

8 

12  noon 

101.5 

Inoculated  with  nuill  cbarf;ed  with  lung-fluids  of  a  pig  that  had 
died  suddeulv  in  ^cv,'  Jersey.    Virus  one  day  ou  qxull. 

9 

11  a.  m 

102.5 

,^ 

10 

5  p.m 

104 

11 

10  a.  m 

102. 75 

12 

4p.  m 

104.5 

13 

12  noon 

103 

14 

4p.m 

105. 75 

15 

lOa^m 

105 

16 

....do 

104.5 

17 

....do 

107 

18 

....do 

106 

19 

..-.do 

104. 25 

Scouring.    Cold  north  gale,  rain  and  frost. 

20 

....do 

105 

Do. 

21 

....do 

105. 25 

22 

....do 

104 

Skin  covered  with  purple  and  hlaek  spots  with  red  areola.  The 
cuticle  or  black  spots  is  dead  and  easily  separated. 

23 

....do  

105.25 

24 

.-..do 

105. 75 

Extensive  purple  blotches  on  ears,  flanks,  and  abdomen,  and  a 
pink  rash  one  to  two  lines  in  diameter ;  ai)petite  poor. 

24 

5  p.  m 

105 

25 

10a.ni 

100 

Killed  to-day  by  bleeding. 

Post-mortem  examination. — Has  been  piirgiug ;  feces  fetid  and  bright  yeUow. 

Skin  :  Nearly  covered  ■with  black  spots  of  Irom  one  to  two  lines  in  diameter,  and 
evidently  formed  by  sloughs  or  small  necrotic  patches  of  cuticle,  infiltrated  with  blood 
and  dried  up.  The  median  line  of  the  belly  between  the  rows  of  teats  is  almost  de- 
void of  these  spots. 

A  xnu'ple  rash  in  spots  averaging  one  line  across  exists  in  different  jiarts  of  the  body, 
but  is  most  abundant  on  snout,  ears,  buttocks,  root  of  tail,  a'nd  limbs,  especially  ou 
the  lower  parts  and  inner  sides.  At  certain  pohits,  as  on  the  pendant  half  of  the  ears, 
on  the  hocks,  in  the  region  of  the  arms,  and  on  part  of  the  snout,  there  is  a  unitbrm 
leaden  discoloration.  The  inner  sides  of  the  arms  have  similar  but  laore  circumscribed 
patches. 

Digestive  organs:  A  deep  purple  blush  extends  along  the  line  of  panilhe  on  the  right 
border  of  tl)e  tongue.  Sinular  spots  exist  in  the  jiosterior  nares.  Salivary  glands  are 
lialo  and  normal.  The  guttju-al  lymphatic  glands  have  s])ots  of  congestion  on  their 
surface,  but  not  extending  into  their  interior. 

Abdomen :  No  cifusion.  Three  hydatids  are  found  attached  respectively  to  the 
l)ostorior  surface  of  the  stomach,  to  the  back  of  the  liver,  and  to  the  mesocolon. 

Stomaeh :  Full  of  undigested  food,  yellow  at  jiylorus.  No  marked  congestion  nor 
softening.    No  parasites. 

ISmaU  intestine :  Duodenum  without  extra  Aascularity ;  its  epithelium  .gray,  pig- 
mented, and  easily  detached.  Jejunum  and  ilium  had  circumscribed  spots  of  conges- 
tion one-half  inch  in  diameter  on  an  average,  and  in  one  case  slightly  eroded. 

Large  intestine :  Ca;cum  presents  three  ulcers,  each  one-fourth  inch  in  diameter,  hav- 
ing a  circular  elevated  mass  of  diriy-white  (leposit,  ajjparently  non-vascular,  and  a 
very  slightly  reddened  base.  The  matter  on  the  surface  of  the  ulcer  cousisced  of  cells, 
round,  angiilar,  and  of  other  forms,  much  granular  matter  and  myriads  of  round  and 
linear  moving  bacteria.  None  of  rhcso  ulcers  appear  to  be  situated  on  the  solitary 
glands.  The  same  remark  applies  to  the  congestions  and  erosions  of  the  small  intes- 
tines.    Colon  and  rectum  natural. 

rarasltcs:  The  small  intestines  contain  three  asearid(S  (A.  Siiiilu).  The  colon  con- 
tains a  young  whip-worm  (tricoeeplialiis  crcnatns).  The  coats  of  the  intestines  at  the 
points  of  congestion  and  (;lsev>hcre  \vcr(>  carefully  exani'ned  lor  parasites,  but  without 
result.     The  muscular  tissiu>  of  th(»  diaphingm  was  also  examined  iu  vaiu. 

Lirer  :  Two  small  cysts,  each  one-lialf  line  in  length,  exist  ou  the  middle  lobe.  They 
had  thick  fibrous  walls  ami  licjuul  contents  in  which  the  microscope  detected  cell  forms. 


80 


DLSEAfcJES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER    ANIMALS. 


Tlio  geucral  Buljstanco  of  tlio  liver  is  tirm  and  natural,  a  few  acini  only  isolated  and 
ill  groups,  being  congested.  The  color  predominates  iu  the  center  of  the  acinus.  The 
liver  cells  are  granular. 

GaJl-bladdcr  :  Is  full,  but  not  to  excess,  with  bright  yellow  bile.  The  bile-ducts  in 
the  liver  are  also  full. 

Pancreas  :  Nonual,  pink.  Pancreatic  lymphatic  gland  blotched ;  deep  red  on  the  sur- 
face. 

Kidneys  :  Normal,  uidess  it  be  in  extra  palhu-  of  the  cortical  substance. 

Chest :  Heart,  right  auricle  and  ventricle  contain  clots  showing  a  butfy  coat.  Left 
auricle  and  vontriclo  empty.     A  few  petechia  exist  on  the  septum  veutriculorum. 

Lmujs:  Petechia  exist  on  the  jiloura.  A  number  of  lobulettes  are  solidified  or  in- 
farcted,  and  of  a  deep  red  llesh  color.  The  bronchia  leading  to  such  lobulettes  are 
blocked  by  numerous  worms  (stronmjlus  viongafus)  and  their  eggs,  embedded  in  an 
abundant  tenacious  transparent  mucus.  In  some  cases  the  bronchia  api)ear  dilated, 
the  mucous  membrane  conjested,  and  the  exuthelivuu  degenerating,  round  and  ovisl 
granular  cells  predominating  in  its  structure.  There  is  no  visible  stasis  (coagulation) 
of  blood  in  the  capillancs  of  the  bronchia.  The  worms  are  confined  to  the  smaller 
bronchia,  and  are  only  exceptionally  found  iu  the  othei-wise  sound  portions  of  the 
limgs. 

Blood :  That  from  the  gluteal  vein  contains  no  bacteria  nor  free  hiematine  so  far  aa 
can  bo  detected.    Eed  globules  are  crenated  and  shrunken. 

Experiment  No.  5. 


Female  wldtexna,  citjht  tceehs  old,  no  sj)ccial  breed. 

house. 


Formerly  Jceplonraw  offal  at  a  sluuyhter- 


Date. 


3. 

Ilour. 

Temperatiiro 
of  body. 

30 

3  p.  lu. 

103. 75°  F. 

1 

9  ii.  m. 

103. 75 

1 

6  p.  IQ. 

103 

2 

9  ;i.  m. 

102 

3 

9  a.  m. 

101.5 

.I 

4  p.  111. 

102. 25 

(j 

5  p^  in. 

102 

7 

11  a.  m. 

103 

8 

12  nooii. 

103.5 

9 

11  a.  m. 

103. 75 

10 

5  p.  in. 

104 

11 

10  a.  m. 

105 

11 

5  p.  in. 

105 

12 

4  p.  m. 

103.  75 

13 

12  noon. 

104.3 

14 

4  p.  in. 

102.  25 

15 

10  a.  m. 

104 

16 

....do 

105 

17 

....do  

104 

18 

....do 

104.  25 

19 

....do 

103. 75 

20 

....do  

103 

21 

....do  

102. 75 

22 

....do  

103.  25 

23 

....do  

103.  75 

24 

....do 

103 

25 

....do  

102.  25 

2G 

9  a.  m. 

101 

27 

....do 

102 

28 

10  a.  m. 

103 

20 

0.30  a.  ui. 

102.  75 

30 

2  p.  ni. 

103 

31 

9  a.  ill. 

103.  75 

1 

10  a.  ni. 

101.5 

3 

9  a.  in. 

102 

4 

....do  

100.  75 

r 

9.30  a.  ni. 

101.5 

(i 

10  a.  m. 

101 

7 

....do  

103.  25 

8 

.-..do 

102.5 

9 

....do 

101 

10 

....do 

304.75 

11 

....do 

103.  H 

12 

....do 

102. 75 

Kt 

....do  

104 

Eemarlfs. 


Sept.    30 
Oct. 


Nov. 


Just  biouglit  ouo  mile  in  a  wagon. 


Inoculated  ■with  a  quill  dipped  in  liquid.s  of  diseased  lung  (Ave 
days  old).  Before  tho  inoculation,  (]uiU  was  dipped  ten  aecnnda 
in  solution  of  carbolic  acid  :  1 : :  500. 


Bowels  natural.    Lively. 
Lively.    Hungry. 


Coughs. 

Bowels  loose.    I'cccs  fetid. 
Scouring. 

luoculated  with  substance  of  a  firm  intestinal  ulcer,  sent  from 
New  Jersej'^,  and  slightly  putrid. 


A  sliglit  iiiuk  rayh  on  skin. 

lumiilated  with  iuloatiual  mucus  ami  ulcer  from  Blijioia,  very 
sLIglitly  ijutrid. 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER    ANIMALS. 
Experiment  No.  5 — Contiuued. 


81 


Date. 

Hoiir. 

Tempcratuj-e 
of  body. 

Kemarks. 

Xov.    14 

10  a.  m. 

104      °  F. 

Shedding  black  scales,  leaviu?  red  conical  papiilea. 

15 

.-..do  

103. 75 

Abuiidaut  pink  papiilav  erui)tion.  exceasive  between  thethiglis. 

16 

....do  

103.  8 

17 

....do 

104 

18 

....do 

104 

10 

....do  

104 

20 

....do 

103.75 

21 

..-.do 

103.2 

22 

....do  

103 

23 

....do  

102. 75 

24 

....do  

103.2 

25 

....do 

103.8 

26 

....do  

104 

27 

....do 

103.5 

28 

....do  

104 

29 

....do  

102 

30 

....do 

103.2 

Dec.       1 

....do 

102 

....do 

103.2 

3 

....do 

102.5 

Killed  by  bleeding. 

Fost-mortcm  examination. — SJdn:  Presents  many  painiles  or  slightly  pink  conical  elte- 
vatious,  just  raised  enongh  to  bo  felt  by  tlie  finger ;  also  black  concretions  like  pin- 
lieads  and  up  to  twice  or  thrice  that  size.  It  is,  however,  much  cleaner  than  it  was  a 
week  ago. 

Dif/estive  organs :  Mouth  normal,  likewise  the  pharynx,  larynx,  and  adjacent  lym- 
phatic glands. 

Stomach :  Has  its  mucous  membrane  dark  brown  along  the  great  curvature,  hut  with- 
out any  extravasation,  ulcer,  or  recent  lesion. 

Small  intestines:  Have  a  few  spots  of  congestion,  but  these  are  very  circumscribed. 
They  contain  twelve  ascarides. 

Lai-f/e  intestine :  With  few  and  slight  patches  of  congestion.  No  enlargement  of 
Peyer's  i^atches,  nor  solitary  glands;  no  erosions.  The  cajcum  contains  six  whip- 
worms. 

Lympliatic  glands  of  the  mesentery  are  mostly  gray  on  the  outside  from  pigmentary 
deposit,  but  normal  in  their  interior.  The  pigmentation  is  evidently  the  result  of  a 
former  blood  extravasation,  as  is  so  constantly  seen  in  the  earlier  stages  of  the  disease. 
The  blood  coloring  matter  is  being  transformed  into  black  pigment,  as  a  concomitant 
of  convalescence. 

Liver :  Presents  several  hard  yellow  concretions  as  largo  as  peas,  also  spots  and 
patches  of  purple.  Similar  rounded  yellow  concretions  are  found  in  the  mesocolon. 
They  are  covered  hy  a  reticulated  membrane,  and  are  probably  the  remnant  of  some 
para.sitc.     Gall-Madder  very  full  (the  pig  had  been  killed  fasting),  bile  green,  glairy. 

Spleen  and  panercas  :  Normal. 

Judneiis :  One  contains  two  hydatids  ;  excepting  marked  pallor  of  the  cortical  sub- 
stance they  arc  otherwise  normal. 

Hydatids :  Nine  of  these  are  found  in  different  parts  of  the  peritoneum. 

Heart :  Eight  side  nonnal ;  contains  a  small  clot. 

Left  ventricle:  Has  numerous  patches  of  extravasation,  of  a  deep  claret  color,  sit- 
uated mo.stly  on  the  carnw  colnmnm  and  museuU  2>apilaries.  These  have  their- scat  in 
and  beneath  the  serous  lining,  and  barely  extended  into  the  muscular  substance.  The 
nmrgiu  of  the  bicuspid  valve  is  slightly  thickened. 

Liinf/s :  Have  a  very  few  red  consolidated  lobulettcs ;  of  the  remainder  many  arc  only 
partially  dilated,  though  they  have  nearly  their  normal  color. 

Parasites :  The  terminal  main  brunchium  of  tlie  right  lung  contains  from  thirty  to 
forty  worms  (Stronfiylns  clonyatiis).  The  lobules  coiTCspondiug  to  this  bronchiiun  Avero 
slightly  collap.sed,  but  not  consolidated  nor  congested. 

Lymphatic  glands  of  chest  almost  unchanged. 

Brain  :  Healthy. 

A  microscopic  section  from  a  petechia  on  the  heart  showed,  in  addition  to  the  blocked 
capillaries  and  blood  extravasations,  a  tine  example  of  the  curious  ovoid  i>arasitea 
long  known  as  Eainey's  cysts. 

0  SAV 


82 


DiyEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER    ANIMALS. 

EXI'KKIJIKNT  No.  G. 


Mule  while  jn<j,  chjIU  a'tr/.'.s  old;  no  sjiccial  breed;  liuu  been  hllherio  fed  raw  oljul  at  a  slaughter- 

liQit.-ie. 


Date. 

Hour. 

Tcinppral  I'.ro 
of  body. 

liciuarka. 

Sept. 

30 

3  p.  Ill 

103°  F. 

Haa  just  come  one  mile  iu  a  wagon. 

Oct. 

1 

Oa.  in 

103.  25 

1 

0  p.  m 

103.5 

2 

9.30  a.  m  .. 

101. 75 

- 

3 

....do  

101. 5 

5 

4  p.  m 

102. 25 

6 

5  p.  m 

100 

7 

11 .1.  m 

103.  25 

8 

12  noon  . . . 

102.  25 

Inocidated  with  c|iiilldipp(!d  iu  pidmoiiary  cxiulaliou  of  a  pig  that 
liad  been  sick  for  a  week  or  i\\  o.  Infected  quill  sent  from  New 
Jersey. 

Eectum  very  rod,  and  bleeds  easily. 

9 

11  a.  m 

101.  5 

10 

5p.  m 

103. 75 

11 

10  a.  m 

102 

12 

4  p.m 

102.  5 

13 

12  noon  . . . 

102 

14 

4  p.  m 

104 

15 

10  a.  m 

103 

16 

....ao 

103 

17 

....do 

101.  75 

18 

....do 

103 

19 

....do 

102 

20 

....do 

102.5 

21 

....do  

103.5 

22 

..-.do  

105 

23 

....do  

103.5 

24 

....do  

104 

Shows  extensive  blue  patches  on  ears,  flanks,  and  belly;  also  a 
pink  rash,  spots  one  to  two  lines  iu  diameter.  Appetite  im- 
paired. 

24 

5p.  ni 

105 

25 

10  a.  m 

105. 25 

25 

6  p.  m 

105.  75 

26 

9  a.  m 

105 

Ofl' feed,  but  active;  ears  pardy  pui-ple;  feces  dark  but  moder- 
ately lirm ;  struggles  when  the  thermometer  is  used. 

26 

p.  m6 

104.75 

27 

9  a.  ni 

105 

Ears  cold,  livid  iu  their  outer  half;  pulse  120  per  mintite ;  breath- 
ing natural ;  is  bright  aud  feeds  when  np,  but  is  inclined  to  lie, 
and  sh(jws  much  weakness ;  has  always  resented  handling,  but 
to-day,  when  caught,  threw  itself  on  its  side  and  lay  to  have  its 
temperature  taken. 

28 

10  a.  m 

103.5 

Costive ;  dung  in  firm  round  halls,  but  of  good  color,  and  not  spe- 
cially offensive ;  runs  around  readily,  but  is  weak ;  discoloration 

mainly  on  ears. 

29 

9. 30  a.  m  . . 

104.3 

Still  costive ;  cars  cold  and  very  blue. 

30 

2  p.m 

106 

Weak  on  limbs;  ears  very  dark  purple ;  l<\gs,  tail,  and  rump  badly 
blotched ;  bowels  costive ;  dung  in  yellow  balls. 

31 

9  a.  m 

103.  75 

Sliiu  extensively  blotched  with  dark  purple;  Ijowels  costive;  weak 
on  limbs,  especially  the  hind. 

ifov. 

1 

10  a.  in 

103.  75 

Very  weak ;  disinclined  to  move ;  sways  on  its  hind  limbs  when 
up ;  bowels  quite  soft. 

3 

9  a.  m 

99.75 

Very  dull ;  weak ;  evidently  sinking;  pulse  132  per  miaute ;  grits 
its  toetli  confnuually  when  uj) ;  breathing  slow ;  nervous  tremors 
aud  jerking  constant. 

3 

0  1>.  ni 

90.5 

Evidently  deliiioua ;  screams  when  its  door  is  opened,  or  when 
approached  or  touclied :  stands  with  dillieulty,  Uaving  its  hind 

feet  drawn  for^^•ard  to  tlu?  level  of  the  fore,  oi-  in  front  of  them ; 

muscular  jei'king  constant,  and  prevents  us  from  taking  th« 

pulse ;  no  grinding  of  teeth ;  haa  not  eaten  since  morning. 

4 

round  dead. 

Post-mortan  examination,  Xovembcr  A. — SJcin :  Almost  universally  scarlet,  passing  to  darli 
purple  on  ears,  belly,  and  hoclcs.  Inner  sides  of  tlio  fore-arms  and  tliighs  have  the  skin 
•wMte,  but  blotched  ^vith  indelible  pmple  spots  one-half  to  one  line  iu  breadth.  Many 
of  these  spots  have  a  dark  red  or  purple  areola,  with  a  firm  black  central  scab  or 
slough,  evidently  resulting  from  extravasation  into  the  cuticle  and  supcrhcial  layers 
of  the  true  skin.  A  section  made  perpendicularly  to  the  surface  shows  much  reducsfi 
from  blocked  branching  blood-vessels,  especially  around  the  hair  follicles,  and  numer- 
ous minute  spots  of  blood  extravasations. 

The  snout  is  of  uniform  dark  red,  but  with  deeper  purple  spota  ineffaceable  by 
pressure. 

Margin  of  the  arms  deep  purple,  almost  black. 


DISEASES    OF   SWINE    AND    OTHER   ANIMALS. 


83 


D'ujesficc  orfjans  :  Tongue,  left  border  has  an  extensive  slough  near  the  tip.  Eight 
border  has  a  number  of  lirm  elevated  points,  Trith  purple  areola  and  yellow  centers. 

Soft  palate :  Lo^\cr  or  buccal  sui-face  has  its  follicles  deeply  stained  with  blood  and 
Bun-ouuded  Avith  purple  areola  ;  some  follicles  are  filled  Avith  a  yellowish  material. 

Eight  tonsil :  Is  swollen  and  has  its  ducts  distended  with  a  thick,  tenacious,  trana- 
pareut  mucus,  containing  great  numbers  of  roimded  granular  cells. 

Throat:  Epiglottis  beai-s  spots  of  congestion  ineffaceable  by  pressure. 

Gullet:  Healthy. 

Stomach:  Moderately  full;  acid.  The  mucous  membrane  on  the  great  curvature 
presents  patches  of  extravasation  and  erosion,  the  latter  varying  from  one  to  three 
Lines  in  diameter.     Contains  a  worm  (ascaris  SuiUa). 

Small  intestine:  Contains  twelve  ascaridcs,  one  as  much  as  ten  and  one-eighth  inches 
in  leu<'th.  The  mucous  membrane  presents  along  its  whole  course  patches  of  redness, 
congestion,  and  softening,  which  are  especially  numerous  and  extensive  towards  its 
lower  portion. 

lUo-cwcal  valve :  Bears  a  sloughing  ulcer  completely  eucu-cling  it. 

Cacum  :  Contains  a  number  of  id'cei-s  with  white  sloughs,  many  of  them  confluent, 
and  forming  bands  or  belts  tending  to  encircle  the  gut,  being  situated  on  the  simimita 
of  the  transverse  folds. 

Colon:  The  anterior  portion  is  much  ulcerated,  some  of  the  ulcers  being  confluent 
and  tending  to  form  transverse  bands  as  in  the  ca.'cum,  while  others  are  mere  ch'cular 
masses,  two  or  three  lines  in  diameter,  with  white  necrotic  center,  and  very  little 
vascularity  around  the  margin. 

Bectum:  Has  patches  of  congestion  and  extravasation  one  line  and  upwards  in 
breadth ;  in  the  case  of  one,  advanced  to  the  formation  of  a  firm  white  slough  and 
ulcer  as  in  the  caecum.  Close  to  the  anus  the  entire  mucous  membrane  is  very  deeply 
congested  and  thickened  hy  exudation  and  extravasation. 

Parasite:  The  cajcum  contained  one  Avhipworm  {Tricocejihalus  crenatus). 

Farasite-i  in  the  peritoneum:  In  the  cavity  of  the  abdomen  were  found  twelve  hydatids 
in  connection  with  the  liver,  stomach,  omentum,  mesentery,  meso-colon,  and  pelvic 
fascia.     Tliree  others  Avere  lodged  in  the  perineum  near  the  urethra. 

Kidneys :  Softened  slightly  and  of  an  unusual  pallor  in  their  cortical  portion. 

Bladder  Bormd.  IntrapelAic  lu-ethra  deep  red,  almost  black,  from  petechial  extra- 
vasation. 

Urine  about  tAvo  ounces,  turbid,  strouglj^  acid,  albuminous;  density,  1020;  urea, 
2  per  cent. 

Cha^t :  Heart  has  a  gelatinoid  material  filliug  the  auricula-A'entricular  grooA'c  simi- 
lar to  that  seen  in  No.  — . 

llight  heart  has  a  considerable  buffy  clot  in  both  aiuicle  and  ventricle.  Lpft  auricle 
contains  a  small  clot,  almost  the  entire  substance  of  which  is  pale  orbufl:y.  It  further 
contains  some  very  daik  fluid  blood. 

Lungs:  A  few  lobidettes  only  are  infarcted  or  consolidated.  In  all  cases  the  bron- 
chia leading  to  the  consolidated  lobulettes  are  blocked  hy  worms  (S.  elongatus).  The 
other  bronchia  are  clear  of  Avorms  excepting  in  the  immediate  A'icinity  of  the  infarcted 
lobtdettes.  The  great  bulk  of  the  lung  is  healthy,  and  of  a  soft  white  color,  slightly 
tinged  Avith  pink. 

I'arasites:  Attached  to  the  pleura  were  two  hydatids. 

EXPERIMEXX  No.  7. 

Female  pig,  eight  iceeks  old,  no  s2}ccial  Vrecd.     Formerly  fed  raw  offal  at  a  slaughtcr-hoitix. 


Date. 

Hour. 

Tciuperatixre 
of  body. 

Kemaiks. 

Sept. 

30 

3p.m 

103. 75°  F. 

Has  just  come  ope  mile  in  a  wagon. 

Oct. 

1 

9:i.  m 

103.3 

1 

6  p.  in 

103 

2 

9.30  a.  HI .. 

102 

3 

.-..do 

100.  75 

5 

4  1).  m 

102.2 

6 

5p.  m 

103 

Inoculated  witli  quill  cliarKcd  with  matter  from  diseased  hins 
from  New  Jersey,  six  days  old;  quill  tiuitcd  Avith  wdutiou  (i| 
copperas  :  1 :  :  500. 

7 

11  a.  m — 

104 

8 

12  noon  . . . 

103. 2.5 

9 

11  a.  m 

104. 20 

10 

r)p.  m 

103.  25 

11 

10  a.  m 

105.  75 

11 

5p.m 

105. 75 

12 

4p.ni 

104 

13 

12  noon  . . . 

104 

14 

4p.  m 

103. 75 

84 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTIIEK    ANIMALS. 
Experiment  No.  7 — Continued. 


Date. 

Hour. 

Toinpcrature 
of  bodj-. 

Eemaiks. 

Oct.      15 

ll.n.  r.i...- 

107°  F. 

Lively ;  good  appetite. 

16 

10  .a.  m 

105.  75 

17 

....do 

102.25 

18 

....do  

1C4. 25 

19 

....do  

103 

20 

....do 

103. 75 

Scouring. 

21 

....do 

104.  75 

«>2 

..-.do 

104. 25 

23 

....do 

10.5.  50 

24 

....do  

105 

Sho-\vs  l)lno  patches  on  tlic  rump  and  flank,  and  a  red  rash  on 
heUy. 

2-1 

5  p.  m 

105.  5 

25 

10  a.  in 

106.  5 

Pnlse  108  per  minute.    "Will  scarcely  move  from  Led. 

25 

C  p.  m 

104. 75 

Very  dull ;  skin  hot. 

Dull;  lies  much;  does  not  strujrplo  "when  handled;   ears  deep 

20 

9  a.  m 

103 

purple  ;  howel.s  loose ;  dung  fetid  ;  skin  cool. 

2G 

Cp.m 

105.5 

Dull,  very  hot  skin. 

27 

!)  a.  m 

107 

Skin  VLiv  hot,  hiiis  stained  with  foce.'?.  Defecations  semi-fluid, 
dnrk  uietnush,  ■vrith  clayey  aspect,  and- fetid.  Pul-so  IGO  per 
niinnlr.  Breathing  28  per  minute;  deep,  rather  labored; 
wheezing  inspiration,  terminated  by  a  snore.  Can  scarcely  bo 
roused,  and  crouches  in  tho  litter  at  once  when  released. 

28 

10  a.  m 

104.5 

Scouring.  Feces  ofi"ensive.  Lies  const.intly  on  beUy.  "When 
lifted  hangs  helpless  with  no  attempt  at  struggling.  Discolor- 
ation is  A(  ly  marked  on  ears,  snout,  belly,  ami  thikhs. 

29 

9.30  a.  m  .. 

102.  75 

Ean  from  bed" to  avoid  being  caught,  l)ut  hlings  helpless  in  hands 
when  lifted.  Feces  very  soft ;  fetid.  Sklii  more  deeply  col- 
ored than  before,  but  cool. 

30 

2p.m 

99.75 

Tery  sick;  stupid;  stands  constantly  with  fore  limbs  drawn 
back  and  hind  advanced,  so  that  all  four  feet  meet.  Flanks 
hollow.  Skin  on  discolorations  very  uoep  purple,  almost  black 
on  rump.     Bowels  loose.     I'otid. 

31 

9  a.  m 

94.5 

Lies  iu  stupor,  with  limbs  and  body  jerking  every  instant. 
EreathLng  slow,  sighing,  lattling.  Feces  audHrino  discharged 
invohmtarily,  and  have  soaked  tho  lift  (lower)  thigh,  whiX'h, 
in  consequence,  shows  a  much  brighter  red  than  the  other 
parts  of  tho  body.  Tho  general  surface,  ex<M'ptiug  some  whito 
patches  inside  the  arms  and  thighs,  was  of  a  dark  purple,  al- 
most black  on  tho  ears,  snout,  median  line  of  the  abdomen, 
rump,  and  hocks.    Killed  by  bleeding. 

Post-mortem  examination. — Blood:  Scanty;  that  from  axillary  vein  is  neutral  or 
sliglitly  alkaline.  Ked  globules  deeply  creuated  and  shrunken  very  disproportion- 
ately to  the  Tvliito  globules,  Avbicli  are  largo  and  rounded,  but  appear  detieient  in 
numbers  :  1  :  :  bO. 

Skin :  Section  of  the  blue  skin  of  the  car  shows  cutis,  cuticle,  and  bristle  foUiclea 
deeply  congested,  most  of  the  capillaries  being  blocked  by  coagulated  blood,  and 
microscopic  extravasations  appearing  at  short  intervals.  The  red  globules  in  this 
part  arc  full,  rotmded,  and  of  the  usual  size. 

Digestive  orf/ans:  Tongue  has  a  series  of  ^vhite sloughs  aloug  its  tip  and  right  margin, 
resembling  those  of  the  intestines,  being  yello^Yish-white,  laminated,  non-vascular, 
and  with  A'ery  slight  congestion  and  redness  around  them.  Microscopically  these 
sloughs  are  composed  of  epithelial  cells  with  much  granular  matter.  In  one  a  central 
red  spot  lu'csents  stagnation  and  coagula  iu  the  capillaries  and  micro!3copic  extravasa- 
tions. It  is  manifest  these  form  in  the  same  manner  with  the  sloughs  in  the  intestines. 
Circumscribed  spots  of  the  nnicous  membrane  become  the  seat  of  congestion,  resulting 
in  coagulation  of  the  blood  in  the  capillaries  and  exudation  and  extravasation  alike 
into  the  epithelial  and  sub-epithelial  layers,  leading  to  thickening  and  indnration  of 
tho  deeper  strata,  and  death  of  the  more  superficial  ones. 

Soft  pulate :  The  buccal  or  lower  wnrl'ace  henrs  a.  similar  slough,  Avhile  many  of  its 
follicles  are  red,  swollen,  and  Idled  with  a  yellowish-white  (chee.syf)  matter. 

Throat:  The  lar^-ngeal  surface  of  the  epiglottis  is  congested,  i\w  rinlness  beiug  iu- 
efraceable  by  ju'cssurt^  The  mucous  membrane  on  the  back  of  the  right  arytenoid 
cartilage  bears  a  Ibnr-lobed  warty  looking  excrescence  like  a  small  ]iin's  head,  which, 
under  the  mier()sco)>e,  discloses  only  round  granular  cells  .'iud  fret'  granules. 

Ahdomrii,  tSloiiidch  :  This  contains  :i,  few  ounces  of  half-digested  food.  This,  together 
with  th(^  lower  ])ortion  of  the  gullel,  is  of  a.  deep  yellow  ime,  apparently  trom  regur- 
gitated l,)ile.     No  mark('d  cong(;stion  of  the  r.iucous  membrane. 

iSmalli>itestine:  Shows  circumscril)ed  spots  and  patches  of  congestion  and  small 
petechia,  but  no  erosions. 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AXD    OTHEP    ANIMALS. 


85 


Larije  intestine:  Ouo  slouftliius  ulcer  ou  the  ilio-ca?cal  valve,  three  on  the  ctvcum,  and 
a  cousiderahle  number  iu  the  colon.  The  colon  and  rectum  also  bore  numerous  patches 
of  extravasation  one  to  two  lines  iu  diameter.  The  last  inch  of  the  rectum  is  of  au 
uniformly  deep  dark  red.  The  mucosa  and  sub-mucosa  are  alike  gorged  with  blood, 
and  at  one  point  a  bleeding  pile  projects  into  the  passage. 

Live);  jiancrcas,  and  >q>h-c)t  ari'  lirm  and  seemingly  healtliy. 

Jiidnn/s:  Fmu  and  apparently  sound;  cortical  part  rather  ])ale. 

Bladder :  Sound ;  moderately  full. 

Urine:  Strongly  acid ;  density,  102G;  albuminous;  urea,  lifijijj  per  cent. 

rarasilc-'^  in  al>domen :  Attached  to  the  peritoDeum  of  slomach,  liver,  and  siilecn  are 
seven  Injdaiids. 

Cheat:  Right  heart  contains  clots;  left  henrt  emi)ty.  Ar.riculo-ventricnlar  furrow 
filled  with  a  gelatinoid  material,  which,  under  th(!  microscoiie,  appears  as  a  loose  librou.s 
stroma,  its  open  meshes  lilled  with  a.  nearly  homogeneous  material,  together  Avith  ji 
few  fat  cells,  granule  cells,  and  abundant  ca]nllary  uet-AVoik  filled  with  iincoagulated 
blood.  The  white  corpuscles  are  more  abumlant  in  these  than  in  the  axillaiy  vein. 
No  x^arasites  nor  ova  could  be  found  in  tliis  g(datiiu)id  material. 

Linif/s:  i\I(<stly  healthy.  Isolated  lobules  and  at  certain  points  a  few  adjacent  ones 
are  iniarcted  and  solid,  and  all  such  have  their  brcuichia  lilled  Avith  worms  {Strong ijJiis 
elongatiis)  and  a  thick  mucous.  The  jdugged  bronchia  are  mostly  dilated,  and  on  the 
mucous  membrane  of  one  such  is  a  white  ])atch  about  a  line  in  diameter,  resembling 
the  sloughs  on  tiie  intestines,  but  not  so  thick. 

Experiment  No.  8. 

Whit^pig,  eight  weeks  old;  common  breed.     Formerly  fed  raw  offal. 


Date. 

Hour. 

Temperature 
of  body. 

Heinaik.s. 

Sept.    30 

3p.iii 

104°  r. 

Jost  come  a  mile  in  a  wagon. 

Oct.       1 

9  a.  m 

103 

] 

6p.m 

103 

2 

9.30  a.  m 

101.5 

a 

9a.  m 

101 

4 

(*) 

(*) 

5 

4p.m 

98.75 

Pigs  in  next  two  pens  inoculated.  Was  found  between  door 
and  bars,  where  it  could  not  move. 

C 

5  p.m 

99 

Agaia  between  door  and  bars. 

7 

11  a.  ni 

99 

Costive. 

8 

12  noou 

101 

9 

11  a.  m 

104.5 

Still  very  costive. 

10 

5p.  m 

102.  75 

BoweLs  natural. 

11 

10  a.  m 

102.5 

12 

4p.iu 

103.  25 

13 

12  noon 

103 

Feces  fetid. 

14 

4  p.m 

104 

1.5 

10  a .  m 

105 

Lame  in  right  fore  limb. 

IG 

....do 

104.  25 

17 

....do 

103.  5 

18 

-...do 

101.  5 

Scotirs.    Feces  fetid. 

19 

..-.do 

102.  5 

20 

....do 

103. 75 

Pigs  iu  adjacent  pens  reinocclaied. 

21 

....do  

104.25 

22 

....do 

103.  5 

23 

....do  

10,3.  75 

24 

....do 

103 

25 

...-do  

103 

Placed  in  new  pen,  witii  infected  pen  on  each  side. 

26 

....do 

103 

27 

9a.  m 

103 

28 

10  a.  m 

103 

29 

9.30a.  m.... 

105.  3 

Sliglit  cutaneous  rash 

30 

2  j).m 

104 

Lively. 

31 

9:1.  ni 

104.2 

Ko  sliin  eruption. 

Kov.       1 

10a.  m 

105. 75 

Still  looks  well. 

3 

9  a.  m 

104.8 

Sliir  in  hind  limbs. 

3 

Gp.  m 

104 

4 

9a.  m 

103 

Placed  in  pen, just  vacated  by  dead  l',ig. 

.') 

9.30  a.  m 

101 

(i 

10  a.  m 

103.  5 

7 

....do  

102. 75 

8 

....do  

102.  G 

DuU;  no  appt'tito;  skin  covered  with  black  spots  one-t!iiid  to 
one  line  in  diamctei'.    llight  car  bus  purple  spots.    Jvilleil  by 

bleeding. 

*Xo  observation. 


Posl-mortem  examination. — Skin :  Nearly  cov<'red  with  black  spots  from  one-third  to  one 
line  in  diameter,  consisting  of  minute,  .sloughs  of  e])idermis,  infiltrated  and  discolored 
with  blood.     In  a  number  of  these  the  subjacent  layers  of  true  skiu  arc  congested, 


86 


DISEASES   OF   SWINE   AND    OTHER   ANIMALS. 


and  CYcu  the  scat  of  microscopic  extravasations  of  blood,  wMle  in  some  cases  the 
black  necrotic  cuticle  is  covered  by  a  dried  cnist  of  oxniled  lympli  of  a  dark  brown 
color. 

The  right  ear  is  of  a  deep  pnrjdo  color,  and  purple  iiatcbes  of  various  sizes  are  found 
inside  forearms  and  thighs,  on  the  hocks,  and  beneatli  the  chest.  In  thego  purple  patches 
the  true  skin  is  the  seat  of  extensive  congestion  with  stagnation  and  coagulation  of 
the  blood  in  many  of  the  capillaries,  and  numerous  microscopic  clots  of  extravasated 
blood,  v.'hilo  all  the  tissues  are  stained  "with  h;i;inatino. 

Blood:  That  from  the  jugular  is  very  dark  and  forms  slowly  a  soft  diffluent  clot; 
red  globules  round  and  large.  That  from  the  carotid  is  crimson,  and  clots  quickly  and 
lirmly;  red  globules  crenate,  small  and  shrunken.  Blood  from  both  vessels  is  slightly 
alkaline. 

Tongue:  On  tlie  posterior  third  of  the  right  border  is  a  x^uiiile  spot  one-haK  line  in 
diameter,  which  cannot  bo  eliaced  by  pressure.  Under  the  microscope  this  shows  the 
same  congestion  and  microscopic  extravasations  with  the  spots  on  the  skin.  The 
conical  papilla;  (m  the  upper  surface  of  the  organ  near  its  base  have  their  tips  of  a 
very  deep  purplish  red. 

Larynx :  There  is  purple  punctiform  discoloration  on  the  i^osterior  surface  of  the 
epiglottiSj  whicli  cannot  be  removed  by  pressure. 

Lympliatlc  glands :  Those  around  the  throat  are  deeply  stained  with  blood,  some  only 
superficially  and  some  throughout.  This  is  true  also  of  the  glands  of  the  chest,  groin, 
and  abdomen,  but  especially  of  the  mesentery.  In  several  cases  the  glands  appear  to 
be  enlarged.  Microscopically,  tliey  i)resent  congested  capillaries  filled  with  coagulated 
blood,  minute  extravasations,  and  a  iirofusion  of  granules  and  granular  cells. 

Abdomen — j)arasUes  in  peritoneum :  Two  hydatids  were  found  respectively  in  the  omen- 
tum and  mesentery. 

Stomach:  Well"filled;  great  curvature  of  a  deep  dark  red;  contents  strongly  acid. 

Small  intestine:  Congested  in  some  parts,  but  with,  no  observed  extravasation  nor 
deep  discoloration  ;  contents  iiot  abxmdant,  but  at  intervals  stained  of  a  deep  biliary 
yellow,  and  with  excess  of  mucus  throughout. 

lUo-coical  valve :  With  Peyer"s  follicles  dilated,  and  contents  in  some  slightly  yel- 
lowish. 

Ccecum:  Close  to  tbe  ilio-ca;cal  valve  a  considerable  erosion,  with  raised  center  and 
margin,  but  no  excess  of  vascularity. 

Colon:  Six  inches  from  the  caecum  is  a  sloughing  ulcer,  one  and  one-half  lines  in 
diameter,  raised  above  the  adjacent  membrane,  the  superficial  layers  being  of  a  dirty 
white  color  in  the  center,  and  non- vascular,  while  around  the  margin  of  the  ulcer  is 
no  marked  redness. 

Livff)\  colon,  and  rectum :  Several  extravasation  patches  averaging  one  lino  in  diam- 
eter, bright  red,  and  evidently  quite  recent. 

No  intestinal  parasites. 

Liver:  Firm;  solid;  considerable  portions  are  of  a  deep  purple  hue,  the  deep  color- 
ation being  mostly  confined  to  the  center  of  the  acini. 

Kidneys:  Cortical  portion  soft  and  of  a  very  light  brown,  almost  parboiled,  appear- 
ance.    Papilla}  and  medullary  parts  of  a  very  deep  red. 

Muscles:  Contained  noparasites. 

Brain:  Normal. 

[Experiment:'  No.  9. 

Female 2)ig,  eight  wceJcs  old ;  breed,  Chester  White. 


Date. 

Hour. 

Temperature 
of  body. 

Kemarks. 

Nov.      5 

9.30  a.  Ill .... 

103.  75^^  F. 

0 

lOa.ni 

]n3.7r. 

7 

....do  

103.  75 

Tnoculiited  with  part  of  .small  intfi.stine  of  pip;  that  died  Novem- 
ber 4,  the  vimleiit  product  ba%  iag  first  boen  brought  for  five 

minutes  in  contact  with  a  solution  of  chloride  of  lime  (:  1 ::  500). 

8 

....do  

100.  75 

9 

...  do 

101 

10 

...do  

104 

11 

....do  

105 

12 

....do 

]05 

CnatAvp. 

13 

....do 

104 

Bowels  loose. 

14 

....do  

1(13.  8 

15 

....do  

104.0 

16 

....do  

104.  75 

17 

....do  

104 

18 

.-..do 

105 

19 

....do  

105 

20 

....do  

105 

Skin  hot. 

21 

....do 

lOG 

Killed  by'bleeding. 

.    1 Z — • 

DISEASES    OF    SWTXE    AXD    OTHER   ANIMALS. 


87 


Post-mortem  examination,  Xovemhcr  21,  11  a.  m. — Body  in  good  condition. 

Skin:  Almost  devoid  of  eruption.  The  oars  alonf;  present  increased  vascularity, 
w:tli  .1  moderate  blush  and  excess  of  scurf. 

Bificstive  organs :  Natural  above  the  stomach.  Guttural  lymphatic  glands  in  part 
congested  and  the  seat  of  microscopic  blood  extravasations.  Stomach  mottled  of  a 
deei)  brown  for  a  span  of  two  and  one-half  inches  by  three  inches  along  the  mucous 
membrane,  covering  its  greater  (curvature.  Contents  abundant,  intensely  acid,  and 
fumes  with  ammonia. 

Duodenum :  Bears  a  small  erosion  near  the  pylorus. 

Jejunum  and  ilium:  Have  patches  of  congestion  and  microscoi>ic  extravasation  at 
intervals. 

IliO'ca'cal  valve:  Has  its  edges  thickened  and  of  a  dark  bluish  gray.  Many  follicles 
in  Payer's  patch  covering  the  valvo  arc  distended  with  a  yellowish-white  product,  but 
thero'is  no  extra  vascularity  nor  erosion. 

Ca'eum,eoIon,  and  rectum:  Bear  at  intervals  patches  of  congestion  and  microscopic 
extravasation  in  Ihe  mucous  and  enlimucous  layers,  over  v/hich  the  epithelial  layer  is 
softened  and  easily  detached.     No  ulcers  are  foiiud. 

Liver:  Discolored  in  parts  by  blue  punctiibrm  spots  involving  individual  acini  or 
several  adjacent  ones.  Toward  the  lower  margin  of  the  gland  the  deep  redness  is 
mostly  conliued  to  the  center  of  the  acini. 

Spleen :  Seems  large,  but  not  unduly  gorged  witli  blood  nor  softened. 

Pancreas:  Healthy. 

Kidneys:  Pale  in  their  cortical  part,  present  punctiform  iietecliiiE  on  the  medullary 
portion  and  papilhe. 

Bladder:  Empty  and  normal.     Ovaries  and  womb  sound. 

The  mesenteric,  sulilumbar,  and  inguinalliimpUatic  glands  appeared  enlarged  and  more 
or  less  stained,  of  a  deep  blood-red  color. 

Parasites  in  the  abdomen:  Two  ascaridcs  in  the  small  intestine;  one  tricoccphalus  ia. 
the  cfficum. 

Lun(is:  Present  numerous  congested  lobtijes  varying  in  color  from  browmisli  i)ink  to 
a  dark  piu'ple  (almost  black).  The  bronchia  leading  to  these  lobules  are  pervious  and 
withou.t  parasites.  The  congested  lobules  seem  less  solid  than  when  worms  have  been 
present. 

Heart  and  pericardium :  Normal. 

Brain :  Sound.  Dura  mater  bears  four  patches  of  extravasation  on  the  right  side 
near  the  vertex.     The  average  breadth  of  these  is  one  line. 

Spinal  cord:  Sound;  subarachnoid  fluid,  about  two  drachms. 


EXPEKIJIEXT  No.  10. 
White  male xng ,  eight  ^veelcs  old ;  Ireed,  Chester  White  ;  condition,  fine. 


Date. 

Hour. 

Temperature 
of  body. 

Eemaiks. 

C  Inoculated  with  mucus  and  congested  and  softened  mucous 

5 

9.30  a.  m  . . . . 

104. 75°  F. 

<     memlirane  of  the  small  intestines  of  Ifo.  — ,  found  dead  thia 
(     morning. 

6 

10  a.  m 

103.  75 

7 

....do  

103.8 

8 

....do 

103. 75 

9 

..-.do  

102.5 

10 

....do 

104.5 

11 

....do 

103.3 

12 

....do 

104 

Ears  red. 

13 

....do 

104.  5 

14 

....do  

105 

15 

....do 

105.1 

Losing  condit.un.    The  skin  shows  tho  customary  blaeli  necrotic 
spots  of  cpidennis.    Eai's  blue  at  edges. 

15 

3p.m 

103.  5 

Respiration  30.    Killed  by  bleeding. 

Post-mortem  examination. — Skin:  Slight  eraption  on  the  ears  and  bluenoss  on  the 
margins. 

Digestive  organs:  No  lesions  in  the  mouth  or  phaiyux. 

Pharyngeal  himphatie  glands:  Stained  of  a  deep  blood-red  color. 

Stomach  :  Well  lillcd  with  food.  Contoits  strongly  acid.  On  the  great  curvature  a 
space  of  two  and  one-half  inches  square  has  a  bi'owuish  mottled  discoloration,  and 
numernns  deeper  brownish  markings,  as  if  from  altered  ha>matine. 

Small  intestine:  Epithelium  is  thick,  soft,  and  easily  detached.  Contents  liquid, 
with  a  great  excess  of  mucus.     The  bowel  is  reddened  ami  congestetl  around  its  entire 


88 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER    ANIMALS. 


periphery,  and  for  a  considerable  distance  at  intervals,  the  congested  portions  being 
mostly  empty  and  contracted. 

IliO'Cacal  valve:  Peyer's  patch,  which  i^asscs  over  the  valve,  has  many  of  its  follicles 
filled  up  "with  a  yellowish-white  matter.  The  whole  patch  is  swollen,  but  not  very 
vascular  to  the  naked  eye. 

Ccecum  and  colon  bear  petechite :  Many  solitary  glands  in  the  colon  are  unusually  large ; 
some  excessively  dilated,  filled  with  yellowish  matter,  and  apparently  commencing  to 
form  ulcers.  Spots  of  congestion  scattered  over  the  mucous  membrane  show  minute 
extravasations  Avhen  placed  under  the  microscope. 

Mesenteric  glands :  Some  unchanged ;  some  stained  of  a  deep  blood  color.  Inguinal 
glands  large. 

Kidneys :  Normal. 

Liver :  Is  firm  and  solid.  Bears  numerous  jninctiform  petcchife  on  the  posterior  sur- 
face of  its  right  lobe,  .and  a  large  dark-purple  patch  on  the  posterior  aspect  of  its  mid- 
dle lobe. 

Gall  bladder:  Moderately  filled  with  a  straw-colored,  glutinous  bile.  Meml)ranes  of 
the  bladder  unchanged. 

Pancreas  and  spleen:  Normal. 

Chest — heart :  Left  ventricle  contaius  potechire.  Eight  auricle  just  above  the  auri- 
culo-ventricular  valve  presents  a  brownish-red  spot  which,  under  the  microscope,  is 
seen  to  contain  much  granular  matter  in  the  sub-serous  connective  tissue. 

lAinfjs :  The  right  has  two  dark,  blood-colored  spots  on  its  posterior  part.  The  left 
shows  similar  colorations,  mostly  in  lines  along  the  inter-lobular  spaces.  The  bronchia 
leading  to  such  points  contained  no  parasites  nor  exudation. 

Bronchial  hjmphatic  glands :  Normal, 

Brain:  Normal. 

Experiment  No.  11. 

Whitemalepig,eightweehs  old;  breed,  Chester  White. 


Date. 

Hour. 

Temperature 
of  body. 

Eemarks. 

Nov.    5 

9.30  a.  m 

102. 75°  F. 

C 

10  a.  m 

103 

7 

....do 

102 

Inoculated  Trith  small  intestine  of  pig  that  died  November  4 
tlie  gut  having  been  fumigated  five  minutes  with  Bulphurous 
acid. 

8 

....do 

100.  5 

9 

....do  

100.  75 

10 

....do 

101.  75 

11 

....do 

104.  5 

12 

....do  

102.  5 

13 

....do 

103.5 

14 

....do 

103.  5 

15 

....do 

103. 25 

10 

.-..do 

104.  75 

17 

....do 

102. 75 

Scouring. 

18 

....do 

104.  5 

Fetid  scouring. 

19 

....do 

104.5 

20 

....do 

105 

Feces  still  soft ;  unusu.al] y  fetid ;  skin  hot. 

21 

....do  

105 

22 

....do 

103 

23 

....do 

103.  75 

24 

....do  

103.3 

25 

....do 

104 

20 

....do 

104. 25 

27 

....do  

103 

28 

....do  

104 

29 

....do  

103.  5 

00 

....do 

103 

Dec.     1 

....do 

102.  5 

Eed  para ;  dull ;  thriftless. 

2 

....do 

103.2 

3 

....do 

102.  25 

4 

....do 

100.  75 

Scours. 

4 

5p.ia 

102 

5 

9.30  a.  m 

102.  25 

6 

....do  

102.5 

Killed  by  bleeding. 

Post-mortem  examination. — Shin:  In  great  part  covered  by  the  usual  black  concretion. 
Has  patches  of  purple  on  cars  and  legs. 

Digestive  organs :  Some  depo.sit  exists  on  the  lower  surface  of  the  tongue,  to  the  left 
of  the  frcnum,  composed  of  granular  matter  and  cells  having  more  than  one  nucleus; 
evideutly  the  remnant  of  a  small  abscess.  On  the  fauces,  to  the  right  side,  is  a  ]mr- 
plo  patch  not  removed  by  pressure,  extending  to  an  inch  in  length  and  a  quarter  of  an 
inch  in  breadth. 

Pharynx  and  larynx:  Normal. 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER    ANIMALS. 


89 


Stomach :  Full ;  contents  moderately  acid.  Sliows  tlie  usual  broAvnisli  discoloration 
of  the  raucous  nicuibrano  covering  the  great  curvature. 

Small  intestines :  Show  only  a  few  patches  of  congestion.  The  follicles  of  Peyer's 
patch  just  above  the  ilio-caecal  valve  arc  considerably  enlarged. 

Lar<je  intestines:  Show  a  great  many  enlarged  solitary  glands,  yet  but  little  conges- 
tion. The  rectum  is  much  congested  and  presents  two  ulcers:  one  with  raised  edges 
and  raw,  depressed  center ;  the  other,  with  a  firm,  dirty-white  slough  in  the  center. 

Mesenteric  lymphatic  (jlands :  Enlarged  and  thickly  streaked  with  gray.  Those  near 
the  ilio-CiBcai  valve,  and  those  a])ove  the  rectum,  are  congested  and  deeply  reddened. 

Inguinal  f/lands:  Are  also  greatly  enlarged  and  streaked  dark-gray  with  i^igment. 

Liver:  Oi"  normal  consistency  and  color,  excepting  some  few  patches  of  deep  pui-ple. 
Gall-bladder  moderately  filled  with  a  yellowish-green,  viscid  bile. 

Pancreas:  Healthy. 

Sjjleen:  A  portion  very  dark  colored  (nearly  black)  extending  its  whole  length  and 
about  half  its  breadth  ;  is  evidently  gorged  with  blood ;  but  is  not  raised  above  the 
level  of  the  remaininj^  iiart. 

Kidneys :  One  contains  an  acephalocyst  in  itsiielvis.  The  cortical  substance  of  both 
is  pallid,  l)ut  no  other  change  is  noticeable. 

'Tlie  lungs,  heart,  and  brain  appeared  healthy. 

EXPERIMKNT  No.  12. 

Male  pig,  eight  weeks  old ;  breed,  Chester  White. 


Date. 

Honr. 

Temperature 
of  body. 

Eemarks. 

Nov. 

19 

10  a.  m 

104.  .0°  r. 

Costive.    Inoculated  with  blood  of  siolc  pig  (No.  1)  after  treat- 
ing the  same  with  a  solution  of  bromide  of  ammonia:  1 : : 500. 

20 

....do 

104. 75 

21 

..-.do  

104.2 

22 

....do  

104.7,5 

2^ 

....do 

104.2 

24 

....do 

lO.'i.  8 

2.5 

....do  

104 

20 

....do  

104.3 

27 

....do 

105. 75 

28 

....do  

105.  75 

29 

...do 

105.  75 

;!(i 

....ilo 

106 

Dec. 

1 

...  do 

106.2 

Edges  of  ears  purple.    Pni-ple  .spots  on  scrotum. 

2 

....do 

106 

Eight  ear  a  deep  purple,  bleeding  at  the  point  where  exudation 
had  formed  a  black  scab. 

.3 

....do 

105 

4 

....do 

105 

Ears  blue  ;  slcin  has  purple  blotches  only  partially  offaceable  by 
Ijressure.    Feces  li(iuid ;  yellowish  white. 

4 

5  p.  m 

105 

i> 

10  a.  m 

105 

fi 

....do 

101 

Very  prostrate ;  can  barely  lise. 
Eound  dead  in  pen  this  morning. 

7 

..  .do 

Post-mortem  examination. — tSlin :  Of  ears,  throat,  breast,  belly,  and  legs,  of  a  uniform 
dark  i)uii>le ;  vrhite  patches  remain  inside  the  foreann  and  thigh,  and  along  the  back, 
which  is  covered  by  a  very  thick  scurf.  The  discoloration  which  is  due  to  congestion 
of  capillary  vessels,  the  coagulation  of  blood  within  them,  and  numerous  minute  ex- 
travasations, is  conline<l  to  the  integument.  The  skin  is  also  abundantly  covered 
with  the  usual  black  concretions. 

Digestive  organs  :  Tongue  blue,  but  with  no  abrasions. 

Tonsils,  fauces,  and  pharynx:  The  seat  of  general  congelation  and  discoloration. 
CT'^sophagus  has  some  spots  of  slight  congestion. 

Stomach:  Di.stended  with  solid  food;  not  so  strongly  acid  as  in  many  other  case.". 
Its  great  ctirvaturo  has  the  mucous  membrane  covered  with  patches  of  blood  extra- 
vasation, such  ])atches  standing  out  in  greater  p;u't  as  dark-red  clots. 

Smallintestine:  Exceedingly  contra.'ted,  almost  empty,  and  congested  throughout 
in  varying  degree,  from  a  simple  In-anching  redness,  with  softening  of  the  mucous 
membran(»  and  excessive  ])roductioii  of  mucus,  to  distinct  circumscribed  extravasa- 
tions witli  decided  thickening;  in  several  instances  the  redness  and  the  thickening 
is  m<ist  marked  on  Peyer's  patches.  The  duodenum  contains  tliree  ascaridcs.  Several 
sm.nll  ulceis  exist  just  above  the  ilio-circal  valve. 

Large  intestine:  Ciccum  remarkably  small  and  contracted.  Neither  canium  nor  colon 
conlains  much  ingesta.  The  nnieous  juciiibr.'uic  along  the  wlic)]<!  hii'ge  intestine  is  in- 
llanicd,  greatly  thickened  by  exudation,  and  thrown  into  prominent  circular  folds. 
Its  general  color  is  of  a  dark  brownish  red,  in  many  ])oints  verging  upon  black.  At 
ditf(;rent  points  it  shows  the  characteri.stic  ulcers  with  a  linn,  dirty,  white  slough  in 
the  (('nter  of  cacli,  but  these  have  in  no  case  attained  a  larger  size,  nor  any  marked 
thickening  nor  induration  of  their  base,  and  without  special  care  in  the  examination 


90 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER   ANIMALS. 


miglit  bo  easily  overlooked.  Tlic  rectum  contains  uumcrons  blood  estravasatious  and 
some  considerable  ulcers  ■with  llie  central  whitisli  necrosed  portions. 

iMe-'icnicric  (jJunds :  Almost  uuiversally  enlarged  and  of  a  ileep  red,  from  congestion 
and  extravasation. 

Liver :  Of  a  very  deep  piu-plisli  brown,  gorged  with  blood,  but  not  materially  soft- 
ened nor  moderately  friable.     It  is  especially  dark  near  the  margin  of  the  lobes. 

GaJl-hladclcr :  Moderately  full,  bile  dark  green  and  viscid. 

Faiicreas :  Sound. 

Spleen  :  Enlarged,  gorged  Avith  blood,  and  almost  black. 

Kidneys:  Nearly  normal  as  examined  externally.  Corticle  substance  of  a  darker 
red  than  in  most  of  the  diseased  pigs,  and  the  papill.'o  bear  black  extravasations, 
pimctii'orm  and  up  to  half  a  line  in  breadth.  The  right  kidney  contains  a  small  cyst 
in  its  pelvis. 

Left  supra-1-enal  capavle  is  enlarged  to  about  one-third  the  size  of  the  kidney,  and 
has  a  clot  of  blood  and  .1  collection  of  cheesy  matter  superposed  in  its  anterior  end. 

Lungs :  Nearly  normal;  some  congestion  in  the  i)osterior  lobes  is  evidently  quite  re- 
cent, and  the  cut  surface  freely  exudes  a  frothy  liquid. 

LLcart:  Eight  ventricle  slightly  discolored  by  x^unctiform  petechia}  beneath  the  endo- 
cardium.    The  great  aorta  contains  a  very  firm  clot,  partly  bufi'ed. 

Blood  nnder  a  No.  10  Hartnack  immersion  shows  no  moving  bacteria,  but  a  great 
excess  of  granular  matter. 

EXPERIMEiS'T  No.   13. 

White  female  in(j,  eight  iveelcs  old  ;  Irced,  Chester  White. 


Date. 

Hour. 

Temperature 
of  body. 

Ecmarks. 

Nov.  19 

10  a.  m 

105.  5°  F. 

Inoculated  ■with,  tlie  blood  of  sick  pig  ~So.  — ,  five  drops  being 
mixed  ■with,  a  drachm  of  a  ■watery  solution  of  potassium  per- 
manganate ( :  1 : :  500}  and  injected. 

20 

....do  

104 

21 

....do  

103.  25 

22 

....do  

103 

23 

....do 

104.  75 

24 

....do  

103.  25 

25 

....do 

104 

26 

....do  

104.8 

27 

....do  

104. 75 

28 

..-.do  

104.5 

■29 

..-.do  

104. 75 

30 

..-.do  

105.3 

Dec.     1 

..-.do  

105  ■ 

Deep-red  ears ;  blade  concretions  on  skin. 

2 

.--.flo 

105.3 

3 

....do 

104. 25 

4 

....do 

104.5 

Stiff,  unsteady  gr.it ;  humped  back ;  blue  ears ;  costive. 

4 

5p.m 

103.5 

5 

10  a.  m 

103.5 

6 

....do 

105 

7 

.-.do 

102.5 

8 

.-..do  

105 

8 

6  p.  m 

104 

9 

9.30  a.  m 

104 

10 

....do  

105 

10 

4.30  p.  m 

104.5 

11 

9.30  a.  m 

104 

Very  dull  and  qnict. 

11 

5.30  p.  m 

103.  5 

12 

10  a.  }n 

107. 75 

Very  languid  and  prostrate. 

12 

5p.  m 

107. 75 

Does  not  rise  when  handled ;  breathing  28  per  minute. 

13 

11  a.  m 

107 

Feces  soff,  fetid,  yellowish.  Pig  very  i)iostrate,  eats  nothing, 
a.nd  scaicely  m<nes  when  pricked  to  obtain  a  drop  of  blood. 

Blood  contains  movhig  bacteria. 

13 

5p.  m 

107 

Pig  found  dead  on  the  morniiig  of  December  14. 

Posl-moriem  examination. — Slan:  Blue  spots  on  the  belly,  h^gs,  rump,  p.erineum,  and 
ears.  Free  portions  of  the  ears  of  a  dark  pixrple.  Pink  papillary  eruption,  and  black 
concretions  tin  the  ears. 

Digestive  organs :  Tongue  has  an  ulcer,  Y.'ith  slough  a  little  to  the  left  of  the  tip — 
size  one  and  a  half  lines  in  dia^mcter. 

Tonsils  and.  sop  palate:  The  seat  of  a  uniform  bluish  cnnj^ostio;).  Subm-Txillary 
lymphatic  glands  in  part  reddened  and  congested. 

(iullct :  Contains  clots  of  a  stringy,  iibiiuous  material. 

Slomncli :  Near  the  left  eul  de  sac  is  a  dirty,  yellowish-Avhite  false  membrane  of  about 
one  inch  .srinare.  The  groat  curvature  is  of  a  dark -brownish  i-ed,  wilh  some  brighter 
red  spots  of  more  recent  blood  extravasation. 

Small  inirslines :  Nearly  empty,  though  at  intervals  were  round,  hard  i)ellets  of  in- 


DISEASES   OF   SWINE   AND   OTHER   ANIMALS. 


91 


gcsta.     The  coats  of  tliis  bowel  were  more  or  less  congested,  witli  softeuiug  of  the 
liicmbrauo  at  dilfercut  points. 

A  large  vilcer  is  formiug  on  the  edge  of  the  ilio-Ciecal  valve,  in  which  the  ontliue  of 
the  follicles  can  still  be  seen  of  a  yellowish  color. 

Large  intestines :  Circum  and  colon  congested  throughout,  but  much  more  at  some 
points  than  at  others.  In  the  upper  part  of  the  colon  arc  extensive  deposits  of  false 
membrane  of  a  dirty  yellowish-white  color,  in  places  in  spots  of  small  size,  and  in 
others  in  extended  pkt'ches  of  several  inches  in  length.  The  caecum  has  smaller  spots 
of  the  same  kind.  The  rectum  is  very  much  thickened  and  of  a  deep  red  thi'oughont, 
the  thickening  existing  mainly  in  the  mucous  membrane.  It  presents,  further,  nine 
small  ulcers,  with  the  characteristic  dirty  sloughs  in  the  centers. 

Fanmies :  The  crecum  contains  one  whtp-worm. 

Liver:  In  the  main  firm,  but  contains  bluish  jiatches. 

Pancreas:  Apparently  unchanged. 

Spleen  :  Black,  full  of  blood,  but  not  apparently  enlarged. 

Mesenteric  and  sithhimhar  Ji/mphalic  (/lands:  Are  almost  imiversally  of  a  dark  red, 
almost  black  color. 

The  left  lidnc]/ :  Has  a  cyst  one-half  inch  in  diameter  in  the  anterior  jiartpf  its  pelvis. 
In  common  with  the  right  kidney,  it  also  presents  numerous  black  petechia  on  the 
medullary  portions  and  papillae. 

Chest  and  rc'^piratorn  organs:  Larynx  shows  considerable  congestion,  especially  on 
the  epiglottis  and  on  the  arytenoid  cartilages. 

Pleurw :  Contained  an  abundant  blood-colored  liquid  exudation,  especially  in  the 
right  sac,  where  the  lung  had  contracted  extensive  adhesions  by  newly-formed  false 
membranes.  The  liquid  effusion  contained  numerous  white  and  red  blood  lobules  and 
activcl\--moviug  bacteria,  which  assumed  the  most  varied  forms  in  rapid  succession. 
A  loose  coagulum  forms  in  tho  exposed  fluid. 

Bronehia  :  Filled  with  froth  having  a  perceptibly  puik  tint. 

Left  lung :  Anterior  lobes  congested  and  consolidated  by  recent  exudation.  Posterior 
layer  lobe  sound.  » 

.Plight  lohc :  Consolidated  throughout ;  sinks  in  water ;  biit  has  not  yet  become  lirm, 
gi-anular,  nor  friable.  The  color  of  this  lung  varies  from  a  light  brick-red  to  a  deep 
red,  approaching  black,  tho  darker  shades  mostly  occupying  the  spaces  of  connective 
tissue  between  the  lobules,  these  spaces  being  often  stretched  by  the  exudation  to  the 
breadth  of  a  line  or  more.  On  maiiing  a  section  of  the  lung  a  considerable  pulmonary 
vein  was  found  to  contain  a  friable  granular  grayish  clot  which  had  evidently  existed 
for  some  time  before  death. 

Perieardinm:  Contains  a  large  amount  of  blood-colored  effusion,  in  which  blood- 
globules  and  moving  bacteria  abound.  Tho  Y>arietal  and  visceral  layers  were  con- 
nected by  loose  false  membranes.  Loose  daric  clots  and  some  fluid  blood  existed  in 
the  right  side  of  the  heart,  and  spots  of  extravasation  on  the  walls  of  the  left  ventricle. 

Lyw})hatic  glands :  In  the  region  of  tho  throat  are  of  a  very  deci)  red.  The  same 
remark  apx>hes  to  the  bronchial  and  subdorsal  glands. 

Table  showing  the  duration  of  incnhafion  in  different  cases. 


F3 

.S-S 

g  « 

'. 

>, 

"H  _.- 

C  cl 

No. 

« 

o  a 

a.2 

11 

Eemarks. 

o 

1 

5  a  ca 

1 

Xov. 

19 

Nov.  20 

1 

6.C" 

Inoculated  -with  old  blond  that  hail  been 
in  an  incubator. 

kept  eleven  days 

2 

Oct. 

G 

Oct.      9 

3 

3 

Oct. 

G 

Oct.      9 

3 

'"20"" 

4 

Nov. 

7 

Nov.  10 

3 

5 
6 

Oct. 
Nov. 

8 

7 

Oct.    12 
Nov.  n 

4 

4 

|l3.3 

Temperature  raised  fur  tlireo  days  only. 

7 

Oct. 

;■■( 

Oct.    10 

5 

C.C 

8 

Oct. 

8 

Oct.    ]} 

G 

|l3.3 

9 

Nov. 

4 

Nov.  10 

6 

]0 

Nov. 

3 

...  do.... 

7 

] 

]1 

..    do 

...do.... 

7 

i2G.G 

12 

..    do 

...  do.... 

7 

13 

Nov. 

19 

Nov.  20 

7 

J 

14 

Nov. 

19 

Nov.  27 

8 

G.G 

15 

Oct. 

8 

Oct.    21 

13 

G.G 

92 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER   ANIMALS. 


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DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER   ANIMALS. 


95 


EXI'KKIMENT  No.  20. 

Exj)€rimcnt  undcrlaken  as  a  test  of  the irrojiafjatioa  of  the  disease-jioison  thromjh  the  air. 

October  5. — A  pig  vras  placed  iu  n  pen  between  two  infected  ones,  and  separated  from 
each  only  by  an  impervions  double  wall  of  matched  boards,  with  building-paper  be- 
tween. The  only  means  of  commnnieation  was  llnojigji  tlic  open  air  by  means  of 
ventilators  at  the  front  and  back  of  each  pen,  and  the  openings  of  which  in  adjacent 
pens  wa-re  less  than  a  foot 'apart.  On  the  ninth,  tenth,  and  eleventh  days  the  pig  had 
an  elevated  temperature  and  was  lame  in  the-  right  slioulder,  the  illness  being  evi- 
dently rheumatic. 

On  October  29tli,  the  twenty-fonrth  day,  the  temperature  rose  2-  and  remained  at  104° 
F.  and  upward  for  six  days  (till  November  3rd).  It  then  showed  a  daily  diminution, 
and  by  November  8th,  having  attained  the  natural  standard,  the  pig  was  destroyed. 

Experiments  on  3hec2>,  rahhit,  anddog.    Inoculation  willt fresh  virulent pifs  blood,  containing 

moving  bacteria. 


Subject. 

Date  of  inoc- 
ulation. 

Cm 
O 
to 

II 

o  a 
2  "* 

=M               1 

o 
.2£ 

Dec.   14 
Deo.   14 
Dec.   14 

Dec.   14 

Dec.   15 
Dec.   15 
Dec.   15 

1 
1 
1 

"i" 

K'ewfouncllainl  pupp^',  seven 

weeks  old. 
Female  pig,  twelve  weeks  old. 

Remarks. 


Temjjeraliire  rose  2.25'^,  liut  wa-s  nor- 
mal on  the  second  day. 

Purged  actively  for  tkree  days.  "When 
inoculated  the  pig  was  in  advanced 
non-febrile  stage  of  tho  fever,  and 
the  temperatui'e  did  not  rise  above 
the  normal. 


Inoculation  with  fresh  virulent  blood  in  tvhieh  no  moving  bacteria  had  been  observed. 


Subject. 

Date  of  inoc- 
ulation. 

Remarks. 

Nov.  21 

Dec.     7 
Nov.  21 
Dec.     7 

Scouring  and  ri.se  of  tfniporati'.ie  1°  on  foiulh  and  sixth  days 

only. 
No  apprcciabl<5  etl'cct. 

Do 

Do 

Temperature  rose  1  ^  on  tin-  tirsl  daj  only. 

96 


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7  f^Tv 


98  DISEASES    OP    SWINE    AND    OTHER    ANIMALS. 

-DR.  LAW'S  SUPPLESIENTAL  REPORT. 

■    As  an  addendum  to  ray  former  report,  I  would  respectfully  submit  the  follorring 
further  oIi'^ota  ntions  on  tlio  fever  of  swine,  commonly  known  ms  hog  cholera: 

r.XPKIIIMENTS  IN    FEEDING    THE   VIRTTIJENT  BIATTEH. 

A  healthy  pig  was  f'dtho  substance  of  an  intestinal  ulcer  and  a  little  nianni'e  from 
the  same  bowol,  bu,t  sliovved  no  evil  results  for  fovirteen  days,  when  it  was  put  to 
other  uses.  It  should  be  added  that  the  nicer  fed  to  this  pig  was  partially  putrid, 
and  was  inocailateel  on  two  other  SAvine  without  success. 

A  second  i>ig  Avas  fed  a  port  ion  of  di'ied  intestine  and  its  contents,  both  of  which  had 
remained  packed  in  wheat-brau  for  a  mouth.  Notwithstanding  this,  the  animal  re- 
tained good  health  for  seventeen  days,  when  it,  too,  was  put  to  other  uses.  The 
material  fed  to  this  pig  acted  with  fatal  effect  on  two  other  pigs  on  wbich  it  was  in- 
oculated. 

These  experiments  can  only  bo  taken  as  shov/ing  thqt  a  small  quantity  of  poison 
may  pass  through  the  intestinal  canal  with  impunity,  but  they  would  not  warrant 
the  conclusion  that  similar  materials  would  be  equally  barmless  when  taken  in  larger 
quantities  and  with  every  meal,  as  invariably  ha])pens  when  sAvine  are  fed  in  the  ordi- 
nary manner  and  plunge  their  filthy  feet  and  noses  fresh  Irom  the  pestiferous  manure 
into  the  feeding-trougii.  Dr.  Osier  has  succeeded  in  developing  the  disease  by  feeding 
the  diseased  intestine,  but  as  the  feeding  was  accomplished  by  force  there  is  just  the 
possibility  of  abrasion  and  direct  inoculation.  Abrasions  are  indeed  so  common  in  the 
mouth  from  .injuries  by  the  teeth  and  by  hard  objects  masticated  and  derangements  of 
the  epithelial  covering  of  the  mucou.s  membrane  of  the  stomach  and  intestines,  are 
so  frequent  in  connection  Avith  slight  gastro-intestinal  disorders,  that  it  is  needless  to 
calculate  on  an  immunity  which  can  only  be  secitred  by  the  entire  absence  of  such 
lesions.  If  to  scctu'c  immunity  in  feeding  we  must  proA'ide  that  not  even  a  worm  shall 
bite  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  stomach  or  intestine,  any  guarantee  rests  on  an  ex- 
ceedingly slender  basis  and  had  best  be  rejected  at  once. 

SUCCESSFUL  INOCULATION  WITH  FKOZEN  PKOBUCTS  OF  THE  DISEASE. 

In  two  cases  I  have  successfully  inoculated  virulent  i^roducts  which  had  been  frozen 
hard  for  one  and  two  days  respectively.  In  both  instances  the  resulting  disease  was 
of  a  very  violent  type,  and  would  assuredly  hav'e  proved  fatal  if  left  to  run  its  course. 
The  freezing  had  certainly  failed  to  impair  the  virulence ;  it  had  rather  sealed  it  up  to 
be  opened  and  given  free  coni'se  on  the  occtuTcnce  of  a  thaw;  for,  once  it  is  frozen, 
it  is  manifest  that  no  further  change  could  take  place  until  it  was  again  thawed"  out, 
and  if  it  was  preserved  for  one  night  unchanged  in  its  potency,  it  would  be  equally 
nnatfected  after  the  lapse  of  many  months,  provided  its  liquids  had  remained  in  the 
same  crystalline  condition  throughout.  In  this  way  undoubtedly  the  vu'us  is  often 
preserved  through  the  winter  in  pens  and  yards,  as  well  as  in  cars  and  other  convey- 
ances, to  break  forth  ancAV  with  returning  spring.  This  is  precisely  what  avo  find  to 
be  the  case  w"ith  the  other  fatal  animal  plagues,  the  A^kus  of  rinderpest,  lung  fever, 
anthrax,  and  aphthous  fever,  being  often  bound  up  through  the  winter  Avith  frozen 
manure  to  reapi^ear  with  undiminished  power  on  the  access  of  warmer  weather.  This 
is  a  matter  of  no  small  moment  inasmuch  as  the  long-continued  frosts  of  our  Northern 
States  proA'ent  any  such  destruction  of  the  jioisou  as  takes  place  so  readily  in  summer 
in  coimection  with,  the  alternate  wetting  and  drying  and  the  resulting  putrefaction. 

I  have  had  instances  brought  under  my  notice  in  which,  after  the  })revalence  of  the 
icYL'T  in  a  herd  in  early  smmuer,  new  swine  were  introduced  into  the  open  yard  a 
month  or  tAVO  after  all  trace  of  the  disease  had  disappeared  and  had  continued  to  pre- 
serve the  most  perfect  health.  This  is  qirite  in  keeping,  too,  Avith  my  failure  in  the 
attempts  tQ  convey  the  disease  by  feeding  and  inoculating  Avith  a  semi-putrid  intestine. 
It  serves,  moreover,  to  explain  "my  faillu'o,  as  the  exposure  and  Avct  at  a  moderately 
higli  temperature  avouUI  lead  in  both  cases  alike  to  decomposition  and  destruction. 

The  bearing  of  this  upon  the  prevention  of  the  disease  is  self-evident.  Infected  yards 
and  other  opeii  and  uncovered  jilaces  may  bo  considered  safe  after  tAvo  months'  vaca- 
tion in  summer,  provided  that  sulhcicnt  rain  has  fallen  in  the  interval  to  insure  the 
soaking  and  ])ulrid  decomposition  of  all  organic  matter  near  the  surface,  and  that 
there  are  no  great  accuimxlations  of  manure,  straAV,  hay,  or  oilier  material  in  whicli 
the  A'U'us  may  be  preserved  dry  and  infecting.  In  Avinter,  on  the  other  hand,  ihe  yard 
or  other  open  infected  iilaco  may  prove  non-infecting  for  weeks  and  mouths,  and  yet 
retain  the  A^rus  in  readiness  for  a  now  and  deadly  career  as  soon  as  a  thaw  sets  in. 
Safety  in  such  circumstawces  is  contingent  on  a  disuse  of  the  ])remises  so  long  as  tlie 
Irost  continues  and  for  at  least  one  niontli  thereafter.  Even  during  iho  eou-tinuauee 
of  frostj  such  places  arc  daoigca-Qus,  as  the  heat  of  the  anionala'  bodies  or  of  the  rays  of 


DISEASES    OF   SWINE    AND    OTHER   ANIMALS.  99 

> 
the.  Eun  at  mid-dav  may  suffice  to  set  the  vims  free.  Again,  wjiile  tliey  are  especially 
(laugeror.s  on  thc'^  accession  of  v/armer  weather,  yet,  when  once  the  tcmperatiire  has 
risen  pernianoiitly  above  the  freezing  point,  wo  may  count  upon  the  rapid  putrefaction 
that  ensues  in  all  organic  bodies  that  have  been  fi'ozen  and  on  a  disiufection  almost  aa 
speedy,  cud  it  maybe  at  times  even  more  speedy  than  in  thq  extreme  heat  of  summer. 
The  course  of  safety  is  to  hold  all  places  that  have  been  infected  in  late  autumn  or 
during  Avinter  as  still  infected  until  one  or  two  months  after  the  frost  lias  gone  out  of 
tlie  ground  in  spring. 

This,  of  corj;x',  lias  little  bearing  upon  tho  question  of  covered  pens,  bams,  cars,  &c., 
in  which  the  poison  may  bo  preserved  dry,  active,  and  accessible  in  winter  andsmmner 
alike.  On  this  question  of  infection  through  pens  in  winter  I  instituted  the  following 
expcriin'.'ut : 

COXTAGIOX  FROM  AX   INFrXTKD  PEN. 

A  healthy  pig  was  placed  in  a  pen  from  which  a  sick  one  had  been  removed  thartcen 
days  before.  The  pen  had  been  swept  out,  but  subjected  to  no  disinfection  other  than 
the  free  circulation  of  air ;  and  as  the  pig  Avas  placed  in  tho  pen  on  December  19,  all 
moist  objects  had  been  frozen  during  tho  time  the  apartment  had  stood  empty.  The 
pig  died  on  the  fifteenth  day  vrithout  having  shov.n  any  rise  of  temperature,  but  with 
2)0sf  morter.i  lesions  that  shoAved  the  operation  of  the  poison.  This  case  was  an  exam- 
ple of  the  rapidly  fatal  action  of  the  disease,  the  poison  having  fallen  with  prostrating 
effect  on  vital  organs — the  lungs  and  brain — and  cut  life  short  before  there  was  time 
for  tho  fuU  development  of  all  the  other  lesions.  It  sufficiently  demonstrates  the  pres- 
ervation of  the  poison  in  covered  huildings  at  a  temperature  below  the  freezing  poiut. 

SUCCESSFUL  IKOCULATIO:^;  OF  PIGS  WITH  VIRUS  THAT  HAD  BEEN  KEPT  FOR  A  .AIONTH 

IN  DRY  WHEAT-BRATS'^. 

Appended  will  bo  found  the  daily  record  of  two  pigs  infected  by  inoculation  with 
bowel  ingesta  and  mucous  membrane  that  had  been  preserved  for  a  mouth  in  diy 
wheat-bran.  In  both  cases  tho  disease  followed  the  inoculations  promptly  and  ran  a 
severe  course,  one  case  jiroving  fatal,  while  in  the  other  death  was  anticipated  by  kill- 
ing the  animal.     At  tho  autopsies  the  usual  characteristic  lesions  were  found. 

Here,  as  in  the  case  of  the  virus  j)reserved  on  quill-tips,  we  find  the  poison  pre- 
served Avithout  the  slightest  impairment  of  its  potency.  Thus  two  series  of  inocula- 
tions with  di'ied  Aarus  show  hoAS'  careful  aud  thorough  must  be  the  disinfection  in  dry 
seasons,  and  indoors  in  all  seasons,  and  the  importance  of  the  destruction  by  tiro,  or 
in  other  certaiu  manner,  of  all  diy  fodder  and  litter  in  Avhich  tho  poison  may  have 
been  secreted. 

COHABITATION  WITH  SICK  TIGS  IN  DIFFERENT  STAGES  OF  TIIK  DISEASE. 

A  healthy  pig  was  inclosed  in  a  pen  Avith  a  sick  one  which  had  I'een  inoculated  with 
virulent  blood  on  tAvo  occasions ;  the  first  thirty  days  and  tlie  last  five  days  before. 
After  the  first  inoculation  the  pig  had  suficred  from  a  slight  fcA'cr  and  Ihe  charactfristio 
phenomena  of  the  tlisease.  Before  the  second  inoculation  the  temperature  had  been 
normal  for  eight  days,  and  it  was  not  materially  affected  by  the  operation.  In  short, 
the  disease  had  manifestly  spent  itself  in  the  system  of  ili«  pig,  though  it  had  left  it 
a  most  shrunken,  emaciated,  and  Avretched  spectacle. 

The  tAvo  ]iigs  occupied  the  same  pen,  lay  on  the  same  hed,  and  fed  from  the  same 
trough  for  sixteen  days,  during  Avhicli  no  uueijuivocal  sign  of  disease  Avas  mauitested 
in  the  healthy  jiig.     It  seemed  indeed  to  have  suecessfuliy  resisted  the,  contagion. 

It  Avas  noAV  removed  to  another  ]k'u  and  placed  in  CGm]»any  AvLtli  a  i)ig  in  Avhich  the 
disease  had  j'ust  reached  its  height.  On  the  tAvelfth  day  tliereaftfu'  its  temperature 
permanently  rosc^,  and  it  passed  through  a  sharp  attack  from  whicli  it  is  now  rocover- 
ing. 

This  seems  to  show  that  the  poison  is  much  less  virulent  after  tho  febrile  stage  of 
the  malady  has  passed,  and  that  tho  danger  from  the  recuperating  animal  decrtnisea 
with  advancing  convalcsceuce.  At  the  same  time  it  must  not  be  too  hastily  conclnded 
that  a  mild  form  of  the  disease  did  not  exist  in  tbis  pig  during  tho  occui»aucy  of  ilio 
first  pen.  It  ap])ears  uiujuestionable  that  the  poison  may  bo  prosont  in  thosy^tiMu, 
and  yet  give  rise  to  so  little  disorder  tliat  the  most  careful  observer  wouhl  fail  to 
detect  anything  anuss. 

OCCUr.T   FOKAIS   OI.'    TIIK   DISKASK. 

On  posl-morlcm  sections  I  haA'o  found  the  eharacieristic  lesions  of  Iholtowels  and 
lymphatic  glands,  in  cases  where  no  uutaneon.-i  rash  or  discolor;! I io:\,  no  lisc  of  tem- 
perature, no  loathing  of  food,  nor  constitutional  disiu'dcr  had  bt'traycd  its  presence 
dm'iug  life.     The  occuvrcnce  of  such  slight  aud  occult  forms  of  the  disease  must  present 


100  DISEASES   OF   SWINE   AND    OTHER    ANIMALS. 

a  serious  olistacle  to  aH  attempts  to  stamp  it  out.  In  most  of  the  plagues  of  animals, 
and  notably  in  lung  fever,  in  aphthous  fever,  and  in  rinderpest  out  of  its  native 
home,  the  rise  of  the  body  temperature  iireccdes  all  outward  mauifestations  of  the  dis- 
ease. In  these  affections  the  indications  of  the  thermometer  alone  enable  us  to  sep- 
anite  the  sick  anrf  healthy  before  the  disease  has  attained  to  a  stage  of  material  danger 
to  their  fellows.  But  iu  the  pig  fever  the  earliest  symptoms  will  vary  according  to 
the  vagaries  of  the  poison  and  its  primary  scat  of  election.  Perhai^s  the  most  common 
initial  symptom  is  the  enlargement  of  the  inguinal  glands,  but  it  may  be  some  derange- 
ment of  the  digestive  organs,  or  it  may  be  the  elevation  of  the  body  temperature,  or  it 
may  be  the  appearance  of  red  spots  or  blotches  on  the  skin,  or  finally  the  poison  may 
bo  operating  in  the  system  in  the  absence  of  all  external  manifestations.  It  is  notice- 
able that  since  the  access  of  extremely  cold  weather  the  cutaneous  discoloration  has 
been  much  less  extensive  than  during  the  warmer  season.  Even  when  the  tempera- 
ture has  been  abnormally  raised  it  will  rise  and  faU  in  such  an  irregular  manner  that 
no  single  observation  will  be  always  successful  in  detecting  the  disease.  To  detect 
«uch  cases  the  investigation  must  be  conducted  from  day  to  day,  and  in  view  of  all 
possible  manifestations  of  the  disease,  to  be  successful.  Then  again  the  temperature, 
even  in  health,  varies  widely  in  different  swine  and  under  different  conditions  of  life, 
so  that  a  knowledge  of  the  body  heat  of  the  individual  in  the  existing  environment 
is  essential  to  the  drawing  of  sound  deductions  from  thermometric  indications. 

INFECTION  OF  OTHER  ANIMAXS  THAN  SWINE. 

I  consider  the  most  important  part  of  my  researches  to  be  that  which  demonstrates 
the  susceptibility  of  other  animals  than  swine  to  the  fever  we  are  investigating.  Dr. 
Kline  of  London,  England,  claimed,  nearly  a  year  ago,  that  he  had  conveyed  the  dis- 
ease "with  difficulty"  to  rabbits,  Guinea-pigs,  and  mice,  but  he  gives  no  hint  as  to 
w^hether  he  had  subjected  the  question  to  the  crucial  test  of  reinocidation  from  these 
animals  back  upon  the  pig.  This  test  it  seemed  very  important  to  apply,  so  that  the 
identity  or  otherwise  of  the  two  diseases  might  be  determined.  I  have  accordingly  in- 
stituted experiments  on  a  rabbit,  two  sheep,  a  rat,  and  a  puppy,  the  three  former  ot 
■which  have  turned  out  successfully. 

INFECTION  OF  A  RABBIT  FROM  A  SICK  PIG. 

After  two  inoculations  with  questionable  results,  made  with  the  blood  of  sick  pigs, 
in  which  microzymes  had  been  observed,  a  rabbit  was  once  more  inoculated,  this  time 
with  the  pleural  effusion  of  a  pig  that  had  died  during  the  previous  night,  and  in 
■which  were  numerous  actively  mo-ving  bacteria.  Next  day  the  rabbit  was  very  fever- 
ish and  ill,  and  continued  so  for  twenty-two  days,  when  it  was  killed  and  showed 
lesions  in  many  respects  resembling  those  of  the  sick  pigs.  The  blood  of  the  sick  rab- 
bit contained  active  microzymes  like  those  of  the  pig. 

SUCCESSFUL  INOCUIiATIONS  FROM  THE  SICK  RABBIT. 

On  the  fourth  day  of  sickness  the  blood  of  the  rabbit  containing  bacteria  was  inocu- 
lated on  a  healthy  pig,  but  for  fifteen  days  the  pig  showed  no  signs  of  illness.  It  was 
then  reinocidated,  but  this  time  with  the  discharge  of  an  open  sore  which  had  formed 
over  an  engorgement  in  the  groin  of  a  rabbit.  Illness  set  in  on  the  third  day  and 
continued  for  ten  days,  when  the  pig  was  destroyed  and  found  to  present  the  lesions 
of  the  fever  in  a  moderate  degree. 

A  second  pig,  inoculated  with  the  frozen  matter  wTiich  had  been  taken  from  the 
open  sore  in  the  rabbit's  groin,  sickened  on  the  thirteenth  day  and  remained  ill  for 
six  days,  when  an  imminent  death  was  anticipated  hj  destroying  the  animal.  Dur- 
ing life  and  after  death  it  presented  the  phenomena  of  the  plague  in  a  very  violent  form. 

It  can  no  longer  be  doubted,  therefore,  that  the  rabbit  is  itself  a  ^^ctim  of  this  disease, 
and  that  the  poison  can  be  reproduced  and  multiplied  in  the  body  of  this  rodent  and  con- 
veyed back  with  undiminished  virulence  to  the  pig.  Wo  may  follow  Dr.  Ivline  in 
according  a  similar  sad  capacity  to  the  other  rodents,  mico  and  Guinea-pigs.  Tho 
rabbit,  and  still  more  the  mouse,  is  a  frequent  visitant  of  the  hog-pens  and  yards, 
"where  it  cats  from  the  same  feeding-troughs  with  the  i)ig,  hides  under  the  same  litter, 
and  runs  constant  risk  of  infection.  Once  infected  they  may  carry  tho  disease  as 
■widely  as  their  Avild  wanderings  may  lead  them,  and  communicate  it  to  other  herds  at 
a  considerable  distance.  Their  weakness  and  inability  to  escape,  in  severe  attacks  of 
the  disease,  will  make  them  an  easy  prey  to  the  omnivorous  hog,  and  thus  sick  and 
dead  alike  will  bo  devoured  by  the  doomed  swine. 

PROBABLE  SUSCEPTIBILITY  OF  OTHER  RODENTS. 

The  infection  of  these  rodents  creates  the  strongest  presumption  tl^at  other  fjcncra 
of  the  same  family  may  also  contract  tho  4isoaso,  and  by  virtue  of  an  oven  closer  xola- 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE   AND    OTHER   ANIMALS.  101 

tion  to  the  piga  may  succeed  in  conveying  the  malady  to  distant  herds.  The  rat  is 
at  once  suggested  to  the  mind  as  being  almost  ubiquitous  in  piggeries,  as  feeding  in 
common  with  the  swine,  as  liable  to  be  devoured  by  the  hog  when  sick  or  dead,  as 
given  to  wandering  from  place  to  place,  and  as  possessed  of  a  vicious  habit  of  gnaw- 
ing the  feet  and  other  parts  of  his  porcine  companion,  and  thus  unconsciously  inocu- 
lating him. 

I  have  up  to  the  present  time  had  the  opportunity  of  inoculating  but  one  rat  with  the 
hog-poison.  Unfortunately  my  subject  died  on  the  second  day  thereafter,  the  body 
showing  some  suspicious  lesions,  namely,  congested  lungs  with  considerable  inter- 
lobular'exudation,  congested  small  intestines,  dried-up  contents  of  the  large  intes- 
tines, and  sauguinous  discoloration  of  the  tail  from  the  seat  of  inoculation  to  the  tip. 

INOCULATIONS  FKOM  THE  TAT. 

With  the  fresh  congested  small  intestine  of  the  rat  I  inoculated  one  pig,  and  with 
the  frozen  intestine  one  day  later  I  inoculated  a  second.  The  fu-st  had  no  appreciable 
rise  of  temperature,  loss  of  appetite,  nor  digestive  disorder,  but  on  the  sixth  day  pink 
and  violet  eruptions,  the  size  of  a  pin's  head  and  upward,  ajjpeared  on  teats  and  belly, 
and  on  the  tenth  day  there  was  a  manifest  enlargement  of  the  inguinal  glands.  From 
what  I  had  seen  of  the  occult  forms  of  the  disease  I  was  led  to  the  opinion  that  this 
was  one  of  them.  Unfortunately,  I  had  at  the  time  no  healthy  pig  available  for  the 
crucial  test  of  reinoculation. 

In  the  second  pig,  inoculated  with  the  frozen  intestine,  the  symptoms  were  too 
obscure  to  be  of  any  real  value.  As  soon  as  I  obtain  a  supply  of  rats  I  propose  to  sub- 
ject this  question  to  si  further  investigation. 

SUCCESSFUL  INOCULATION  OF  SHEEP. 

Less  significant  than  the  infection  of  rats,  yet  of  immense  practical  importance,  is 
the  susceptibility  of  sheep  to  the  hog-fever.  I  have  experimented  on  two  sheep  of 
diiferent  ages,  an  adult  merino  wether  and  a  cross-breed  lamb,  and  iu  both  cases  have 
succeeded  in  transmitting  the  disease. 

INFECTION  OF  THE  JIERINO. 

This  sheep  was  inoculated  by  hypodermic  injections  of  one  and  a  half  di-achms  of 
blood  from  a  pig  just  killed.  On  the  fom-th  day  he  had  elevated  temperature,  and  on 
the  sixth  scouring  and  snuffling  breathing,  but  the  symptoms  rapidly  subsided.  On 
the  fourteenth  day  he  had  an  injection  of  two  drachms  more  of  blood  from  a  sick  pig, 
and  on  the  twenty-first  day  of  one  di-achm  of  blood  and  pleural  fluid  containing  mul- 
titudes of  bacteria.  Next  day  the  temperature  w^as  raised  and  the  snuifling  breathing 
reappeared,  both  symptoms  continuing  for  some  time.  On  the  sixth  day  his  blood 
was  found  to  contain  movmg  bacteria  similar  to  those  present  iu  the  injected  blood. 
On  the  twenty-third  day  fiom  the  last  inoculation  he  was  reinoculated,  this  time  with 
the  scurf  from  the  ear  of  a  sick  pig.  This  was  followed  by  no  rise  of  temperature,  but 
there  existed  much  irritation  of  the  bowels  with  redness  and  swelling  of  the  anus, 
occasional  diarrhea,  and  the  passage  of  an  excess  of  nmcus,  sometimes  stained  with 
blood.  Seventeen  days  after  the  last  inoculation  ho  had  ano  ther  hypodermic  injection 
of  one  drachm  of  blood  and  pleural  fluid  from  a  pig  just  killed.  As  before,  this  led  to 
an  extensive  rise  of  temperature  while  the  intestinal  catarrh  continued. 

INFECTION  OF  THE  LAJVIE. 

The  lamb  was  first  injected  with  a  saline  solution  of  the  scurf  and  cutaneous  exuda- 
1  ion  from  the  ear  of  a  sick  i)ig.  There  followed  a  slight  rise  of  temperature,  a  scurfy 
eru]ition  on  the  ears  and  oozing  of  blood  from  different  points  on  their  surface,  so  as  to 
form  dark  red  scales. 

On  the  sixth  day  following  it  was  reinoculated  by  the  hypodermic  injection  of  one_ 
drachm  of  pleural  fluid  from  a  pig  just  killed,  the  fluid  containing  an  abundance  of 
moving  bacteria.  Next  day  there  was  extreme  rise  of  temperature,  some  dullness  and 
swellhig  in  the  right  axilla,  but  appetite  and  i-nmination  Avere  not  altogether  lost  nor 
suspended.  On  the  fifth  day  there  Avas  tenderness  and  unusual  contraction  of  the 
rectum  with  the  passage  of  bloody  mucus,  and  on  the  eighth  day  i)rofuse  diarrhea 
with  the  passage  of  much  mucus. 

SUCCESSFUL  INOCULATION  OF  A  PIG  FKOM  THE  SICK  SHEEP. 

A  healthy  pig  Avas  inoculated  Avith  mucus  from  the  anus  of  the  Avether,  and  shoAved 
a  slight  elevation  of  temxierature  for  five  days,  but  Avithout  any  other  marked  symp- 


102  DISEASES   OF   SWINE   AND   OTHER   ANIMALS. 

torn  of  illnos.s.  Eleven  days  later  it  vras  reiDoculatcfl  with  scab  from  the  ear  of  the 
lamb,  and  again  -thvoo.  days  later  with  anal  nnicus  from  the  sheep.  The  day  before 
this  last  inoculation  it  was  noted  that  the  inguijial  glands  were  much  enlarged,  and 
six  daya  after  the  temperature  was  elevated,  aud  iiurple  spots  appeared  on  the  belly. 
Tins  fever  temperature  has  lasted  but  a  few  days  up  to  the  present  lime,  but,  taken 
nloiig  -wiih  the  violent  rash  aud  the  enlarged  lymi)hatic  glands,  it  furnishes  satis- 
factory evidence  of  the  diseas*?.  Wo  can  therefore  allirm  of  the  sheep  as  of  the  rabbit 
that  not  only  ia  it  subject  to  this  disease,  but  that  it  can  multiply  the  poison  in  its  sys- 
tem aud  transmit  it  back  to  the  pig. 

Two  other  pigs  have  been  inoculated  from  the  lamb,  but  during  the  few  days  that 
have  elapsed  they  have  shown  no  outward  symptoms. 

IIN'SUCCESSFUL  INOCULATION  OF  A  PUPPY. 

A  drachm  of  blood  and  pleural  fluid  containing  bacteria,  from  a  ])ig  just  dead,  was 
injected  hypodermically  on  the  side  of  a  Newfoundland  puppy.  Next  day  she  was 
very  dull  aud  careless  of  food,  while  her  temperature  was  abnormally  high.  The  third 
day  the  heat  of  the  body  was  natural,  and  a  iair  amount  of  liveliness  had  returned.  A 
few  days  later  a  large  abscess  appeared  on  the  seat  of  inocul.ation,  discharged  and 
healed,  and  from  this  time  the  health  seemed  to  be  re-estaJ^lished. 

SIGNIFICANCE  OP  THE  INFECTION  OF  KODENTS  AND  SHEEP. 

Many  will,  no  doxibt,  be  startled  at  the  above  developments,  and  inquire,  half  incred- 
ulously. How  is  it  that  tlie  susceptibility  of  these  animals  to  this  affection  has  never 
been  noticed  before?  It  may  even  be  guspected  that  we  have  been  mistaken  as  to 
the  identity  of  the  disease,  and  that  we  may  be  dealing  with  the  vmlir/nant  anthrax 
(blood)/  murrain)  rather  than  the  specific  fever  of  swine.  "But  a  slight  .attention  to  the 
jjhenomena  and  post-mortem  lesions  of  our  cases  will  speedily  dispel  the  doubt.  Malig- 
nant anthrax  is  more  fatal  to  sheep  and  rabbits  than  to  the  other  domestic  animats, 
whereas  in  my  sheep  the  disease  was  so  mild  that  its  very  existence  woiild  almost  cer- 
taiuly  have  been  overlooked  in  the  ordinary  management  of  a  flock,  and  it  was  only 
detected  in  these  cases  l)y  the  careful  thermomctrie  and  other  observations  made  day 
by  day  on  the  inoculated  animals.  In  the  rabbit  the  disease  was  more  severe,  and 
would  undoubtedly  have  proved  fatal  if  left  to  itself,  yet  even  in  this  animal  there 
was  no  indication  of  the  rapid  course  and  speedy  destruction  which  characterize  the 
malignant  anthrax.  Again,  although  in  both  diseases  alike,  the  lymphatic  gLands  are 
the  seat  oi"  morbid  enlargement,  yet  tbe  increase  and  engorgement  of  the  spleen  which 
are  so  constant  and  so  characteristic  in  malignant  anthrax  Avere  altogether  absent  in 
my  pigs  infected  from  the  rabbit.  Moreover  the  disease  in  the  pigs  ran  the  usual 
coujparatively  slow  course  of  the  pig-fever,  rather  than  the  speedily  fatal  one  of  the 
anthrax  affection.  In  the  inoculated  pigs,  too,  the  combined  lesions  of  the  skin, 
lungs,  liowels,  and  lymphatic  glands  are  unquestionably  those  of  the  swine-plague, 
and  not  those  of  malignant  anthrax. 

It  is  not  surprising  that  the  disease  should  have  been  hitherto  nnrecognized  in  the 
sheep  and  rabbit.  The  most  obvious  symptoms  in  jiigs — the  pink,  purple,  violet,  or 
black  spots  and  patches  of  the  skin — were  never  observed  in  these  animals,  imless  we 
can  consider  the  eruption  on  the  cars  of  the  lamb  as  of  this  nature.  In  the  sheep,  to 
which  .alone  much  attention  would  be  paid,  the  constitutional  distui-bance  was  so 
slight  as  to  be  easily  overlooked,  the  appetite  even,  and  rumination  scarcely  suffering 
for  a  day. 

Again,  the  failure  to  recognize  the  identity  of  a  disease  in  two  different  gener.a  of 
anunals  is  familiar  to  all  who  have  made  .a  study  of  com^jarative  pathology.  Oow-jjox 
and  liorse-pox  have  existed  in  all  historic  ages,  but  it  remained  for  the  immoi'tal 
.Tenner  to  recognize  and  show  their  identity  in  the  last  ccntmy.  Malignant  anthrax 
has  prevailed  from  the  time  of  Moses,  yet  in  all  the  older  veterinary  works  ^s'c  find  its 
different  forms  described  as  independent  diseases — hlain,  quarter  evil,  putrid  gore  throat, 
&c.  Even  to  the  present  day  many  cases  of  this  disease  occurring  in  the  human  sub- 
ject (malignant  pustule)  are  mistaken  for  erysipelas  (black  erysipelas).  Glanders  in 
horses  seeins  to  have  been  known  to  Aristotle,  and  was  familiar  to  the  .ancient  Greek 
Zooiatres  and  l?oman  Veterinarii,  but  its  identity  with  the  same  disease  in  man  was 
only  Bhown  in  1810  by  Waldinger,  of  Vienna.  Asiatic  dtolera  has  prevailed  in  the  East 
from  time  immemorial,  but  it  is  only  in  the  jiresent  century  that  its  identity  with 
cholera  in  animals  has  been  shown  by  Indi.an  and  European  observers. 

It  is  no  v.'onder,  therefore,  that  fho  mildness  of  the  hog-fever  in  the  sheep  should 
have  masked  its  inm  nature,  and  that  the  universal  disregard  of  the  disease  of  the 
sniaill  rodents  s'lonld  have  led  us  to  ignore  it  in  these  as  well.  Now,  however,  tliat 
the  truth  is  forced  npon  ns,  we  must  recognize  it  in  .all  further  attempts  to  arrest  the 
course  of  the  disease  or  to  exterminate  it.  The  destruction  and  burial  of  infected 
pigs,  and  the  disinfection  of  {ho  premises  where  they  have  been,  can  no  longer  be  con- 
sidered a  sufficient  safeguard.  The  extermination  of  rabbits,  wild  aud  fame,  oi 
Guinea-pigs,  of  mice,  and  jn-obably  also  of  r.at3,  within  the  infected  area,  will  bo 
equally  essential.    Sheep  niuat  bo  rigidly  excluded  from  the  hog  inclosiu-es,  and  it 


DISEASES    OF   SWINE    AND    OTHER   ANIMALS. 


103 


fhey  hare  gained  admittance  they  must  either  1)0  destroyed  witli  the  pij^R,  if  few  nnd 
val'aele.-js,  or  tiiej-  must  he  shnt  up  in  a  secluded  i^lace,  or  sent  to  a  sale  distance  from 
all  hogs  until  they  can  be  certified  as  healthy,  when  they  may  be  disinf.^cted  and  re- 
leasecL  No  dano;er  of  a  fatal  extension  among  sheep  is  to  be  apprehended;  tlie  dis- 
ease api)ears  to  ue  as  harmless  to  the  sheep  as  the  fatal  glanders  is  to  the  dog,  yet  the 
infected  sheep  is  evidently  dangerous  to  the  hog,  and  must  be  carefully  secluded  in 
all  measures  for  the  suppression  of  the  j)lague. 

Record  of  Dk.  Law's  experiments— No.  1. 
Fig  of  common  race,  eight  weeks  old. 


Datft. 

Hour. 

Body  temper- 
ature. 

Eomarks. 

Nov.  19 

10  a.  in 

104'^  F. 

Costive.  Inocnlated  Vith  Llood  of  pig  killed  Novemljer  8,  and 
kept  in  inoculator  in  isolation  a])paralu.'i,  communicating 
witli  the  air  only  throngh  plugs  of  cotton- wool.  The  blood 
smells  stale,  not  putrid  ;  its  cells  have  disappeared. 

20 

....do  

104.  5 

i!l 

....do  

104.5 

22 

....do 

105.2 

23 

....do  

104.  75 

24 

....do 

104 

25 

....do  

104 

26 

....do  

104.  75 

27 

....do 

104.5 

28 

....do  

105 

29 

....do 

■    104.75 

20 

-.-.do 

104.75 

Dec.     1 

....do  

103.5 

Quite  dull.    Purple  spots  and  black  concretions  on  the  skin. 

2 

....do 

104.  75 

Ked  and  black  spots  on  the  skin. 

3 

.-..do 

104. 25 

4 

....do 

102.5 

Scours.    Ear.s  blue  and  cold. 

4 

5p.m 

104 

Do. 

5 

9."J0Q.m 

104 

Do. 

C 

....do 

105 

Do. 

7 

....do  

103. 5 

8 

....do  

103.5 

8 

C  p.  m 

104 

9 

9.30  a.  m 

103 

Eowels  continue  loose. 

10 

....do  

103.5 

10 

4.30  p.  ni 

104 

11 

9.30  a.  m 

103 

11 

6p.  m 

103 

12 

10  a.  m 

102.  25 

Feces  fluid  and^of  a  bright  ycllo-n-  color. 

12 

5  p.  m 

102.  75 

13 

9.30  a.  ID 

102. 75 

Quiet;  ears  deep  red;  extensive  papular  eruption  and  greasy 
exudation  on  the  skin ;  scoiu'ing. 

13 

5p.m 

102.5 

14 

9  a.  Ill 

100.5 

Hypodermic  injection  of  one  dram  of  blood  and  pleural  fluid 
i'rom  pig  just  dead.  Inoculation  liquid  contains  nninerous 
aetivelvnioving  bacteria. 

15 

....do. 

■      102.75 

Dull ;  has  not  eaten  supper  of  last  night. 

15 

5  p.  m 

102. 75 

Scours. 

10 

10  a.ui 

102.25 

Do. 

3C. 

5  p.  m 

102.5 

17 

10a.  m 

102 

17 

4  p.  ni 

103.25 

Slightly  costive. 

18 

10  a.  Ill 

101 

Sebaceous  secretion  excessive  on  the  inner  sides  of  thighs  and 
forearms,  &c.  Has  a  blackish-broYm  color,  and  disagreeablo 
but  not  putrid  odor. 

18 

4  p.  in 

103.2 

19 

10  a.  m 

103.  5 

20 

...do 

102.  5 

Improving;  regaining  appetite  and  liveliness. 

21 

...do 

103. 25 

21 

5  p.  m 

103 

22 

9  a.  ill 

102.  5 

22 

4.30  p.  m 

102 

23 

9  a.  m 

103 

24 

....do  

103.  25 

25 

....do  

103. 75 

20 

...do 

104 

27 

....do  

102.  5 

28 

....do 

103 

29 

....do 

•     104 

30 

...do 

102 

31 

....do  

102. 75 

Jan.      1 

...-do  

102.5 

tLi 

....do  

103 

3 

....do  

103 

4 

...do 

102.5 

Tj 

....do  

101.  5 

fi 

....do  

103 

7 

....do 

W3.75 

Killed  by  bleeding. 

104 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER   ANIMALS. 


Post-mortem  examination  at  once. — Slin:  Covered  almost  universally  by  a.  blackish 
exudation  in  great  part  dried  into  crusts.  On  tlie  ears  are  some  remu£fnts  of  tlie 
former  exudations  and  extravasations  ;  balf  an  inch  of  the  tip  of  one  ear  is  necrotic. 

Digestive  organs:  Moutlr  healthy.  Guttural  I ijmjjliatic  glands  greatly  enlarged  and 
gray  from  pigmentatioiK 

Stomach:  Full;  contents  dry  and  acid;  has  reddisih  discoloration  as  from  blood 
extravasations  and  broad  lines  along  its  great  curvature.  The  mucous  membrane  at 
this  point  is  peeling  oil". 

Small  intestine:  Contents  abundant  and  liquid.  Spots  of  congestion  of  about  one 
line  in  diameter  ;  no  ulcers  nor  erosions  ;  six  ascarides. 

Large  intestine:  Presents  little  abnormal.     One  or  two  depressed  sjjotslike  cicAtric^s. 

Mesenteinc  glands :  Greatly  enlarged  and  mostly  grayish  from  pigmentary  deposit. 
Inguinal  glands  also  much  enlarged  and  gray. 

Tliwacic  duct:  Is  filled  with  a  milliy  fluid. 

Lii-er :  Firm  patches  of  pnrple.     The  lower  margin  very  pale ;  almost  transparent. 

Spleen:  Small,  rigid,  tAvisted  as  if  fi'om  binding  organizing  lymph.  Its  suiface  is 
tmusually  white  and  fibrous-looking,  but  there  is  a  deep  black  line  along  its  anterior 
border. 

Pancreas:  Sound. 

Heart:  Eight  ventricle  marked  with  bluish  discoloration,  e^ddently  from  former 
ecchymosis.  One  flap  of  the  tricuspid  valve  has  a  round,  blackish  nodule  beneath  the 
endocardium.  Left  ventricle  with  similar  bluish  surface,  and  bicuspid  valve  with  a 
translucent  thickening. 

Mespiratory  organs :  Larynx  and  right  bronchus  have  each  a  dark  red  ecchymosis. 
Lungs  have  black  spots  of  ecchymosis  and  slight  reddening  of  certain  lobules. 

Bronchial  glands:  Enlarged  and  pigmented. 

SuMorsal  glands .-  Enlarged  and  of  a  very  deep  red. 

Brain :  Generally  unchanged. 

EXPERIMESfT  No.  2. 


Poland-CMna  pig,  nine  sleeks  old. 

Datfe. 

Hour. 

Temperature 
of  body. 

KfenferKs. 

Dbc,  19 

10  a.  m 

103. 5  °  F. 

Fed  infected  feces  and  irfteStmaf  toucons  memlfrane  preserved  for 
a  month  in  dry  bran. 

20 

....do 

104. 25 

20 

5-p.m 

103.  5 

21 

10  a.  m 

103. 25 

21 

5  p.m 

104 

22 

9a.  m 

103.5 

22 

4.30  p.m 

102.  5 

23 

9a.  la 

102.  75 

24 

....do 

102 

25 

....do 

101.75 

20 

....do 

103.  5 

27 

....do 

102.. 

28 

....do 

100.75 

29 

....do 

102 

30 

....do 

101 

.31 

•....do 

101 

Jan.     1 

....do  

102.5 

2 

....do 

102 

3 

....do 

103 

4 

....do 

102. 75 

5 

....do 

103 

Inocnlatcd  -with  inlestiiio  of  pig  vrhich  died  yesterday.  The  in- 
testiuo  had  been  frozen  over  night. 

C 

....do 

103 

7 

....do 

104. 75 

8 

....do 

105 

9 

....do  

104 

/ 

]0 

....do 

103 

n 

....do  

105 

12 

....do 

•     104 

13 

....do 

105. 25 

Pnrplo  spots  on  onrs  and  nmip ;  greasy  exudation  fioni  akin. 
Enlarged  inguinal  glands. 

14 

....do 

105 

15 

....do 

106.5 

Scours;  a  bright-yellow  liquid  feces. 

1(3 

do 

105 

Do. 

17 

....do 

105 

Do. 

18 

....do  

105.5 

Scours. 

19 

....do 

105. 5 

Do. 

20- 

....do 

105.  5 

Do. 

21 

....do  

103 

Do. 

22 

....do  

107 

Great  prostration ;  -will  not  rise  for  food  nor  to  have  temporature 
t.ikon.  Purple  hletchea  are  cspociully  abundant  on  cars  and 
snout,  and  to  a  less  extent  on  the  heUd,  generally  the  tents, 
mnip,  and  hips.  "When  lifted  scarcely  made  astruggle.  Killed 
by  bleeding. 

DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER   ANIMALS. 


105 


Post-inorfcni  examination. — Blood:  Dark  colored;  contained  ino\Tiig  bacteria. 

Digestive  organs:  Tongue  sound.    Tonsils  unusually  red  in  their  openings. 

Submaxillary  and  guttural  lymphatic  glands :  Of  a  dark  red,  merging  to  a  dirty  yellc«v. 

Fefitoneum :  With  considerable  reddish-brown  eftusion  and  bands  of  recently  formed 
false  membrane.  The  liquid  coagulates  on  exposure.  Under  the  microscope  (No.  10 
Hartnack)  it  is  seen  to  contain  numerous  moving  bacteria,  also  others  less  active,  and 
two  or  four  segmented  chain-like. 

Stomach:  Full;  sour.     Great  curvature  mottl/sd  red  and  brown. 

Small  intestines :  Has  considera'ble  tracks  of  deep  congestion.  It  contains  much  mu- 
cus, and  ten  ascarides.  One  ascaris  extended  into  the  gall-duct  and  aa  far  as  the 
center  of  the  right  lobe  of  the  liver ;  a  second  extended  into  the  middle  hepatic  lobe. 
The  pressure  of  these  had  led  to  a  considerable  dilatation  of  the  bile-duct  just  above 
its  jimction  with  the  cystic  duct.  . 

llio-ccEcal  valve :  Very  black,  with  its  follicles  enlarged  and  filled  with  a, yellowish 
product.  The  whole  length  of  the  large  intestine  is  black  from  deep  pigmentation  of 
its  mucous  membrane,  which  is,  besides,  greatly  thickened  and  puckered.  Both  con- 
ditions imply  former  active  inflammation. 

The  rectum :  Of  a  dark  grayish  red ;  had  several  caseous  deposits  under  its  mucous 
membrane. 

The  mesentery :  Contains  a  yellowish  caseous  deposit  as  large  as  a  pea. 

All  the  lymplMtic  glands  of  the  ahdomen  are  greatly  enlarged,  jiigmeuted,  and  in  many 
cases  reddened  from  recent  blood-staining.  The  inguinal  lymphatic  glands  and  those 
of  the  flank  are  in  a  similar  condition. 

Liver :  Has  patches  of  deeper  pui'jde  discoloration,  especially  deep  in  the  center  of 
the  acini.     Pancreas  sound. 

Spleen  :  Shrimken  with  puckered  edges,  and  whitish  thickening  of  its  proper  capsule. 

Kidneys:  Vascular,  congested  and  softened;  corticle  part  dull  brownish  yellow. 
Medullary,  more  or  less  i^urple,  with  deeper  shades  in  lines  radiating  from  the  papillae. 

Respiratory  organs  :  Margin  of  epiglottis  bears  a  blue  patch,  surrounded  by  ramified 
redness.    Bronchi  and  bronchia  sound. 

Lungs:  Of  varying  shades  of  light  pink  in  the  lobules,  excepting  one  or  two, 
which  are  of  a  dark  red.  The  interlobular  spaces  are  of  a  deep  blood-red  color, 
giving  a  dark  marbling  over  the  entire  surface.  Right  pleura  contains  a  little  effusion 
with  thTead-Mke  false  membranes,  and  the  same  bacteria  named  as  existing  in  the 
peritoneum. 

The  axillary  prepectoi'al,  internal  pectoral,  hronchiwl,  and  sul)-do7-sal  lymphatic  glands 
were  enlarged,  jiigmented,  and  in  some  cases  blood-stained. 

The  heart  bore  some  purple  discolored  spots  on  the  internal  lining. 

Experiment  No.  3. 
Poland  China  pig,  v.ine  weeks  aid. 


Date. 

Hour. 

Temperature 
of  body. 

Bemarts. 

Den.  19 

10  a.  m 

102.  5  °  F. 

Placed  in  infected  pen  from  •whicb  a  sick  pig  had  been  removed 
December  G. 

20 

....do.. 

102.  75 

21 

-...do 

103. 75 

• 

21 

3p.iii 

103 

22 

9a.  m 

102. 8 

22- 

4.30  p.m.... 

102 

23 

9  a.  m 

lUl 

24 

....do 

102. 75 

• 

25 

-...do 

101.  5 

26 

....do 

102 

27 

....do 

102. 75 

28 

.-..do. 

101.  75 

20 

.-.do 

98.8 

30 

....do 

101 

31 

..-.do 

101.5 

Jan.     1 

....do 

100 

2 

....do 

101 

3 

..-.do  

101 

4 

..-.do  

90.  5 

Eyes  very  red  and  ]iToiniueut.    Scarcely  able  to  stand.    Screams 

when  touched.    (Evident  phreuitij.)    Died  at  2.  p. -in. 

Post-mortem  examination  ilie  same  afternoon.  — Shin :  Presented  little  change. 

Digestive  organs :  Mouth  sound,  fauces  and  pharynx  of  a  deep  blue  color,  irremova- 
ble by  pressure.  v 

Stomach :  A  portion  of  about  an  inch  square  of  a  deep  red,  and  with  an  abimdant 
gclatiniform  exudation  under  the  mucous  membrane. 


106 


DISEASES   OF   SWINE   AND   OTHER   ANIMALS. 


SinnJl  iiilestines  :  Empty,  mucli  congested,  and  containing  ten  ascarides. 

Large  intestines :  Has  its mucona niembrimes  congested,  reddened,  and  tliickened.  At 
intervals  are  circumcacribed  spots  of  bloody  extravasation,  covered  by  a  clot  of  blood 
on  the  iree  sni-taco.  These  vary  from  one  to  tvro  linos  in  diameter.  In  a  great  por- 
tion of  the  colon  the  contents  are  very  dry  and  blood-stained.  Between  the  layers  of 
the  mesentery,  among  the  convolntions  of  the  large  intestines,  are  translucent  gela- 
tinoid  exndations. 

Liver :  Gorged  with  blood,  softened,  and  somewhat  friable. 

Sjjicen.  and  pancreas :  Normal. 

Mesenteric  e/lands :  Small,  but  in  some  instances  partially  discolored  by  blood. 

Lunf/s :  Congested  thronghout,  of  a  brick-red,  with  circumscribed  black  spots  of 
extravasation. 

Bronekia  :  Filled  w^ith  frothy  liquid,  but  without  worms. 

Beart :  The  right  cavities  were  gorged  with  an  intensely  black  clot.  The  left  cav- 
ities contained  a  smaller  clot.     No  ecchyraosis  was  observed. 

EXPEKIMENT  No.   4. 

Poland  Clnnapig,,  nine  weelcs  old. 


Dat*. 

Hour. 

Temperatnre 
of  body. 

Eemarks. 

Dec.   19 

10a.m 

103. 75°  F. 

Moculatecl  with  vims  preaerved  one  montli  in  wheut  bran. 

20 

....do  

104.2 

20 

5  p.  in 

104.5 

21 

10  a.  m 

104 

• 

21 

5p.m 

105 

22 

9  a.  m^ 

104 

22 

4.30  p.m.... 

104. 75 

23 

9a.  m 

103.  5 

24 

....do  

104 

25 

....do 

102.  25 

26 

....do 

101.  75 

• 

27 

....do : 

U03.  75 

Risses  bloody  mncnj?  from  the  'bowel.'s. 

28 

....do 

102.  75 

29 

....do 

102 

30 

....do 

101 

31 

....do 

105 

Jan.     1 

....do 

106 

2 

.-..do  

103 

3 

....do  

102 

4 

...-do  

101 

5 

....do  

101 

6 

....do 

98.75 

Very  lo'W ;  can  scarcely  stand.    Died  dnring  tlie  followiug night. 

Post-mortem  examination  January  7. — Skin:  Extensively  covered  with  purple  maculae 
and  patches.  Snout  deeply  blood-stained,  some  of  thespots  extending  over  the  lips 
into  the  mouth.  The  greater  part  of  the  skin  being  black,  congestions  and  extravasa- 
tions into  it  are  only  clearly  made  out  Avhen  it  is  cut  into. 

Difjestivc  organs  :  Tongue  sound.  Hiarynx  has  pellets  of  food  accumulated  in  front 
of  the  epiglottis.  Submaxillary  and  guttural  lymphatic  glands  enlarged  and  stained 
of  a  blood  red. 

Stomach  :  Not  one-third  filled ;  odor  faint,  mawkish,  not  sour.  Bears  red  patches  of 
congestion  and  ecchymosis  on  its  great  curvature. 

Small  intestines  :  Congested  almost  throughout.  Foyer's  patch  Just  above  the  ilio- 
ctecal  valve  has  some  black  ecchymosis.  On  the  lower  .surfoce  of  the  valve  the  follicles 
are  enlarged  and  filled  with  a  yellowish  deposit. 

Cceeum  and,  to  a  still  greater  extent  the  colon  and  rectum,  are  deeply  congested,  and 
of  a  dark  red;  the  mucous  membrane  is  much  thickened  and  throv/n  into  prominent 
folds  and  ^^niukles. 

Two  ascarides  were  found  in  the  small  iutestine. 

Liver :  Extensively  discolored  of  a  iiurple  hue,  the  staining  being  deepest  in  the  cen- 
ter of  the  acini. 

Spleen :  Large,  gorged  with  blood.    Pancreas  unchanged. 

J'lie  hjmpliatic  f/?«/K?.«  of  the  liver,  stomach,  intestines,  sublumbar  region,  pelvis,  groin, 
and  flank  are  much  enlarged  and  of  a  very  dcyp  red,  in  many  cases  almost  black. 

Kindegs :  Cortical  substance  pale ;  medullary  deep  red,  with  spots  of  ecchymosis. 
The  anterior  part  of  the  left  kidney  contained  a  cyst  as  large  as  a  bean.  The  right 
contained  two  cysts,  one  in  the  pelvis,  the  other  in  the  anterior  part. 

Respiraiory  organs :  The  ejnglotUs'boTe  on  its  posterior  surface  some  congestion  and  red- 
ness, partly  ramified  and  i)artly  diffuse  and  ineflaceable  by  pressure. 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE   AND    OTHER   ANIMALS. 


107 


Tne  hnuis  hiiTG  a  few  Llack  sijots  of  eccliymosis  and  blood- colored  extravasation  in 
tlie  connective  tissue  liet^veen  the  lobules.  TLe  lobnles  themselves  are  only  very 
slightly  congested.     The  left  main  bronchus  present  a  spot  of  eccliymosis. 

Jlcurt :  Empty,  presents  slight  sanguineous  discoloration  through  the  lining  mem- 
brane. 

EXTERIMENT  NO.  5. 

Poland  China  pig,  nine  ireelcs  old. 


Dec.     19 


Jan. 


Iloiir, 


10  a.  m  . . 


...do  ... 
...do  ... 
5p.  ^l..- 
9  a.  m  . . . 
4.  30  p.  m 
9  a.  m  - . . 
...do... 

....do... 

....do  ... 

....do... 

....do  ... 

....do  ... 

. . .  .do  . . . 

....do  ... 

....do  ... 

. . .  .do  . . . 

....do  ... 

....do  ... 

....do  ... 

....do  ... 

....do  ... 

....do  ... 

....do  ... 

....do  ... 

....do  ... 

....do  ... 

....do  ... 

....do  ... 

....do  ... 


Temperature 
of  body. 


104.5 
103. 75 
104 
103 
104 
101 
103.5 
103 
102.5 
102.5 
102.75 
101 
102 
105 
106.  75 
104.75 
102 
102 
102 
103 

101.25 
102.5 
101 
100.9 
100 
98.5 
102.5 
100.  5 
104.5 


Eemaris. 


Inoculated  with  ingesta  from  the  large  intestme ;  also  a  portion 
of  the  m-acou3  membrane,  both  ha\ing  been  preserved  in  dry 
bran  for  a  month. 


Rump  and  tips  of  cars  purple. 
Scours. 


Seoura ;  feces  fetid. 

Very  ■weak;  eats  little;  fetid  diarrhea. 


Killed  hy  bleeding. 


Post-mortem  examination  at  once. — Sldn :  Ears  of  a  deep  purple  and  thickly  covered 
with  concretions.  Remainder  of  the  skin  has  similar  concretions,  but  no  eccliymosis  is 
observable.     The  snout  presents  scarcely  .a  spot  of  discoloration. 

Digestive  organs  :  Extensive  indiu-ation  and  ulcer  on  the  left  side  of  its  median  part 
and  exteinliiig  over  its  border.  A  similar  but  smaller  ulcer  exists  on  the  right  margin 
directly  ojiposite.  Small  ulcers  exist  on  the  dorsum  near  the  hip  ;  also  a  di]dilheTitic- 
looking  deposit  extending  over  the  margin  on  to  the  lower  surface.  Tonsils,  iialate, 
and  pharynx  sound.  Submaxillary  and  gutteral  lymphatic  glands  are  enlarged  and 
congested. 

Stomach :  Has  its  mucous  membrane  thick,  rugose,  and  as  if  water-soaked  along  its 
great  curvature. 

Stnall  intestine  :  With  mucous  membrane  thickened  and  puckered  tliroughout ;  the 
duodenum  deeply  congested. 

Ilio-ea-val  valve:  Thickened  ;  its  follicles  enlarged  and  filled  witha  yellowLsh  deposit. 

Mucous  membrane  of  ca:cum  and  colon  deeply  pigmented  and  of  a  dark  gray  aspect. 
Some  parts  of  the  colon  aro  still  red  in  patches.  Rectum  iiigmented,  pres^-nts  several 
small  ulcers  and  a  caseous  deposit  beneath  the  mucous  membrane. 

Liver:  Bears  blue  patches  of  various  sizes;  gall-bladder  contains  a  little  bile  of  a 
bright  j-ellow  color,  with  greenish  flakes. 

Spleen :  Small  and  puckered,  so  that  its  borders  turn  inward. 

Pancreas  sound. 

Abdominal  himphatic  glands:  Hepatic,  gastric,  splenic, pancreatic,  mesenteric, sublum- 
bar,  .and  pelvic,  as  well  as  tJie  iliac,  aro  enlai-ged,  pigmenteil,  and  x^nrtially  congested. 

Kidneys:  Corticle  substances  pale  yellov.-ish,  slightly  softened ;  in  the  case  of  one, 
reddened  to  the  depth  of  one-tliird line.     Medullary  ])oilion  deeply  colored. 

Respirator]!  organs:  Larynx  and  trachea  sound ;  right  lung  with  almost  the  normal 
pale  pink  hue  externally,  but  seems  to  bo  congested  internally  when  out  into;  left 
lung  nearly  normal ;  heart  and  pericardium  uonual. 


108 


DISEASES    OF   SWINE   AND    OTHER   ANIMALS. 

Experiment  No.  6. 
Foland  China ing,  e'ujM  tveeks  old. 


Date. 

HoTir. 

Body  temper- 
ature. 

Kemarlcs. 

Dec.     19 

10  a.  m 

104°  F. 

Placed  in  pen  with  pit;  partially  CJinvale.sctnt. 

20 

....do 

10.3 

21 

....do 

103.75 

21 

5  p.  in 

104.  5 

22 

9  a.  m 

103.  75 

22 

4.30  p.m.. 

104 

23 

9  a.  m 

HI4.  25 

2t 

....do 

]  0-2.  75 

25 

..--do  

lU.X  75 

26 

..-.do  

105 

27 

..-.do  

103 

28 

....do  

104 

29 

....do  

104 

30 

....do  

103 

31 

....do  

102.  5 

Jan.       1 

....do  

102 

2 

..-.do  

103 

3 

....do  

103.25 

4 

..-.do  

103 

Placed  in  pen  -with  anotlior  pig  in  height  of  the  disease. 

5 

....do  

103 

6 

....do  

101 

7 

....do  

102.  75 

8 

....do  

102.5 

• 

9 

—  .do 

103 

10 

.-.do 

103 

11 

.-..do 

103. 25 

12 

....do 

104 

13 

.-..do 

101. 25 

14 

—  .do 

103.5 

15 

.-..do 

IOC 

IG 

....do 

105 

17 

.-..do 

105.5 

Peceg  coated  with  film  of  blood. 

18 

-.-.do 

104.8 

19 

--..do 

104.5 

Bloody  feces. 

20 

—.do 

104. 25 

Do. 

21 

—  .do 

105 

Do. 

22 

.--.do  

103 

Do. 

23 

-..do 

103 

Do. 

24 

-..do 

103 

Bloody  feces.    Inguinal  lymphatic  glands  enlai'ged. 

25 

....do  

101 

20 

....do  

104. 75 

27 

....do  

104 

28 

.-..do  

103 

Appetite  imjiroving. 

29 

....do 

102 

30 

..-.do  

102 

31 

-...do 

103 

Experiment  No.  7. 
Female  rahbit. 


Date. 

HoTir. 

Body  temper- 
ature. 

• 

Eemarlcs. 

Nov.  21 

Inoculated  hypodermicallv  ^^  itli  one  dvarhra 

of  liie  blood  of  a 

sick  pig  just  killed. 

22 

9a.m 

104°  r. 

23 

....do  

104 

24 

....do 

104.1 

25 

do 

104.  5 

26 

....do  

104.  5 

27 

....do 

]04 

28 

.-..do  

104.  5 

29 

....do  

104 

30 

....do 

104 

Dec.     1 

....do  

104 

2 

....do 

104 

3 

....do 

104 

5 

....do 

104 

7 

Hyiiodermic  injection  of  ouo  dracTuu  of  blood 
during  la.st  night. 

8 

9a.m. ...... 

105 

9 

....do  

]04.75 

10 

....do  

103.  75 

11 

....do  

103.75 

A  finn  ovoid  uodulo  in  tho  seat  of  inoculation. 

12 

....do  

104.5 

13 

....do  

103 

DISEASES    OF    SWINE   AND    OTHER   ANIMALS. 


109 


EXPERTMENT  No.  7 — Continued. 


Date. 

Hour. 

Body  temper- 
ature. 

liomarks. 

Dec.  14 

9  a.  m 

103. 5°  F. 

Hypodermic  injection  of  one  di-achm  of  blood  of  pig  foimd  dead 
tliis  morning.    Blood  swamiing  -vvitli  actively-movmg  bacteria. 

15 

....do  

105.  5 

Has  not  eaten  supper. 

15 

5p.m 

105.5 

Eat.s  nothing. 

la 

10  a.  m 

106. 25 

IG 

5p.m.. 

106.  75 

17 

10  a.  m 

105.5 

17 

4  p.m 

103 

18 

10  a.  m 

105.  75 

18 

4  p.m 

105.5 

19 

10a.m 

104 

Blood  showed  nimierons  moving  bacteria  as  in  the  pig.  Indura- 
tion in  tlie  right  ilia'c  region. 

20 

....do 

104. 75 

21 

....do 

103.5 

21 

5p.m 

104. 5 

22 

9a.m 

103.5 

22 

4.30  p.m 

104. 25 

23 

9a.m 

103.5 

24 

....do 

104 

25 

..-.do 

104 

26 

do H 

104. 75 

27 

....do  

104. 75 

28 

....do  

105 

Abscess  Las  burst  to  the  right  of  vulva.  A  whito  iibrous  ox- 
travascular  mass  exposed. 

29 

....do  

104 

30 

....do  

105 

31 

....do 

105 

Jan.  '1 

....do 

101 

2 

....do  

104 

3 

..-.do  

103 

4 

^...do  

103 

5 

'....do 

103 

6 

....do 

102.  5 

Is  very  low  and  has  eaten  little  for  some  davs. 

7 

....do  

102 

Sore  still  open.    Killed  by  bleeding. 

Post-mortern  examination  at  once. — Connected  with  tlie  raw  sore  in  the  groin  was  an 
immense  mass  of  whitish,  fibrous  material,  infiltrated  with  pus,  and  extending  from 
the  lumbar  vertebrae  above  to  the  median  line  below.  The  mesenteric  glands  were  en- 
larged and  blood-stained.  Two  had  been  transformed  with  yellow,  cheesy-looMng 
masses.  The  stomach  and  bowels  appeared  healthy ;  also  the  liver  and  spleen,  heart 
and  lungs. 

Experiment  No.  8. 

Poland  China piff,  eiglit  xoccks  old. 


Date. 

Hour. 

Body  temper- 
ature. 

Eemarks. 

Dec.  18 
19 

4p.m 

102.75°  P. 

Inoculated  with  blood  of  sick  rabbit  hypodermicaUy. 

20 

21 

23 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

Jan.     1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

4  p.m 

9  a.  m 

4.30  p.m 

9a.  m 

.--.do 

....do 

....do  

....do 

..-.do  

....do  

....do 

....do 

....do  

....do  

....do  

.-.do 

....do  

I. ..do 

....do 

....do  

....do 

....do 

....do  

...do 

....do  

do 

....do  

103.  5 
101.  5 
103. 75 
100. 75 
101 
101 
101.5 
101 
101 
100 
100 
102 

102. 75 
102 
101.5 
]02 
103.5 
104. 5 

104.  75 
104.  5 
104. 25 
103 
103 
102.5 
103 

104. 75 
105 

Skin  hot.    Hides  under  the  litter. 
Scours. 

Inoculated  with  matter  from  open  sore  of  sick  rabbit. 
Feces  fetid. 

Fetid  diarrhoea- 
Killed  by  bleeding. 

110 


DISEASES    OF   SWINE   AND    OTHER   ANIMALS. 


Post-7noriem  examinalion. — Skin:  Naturally  black;  no  pui-ple  nor  congested  spots 
seeu. 

DUicstive  organs:  Montli  aud  throat  healthy. 

G-ilttural  hi'inphatic  f/lancli:  Enlarged  aud  yomowhat  congested. 

Stomach:  Moderately  I'nll ;  of  a  deep  brownish  red  along  itg  great  ciu-vaturo. 

SmallinteSfine :  Slightly  coiigested  in  patches;  «jontains  twelve  ascarides. 

Large  intestine:  Nearly  normal. 

Mesenteric  himjihaiic  glands :  Enlarged  and  slightly  congested.  Their  siniacc  presents 
clear,  glistening,  rounded  n^asscs  like  pins'  heads,  inguinal  glands  have  the  same 
character. 

Lung:  Isolated  lohulettes  arc  dark  red  and  solid;  at  some  points  the  interlobular 
connective  tissue  is  distended  by  a  dark-red  infiltration. 

In  the  bronchia  of  the  leff  Ir.ng  were  twelve  strongyli. 

EXPEEIMEISTT  No.  9. 
Common  ivMtepig,  ten  weeks  old. 


Date. 

Hour. 

Body  temper- 
ature. 

Eemarks. 

Jan.     7 

10  a.  m 

104°  F. 

Inoculated  with,  fiozen  -ffkite  product  from  tlio  groin  of  the 
infected  rabbit. 

8 

....clo 

102.  r. 

0 

....do 

103 

10 

....do  

103 

11 

....do  

101.75 

13 

....do 

103 

• 

13 

.-..do  

103 

14 

...do 

103 

15 

2p.in 

101 

16 

10  a.  m 

102  25 

17 

....do 

103.  25 

18 

....do  

103. 8 

19 

....do 

103 

20 

....do  

105.  25 

21 

....do 

105.  3 

22 

....do  

104.5 

Piuplo  spots  on  rump.    Eats  little. 

23 

....do  

105 

Blue  ears. 

24 

....do 

102.  5 

Scours,  bright-yellow  liquid  feces.    Inappctence. 

25 

....do 

105 

Do. 

26 

....do 

98.75 

Do. 

27 

....do  

97 

Docs  not  rise  when  temperature  is  taken;  is  stretched  ou  its 

side  with  muscular  jerking.    Killed  by  bleeding. 

Post-mortem  examination. — Skin:  Margin  of  snout  for  one-half  lino  deep  of  a  dark 
brown,  and  ap^iarently  without  vascularity  or  life.  Beneath  this  is  a  red  congested 
line. 

Ears :  Deeply  blotched  with  dark  red  and  j)urple  maculfe,  each  about  one-half  inch 
in  diameter,  but  to  a  great  extent  confluent,  so  as  to  form  extended  lines  and  patches. 
Stump  of  tail  maculated.     Perineimi  and  adjacent  parts  of  hip  of  a  deep  purple. 

Digestive  organs :  Tongue  with  a  whitish  fur.  On  the  center  of  its  dorsal  surface  is 
a  dark  spot  about  two  lines  in  diameter,  wMch  is  found  to  cover  a  consideral)le  ex- 
travasation and  clot  on  the  muscular  substance.  Glandular  follicles  ou  the  lower  sur- 
face of  the  soft  palate  tilled  with  a  soft  yellowish  puriform  mass. 

SuhmaxiUiarg  lympUntic  glands:  Greatly  enlarged  and  of  a  deep  purple.  Guttural 
glands  also  blood-stained  and  moderately  enlarged. 

St07nach:  Full,  very  fetid,  not  sour.  Great  cui'vature  has  its  mucous  menibraTie  much 
congested  vrith  nimierous  black  spots  of  extravasation  iirojectiug  beyoud  the  general 
surface.  In  the  left  cul  de  sac  the  ingcsta  next  the  mucous  membrane  is  of  a  dark 
baked  appearance  and  firmly  adherent  to  the  inucous  membrane,  the  epithelial  layer 
of  which  comes  olT  with  it.     It  has  evidently  been  adherent  for  some  time. 

Small  intesiines  :  llavelarge  tracts  of  congestion,  and  in  the  duodeiwnu  and  conuuence- 
ment  of  the  jejuuum  are  ten  ascarides.  Seven  ascarides  have  made  their  Avayinto  Iho 
gall  duct  aiul  the  dili'ereut  lobes  of  the  liver,  but  none  in  the  (lystic  duet  nor  gall- 
bladder. The  biliary  duct  is  greatly  distended  aud  coated  with  a  layer  of  yellowisli- 
greeu  biliary  coloring  matter. 

The  ilio-cceeal  valve:  Has  its  margin  of  a  deep  grayish-black  aud  its  ibllicles  en- 
larged. 

The  large  intestines  :  Are  throughout  black  from  piguientary  deposit,  tJie  blackness 
being  especially  marked  on  the  agminated  ghmd,  extending  Ji-oin  Ihe  ilio-ca^cal  valve 
ou  the  colom  Many  round  blackish  elevations  are  scattered  over  the  length  of  the 
colon,  ai)X)caring  like  enlarged  solitary  glands.     On  some  parts  of  the  colon  the  dark 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE   AND    OTHER   ANIMALS. 


Ill 


color  is  modified  by  the  deep  red  of  a  recent  congestion.  Tlirough  the  whole  length 
of  the  large  intestine  the  mucous  membrane  is  considerably  thickened  and  puckered. 
Near  the  anus  are  some  caseous  deposits  beneath  the  mucous  membrane,  but  communi- 
cating ^Yith  the  surface  by  open  oriiices. 

Tlie  liver :  Has  great  patches  of  a  deep. purple,  deepest  in  the  center  of  the  ascini. 

The  gall  bladder:  Is  full  of  dark  drecn,  tliick,  very  viscid  bile. 

The  iiigidnal,  snlilumhar,  mesenteric,  mesocoUc,  gaulric,  and  hepatic  li/mjjhatic  glands:  Are 
greatly  enlarged  and  deeply  blood-stained. 

The  Jcidncgs :  Somewhat  softened,  are  of  a  dull  yellowish  bsown  in  the  cortical  por- 
tion and  of  a  purple  hue,  Avith  darker  radiating  lines  in  the  medullary. 
.  JResj)iratory  organs :  Larynx  sound.     Lungs  sound,  excepting  some  slight  congestion 
iu  particular  lobes,  and  the  filling  of  tlic  birmcliia  and  aiv-cdls  with  blood  evidently 
drawn  iu  in  dyiug.     No  pleui-al  effusion. 

Heart  and inricardiinn :  Sound. 

Experiment  No.  10. 

Merino  sheep. 


Diito. 

Hour. 

Body.tempor- 
ature. 

Eemarks. 

Nov.  21 

2p.m 

103°  F. 

Hypodermic  injection  of  one  and  a  half  drachms.  Blood  from 
sick  pig  just  kiUfed. 

22 

10  a.  m 

102. 5 

23 

....do 

103. 75 

24 

.-.do 

103. 

25 

....do 

104.5 

26 

....do  

103. 25 

27 

....do 

104.5 

Scoiiriug  and  snu filing 

28 

....do  

103. 75 

29 

....do  

102 

30 

....do  

102.5 

Dec.     1 

....do 

103. 75 

2 

....do  

102.5 

3 

....do 

•103. 25 

5- 

....do  

102.5 

7 

Hvpodermic  in.jection  of  two  d»achms  blood  from  pig  -which 

died  duaing  the  night  previous. 

8 

....do 

103.  75 

9 

..-.do  

103.3 

10 

....do 

103. 75 

11 

....do  

100. 25 

13 

....do  

102 

13 

..-.do  

103 

14 

....do  

103 

Ilypodermic  injection  of  one  drachni  blood  and  pleural  fluid  of 
pig  -which  died  during  the  preceding  night.  JFluida  full  of 
actively  moving  bacteria. 

15 

....do 

105.5 

SnulHing. 

15 

5  p.  m 

103 

16 

10  a.  m 

104.  5 

1(5 

5p.  m 

104.5 

/ 

17 

10a.  m 

105.5 

17 

4p.iu 

103.  5 

18 

10  a.  m 

103.75 

18 

4  p.  m 

105 

19 

10  a.  m 

103.  25 

20 

..--do  

105.  2 

Blood  shows  moving  bacteria,  but  less  niuneruus  than  m  the 

20 

rabbit. 

21 

10  a.  m 

102.25 

21 

4  p.  m 

.104 

23 

9  a.  m 

104 

23 

4.30  p.  m 

105. 25 

23 

9a..  m 

103.  25 

24 

....do  

102 

25 

....do  

103 

26 

....do  

]04 

27 

....do  

J  03.  75 

28 

....do  

103. 2 

29 

..-.do  

103.  5 

.■10 

....do 

102.75 

;ji 

....do  

104 

Jan.      1 

.-..do 

103 

2 

....do 

103.75 

3 

....do  

103 

4 

....do 

102 

5 

....do  

103 

li 

....do  

103 

luoccilatod  with  scurf  from  the  eai-  of  a  bick  pi". 

7 

....do  

103 
105. 75 

. 

6 

....do  

Scour.s. 

9 

,...do  

103.8 

Do. 

112 


DISEASES    OF   SWINE    AND    OTHER.  ANIMAI^- 

ExPERiMENT'No.  10— Conthiu^d. 

Merino  sheep — Contiijued. 


Date. 

Hour. 

Body-temper' 
ature. 

Kemarks. 

Jail.  10 

....do  

103°  r. 

ScoTirs.  Ajms  red  and  sore.  Strongly^  objects  to  tjie  thermom- 
eter.   Has  passed  bloody  mucus- 

11 

....do 

103 

13 

....do 

102 

13 

....do 

102.  5 

14 

....do....... 

103.5 

Anus  still  red  and  puffy,  -sritli  abundant  mucus. 

15 

....do 

103 

16 

....do 

103.5 

17 

....do 

103.5 

Scours, 

18 

....do 

103 

.       Do. 

ID 

....do 

104 

20 

....do 

102. 75 

21 

....do 

103 

22 

....do 

102.5 

Anus  still  red  and  swollen. 

23 

10  a.  m 

102 

-Same  afternoon  injected  one  dracbm  of  blood  and  pleural  fluid 
from  pig  just  kilTed.    lluids  contained  active  bacteria. 

24 

....do  

■104 

SHglit  subcutaneous  swelling  in  the  right  axilla.  Tenderness 
6t  the  skin  of  the  abdomen. 

25 

....do 

104.5 

26 

....do 

104 

26 

4.30  p.  m 

105 

27 

12in 

105 

28 

10a.m 

103 

28 

5p.in 

104 

29 

lOa.m 

■     105  •' 

30 

....do 

104 

i 


Experiment  No.  11. 

Lmig  wooled  {cross-breed)  lanib. 


Date. 

Horn-. 

Body- temper- 
ature. 

Eemarks. 

Jan.    17 

lOa.m 

104. 25°  r. 

Iniected  hypodermically  in  the  axilla  matter  from  the  ears  of 
two  sick  pif^,  also  anal  mucus  from  one  of  them. 

18 

....do  

104.  25 

19 

....do 

103.8 

20 

....do 

105. 25 

21 

....do 

103.5 

Ears  with  scurfy  eruption. 

23 

....do ,. 

106.5 

Bleeding  spots  on  ears. 

22 

5p.m 

104. 75 

23 

lOa.m 

104.5 

Injected  hypodermically  one  drachm  pleural  fluid  containing 
actively  inovina;  bacteria  from  pisi  just  killed. 

24 

....do 

108 

Hard  engorgement  two  inches  in  diameter  in  right  axilla. 

25 

....do 

107 

Axillary  swelling  more  defined ;  like  a  hazel-nut. 

26 

....do  

104 

26 

4.30  p.  m 

]08 

27 

12m 

108 

28 

lOa.m 

105. 25 

Ecctum  contracted   and  tender;    thermometer   covered  vrith 

bloody  mucus. 

28 

5p.m 

106 

29 

10a.m 

106 

30 

....do 

104 

Ithaca,  N.  T.,  February  5, 1879. 


JAMES  LAW. 


EEPOET   OF  DE.  D.  W.  YOYLES. 

Hon.  Wm.  G.  Le  Due, 

Commissioner  of  Agriculture : 

Sir  :  In  conducting  an  examin&^tion  of  the  diseases  of  swine,  as  pre- 
vailing? throughout  the  State  of  Indiana  during  the  present  season,  the 
following  plan  was  piu^sued,  viz: 

A  tour  of  observation  and  inspection  was  made  through  the  counties 
of  rioyd,  Harrison,  Washington,  Greene,  Morgan,  Monroe,  Owen,  Put- 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE   AND    OTHER   ANIMALS.  113 

nam,  and  Bartholomew.  Some  of  the  most  intelligent  and  leading  stock 
men  of  each  county  were  sought,  and  all  the  information  obtained  which 
they  had  upon  the  subject  of  the  disease,  both  in  regard  to  its  present 
manifestation  and  past  history.  Speculators  in  live  hogs  and  large 
feeders  were  closely  interrogated  upon  every  feature  of  the  disease  as 
coming  within  the  range  of  their  exijerience  and  observation.  -Diseased 
herds  were  ^'isited,  and  in  each  case  the  farm  minutely  inspected  in  all 
its  bearings  upon  the  health  of  animals ;  the  methods  of  breeding,  feed- 
ing, and  general  management  of  swine  diligently  inquired  into ;  dead 
animals,  where  not  too  far  advanced  in  decomposition,  dissected,  and 
living  ones,  having  the  disease,  were  slaughtered  for  examination,  and 
the  i)athological  indications  carefully  noted.  The  month  of  September 
was  entirely  devoted  to  this  branch  of  the  investigation. 

The  object  of  this  method  of  inquiry  was  to  ascertain  whether  the 
disease,  as  pre^'aiUng  thi'oughout  these  several  districts,  was  uniibrm  in 
its  character,  diifering  only  in  such  modification  in  type  as  may  be  due 
to  local  influences  ;  or  whether  these  were  to  be  found  separate  and  dis- 
tinct diseases  in  different  localities,  due  to  entirely  different  causes  for 
their  production ;  and  if  uniformity  was  found  to  exist  in  the  character 
of  the  disease  as  now  prevailing,  to  learn  from  practical  and  intelligent 
observers  in  each  district  whether,  in  any  essential  particular,  it  differs 
from  the  disease  that  has  prevailed  in  other  years. 

PEEVAXENCE  OP  THE  DISEASE. 

The  several  districts  visited  were  all  more  or  less  affected  by  the  dis- 
ease, but  to  a  much  less  extent  than  during  former  years,  except,  per- 
haps, in  the  county  of  Putnam,  where  it  was  i)revailing  for  the  first  time 
as  a  general  and  wide-spread  epidemic,  the  loss  being  estimated  at  from 
fifty  to  sixty  thousand  dollars.  In  this  county  the  surface  is  sufficiently 
undulating  to  produce  good  drainage ;  the  soil  is  red  clay  on  limestone. 
Springs  of  iiure  limestone  water  are  abundant,  and  woodlawns  beauti- 
fully swarded  with  blue  grass  are  seen  upon  almost  every  farm.  Feed- 
ing swine  has  been  an  extensive  and  profitable  branch  of  farm  industry 
in  this  county,  and  the  herds  are,  therefore,  quite  large  for  a  grass-grow- 
ing section.  During  the  simimer  months  hogs  in  this  county  run  ui)on 
blue  grass  and  clover,  and  are  fed  some  corn.  We  found  the  corn  so 
fed  often  unfit  for  use,  because  of  a  very  reprehensible  x^ractice  of  haul- 
ing to  the  field  for  convenience  in  feeding  and  thromng  it  in  an  open 
rail  pen,  where,  by  exposure  to  heat  and  moisture,  it  soon  becomes 
moldy.  The  mean  temperature  in  this  county  during  the  summer  was 
slightly  above,  and  the  rain -fall  considerably  below,  the  average  seasons. 

The  counties  of  Floyd,  Harrison,  and  Waslungton  jjossess  much  the 
same  kind  of  soil,  and  are  abundantly  supplied  with  running  springs  of 
limestone  water ;  but  blue  gTass  and  clover  are  not  so  extensively  or 
generally  grown.  In  these  three  counties  hog-raising  is  not  a  branch  of 
farm  industry  sufficiently  remunerative  to  induce  the  farmers  to  gener- 
ally engage  in  it,  and  the  herds  are,  therefore,  usually  small  and  the 
animals  very  unpeii'ectly  cared  for. 

The  observations  made  in  the  counties  of  Greene,  Owen,  Monroe,  Mor- 
gan, and  Bartholomew  were  on  a  line  with  the  White  iliver  Valley. 
Tliis  and  the  Wabash  Valley  constitute  pre-einineutly  the  hog-growing 
sections  of  Indiana.  It  is  iii  this  part  of  tlie  State  that  the  disease  has 
in^evailed  to  the  greatest  extent.  Ilog-raising  being  the  leading  busi- 
ness industry,  tha  herds  are  ordinarily  (|uite  large. 

No  observation's  were  made  in  the  AVabash  country.     In  the  White 


114  DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHEi:    ANIMALS. 

River  Valley  tlie  disease  lias  prevailed  during  the  present  season  to 
miicli  less  extent  than  for  several  years  past.  This  is  due  in  i>art  to  the 
fact  that  there  are  not  so  many  hogs  here  as  formerly — great  loss  having 
gTeatly  discouraged  hog-raising,  a  branch  of  agricultural  industry  here- 
tofore liaramouut  to  every  other  interest. 

The  less  prevalence  of  the  disease  is  also  due  in  part  to  the  increased 
facilities  for  selling  to  summer  packers ;  the  approach  of  the  complaint 
in  ajij^  given  locality  being  the  signal  for  the  selling  of  every  marketable 
animal. 

In  these  hog-growing  districts,  the  surface  of  the  country  is  quite  fiat, 
affording  very  imperfect  natiu'al  drainage,  and  as  a  consequence  much 
stagnant  water  prevails.  The  soil  is  a  mixture  of  clay  and  sand.  The 
food  is  mainly  corn,  with  some  clover  during  the  summer  months,  the 
aniutals  often  subsisting  ui^on  corn,  alone  from  the  time  of  birth  to  that 
of  slaughter. 

In  the  county  of  Bartholomew  there  are  several  "  grease  factories," 
where  they  render  dead  animals,  and  it  is  estimated  that  during  the 
year  1876  there  were  rendered  at  these  several  factories  no  less  than  one 
hundred  thousand  animals  that  died  of  the  disease  in  that  and  adja- 
cent counties. 

It  is  the  concurrent  testimony  of  the  leading  and  most  intelligent  ob- 
servers, whose  experience  and  observation  have  been  most  extensive, 
that  while  the  disorder  prevails  more  or  less  at  all  seasons  of  the  year, 
it  prevails  to  the  greatest  extent  and  with  most  fatal  effect  dming  the 
dry  months  of  the  fall  season,  and  again  during  the  last  winter  and  first 
months  of  spring — February  and  March. 

SYMPTOMS  OF  THE  DISEASE. 

A  greater  degree  of  uniformity  was  found  to  exist  in  the  symptoms 
and  character  of  the  disease  than  was  anticipated  at  the  beginning  of 
the  investigation.  The  first  sym])toms  that  usually  attract  the  atten- 
tion of  the  farmer,  indicating  ai)proaching  disease,  is  a  wheezing  cough, 
coupled  with  a  disposition  to  mope.  During  this  period  the  animal 
stands  about  as  if  in  a  "  brown  study,"  with  its  ears  dropped  and  its 
eyes  inclined  to  water  or  matter. 

"  Following  in  the  usual  succession  of  symptoms  comes  a  failure  in  the 
appetite,  with  occasional  vomiting  and  diarrhea,  although  the  two  last- 
named  symptoms  constitute  an  exception,  to  which  constipation  is  the 
rule. 

A  complete  failure  in  the  appetite,  intense  thirst,  with  increased  tem- 
perature of  the  body,  indicates  the  supervention  of  the  febrile  and  in- 
flammatory stage  of  the  disease.  During  this  stage  the  temperature 
not  infrequently  rises  as  high  as  107*^  F.,  as  indicated  by  the  introduc- 
tion of  the  thermometer  into  the  rectum  of  the  animal.  The  cough  in- 
creases ;  the  breathing  becomes  more  accelerated  and  laborious ;  the 
respii'atory  movements  are  scarcely  observable  in  the  walls  of  the  chest, 
but  become  conspicuous  at  the  flank,  and  range  from  30  to  CO  inspira- 
tiojis  to  the  muiuco  ;  the  arterial  ch'culation  is  increased  in  frequency 
and  diminished  in  volume.  Petechial  eruption  is  often  observed  on  the 
skin  and  is  most  distinctly  observable  on  white  animals.  This  is  due  to 
extravasated  blood  from  the  capillaries  into  the  tissues,  which,  on  under- 
going decomposition,  produces  idceration  of  the  skin  in  the  future} 
course  of  the  disease,  particularly  if  the  animal  becomes  convalescent. 

in  the  last  stage  the  animal  becomes  very  weak;  staggers  in  gait,  if 
(iblc  to  rise  at  all;  refuses  both  food  and  drink;  falls  in  temperature, 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER    ANIMALS.  115 

sometimes  as  low  as  tJO^  F. ;  seeks  the  simsliine  or  a  coveiing  of  litter, 
and  speedily  dies.  Emaciation  is  a  rapidly  progressive  symptom  tlirougli- 
out  the  entire  course  of  the  disease. 

DURATION  OF  THE  DISEASE. 

The  disorder  is  by  no  means  imiform  in  its  diuration,  varying  fiom  a 
few  hours  to  many  days  and  even  weeks.  When  death  occm*s  only  a 
few  hoiu'S  after  the  attack  a  complication  of  heart  disease  is  usually  the 
couse  of  the  rapid  termination  of  the  case.  Early  fatality  may  occur 
also  from  rapid  congestion  of  the  lungs,  producing  hepatization  of  a 
large  x)ortion  of  that  organ.  The  average  diu^ation  of  the  disease  can 
be,  therefore,  scarcely  approximated.  Perhaps  five  days  would  include' 
the  len2;th  of  time  consumed  in  most  fatal  cases,  v/hereas  a  much  greater 
length  of  time  is  required  in  cufies  that  reco^■er.  lu  its  most  violent 
epidemic  form  a  much  less  time  than  five  days  would  include  the  course 
of  the  disease  in  all  fataL  cases. 

PATHOLOGY  OF   THE  DISEASE. 

As  before  stated,  all  dead  animals  not  too  far  advanced  in  decomposi- 
tion were  examined,  and  one  or  more  sick  animals  were  selected  from 
each  diseased  herd,  and  after  a  careful  study  of  their  symptoms,  as  com- 
pared with  the  other  sick  stock  of  the  herd,  were  slaughtered  for  exam- 
ination. 

Memoranda  from  thirty  dissections  made  from  fifteen  separate  and 
distinct  herds  fairly  representing  the  disease  as  observed  under  all  the 
varied  circumstances  as  to  food,  soil,  water,  and  general  management, 
show  the  following  results : 

In  every  case,  without  exception,  disease  of  the  lungs  was  iireseut, 
varying  in  degree  from  slight  congestion  to  complete  softening  from 
suppuration  and  inflammation.  In  two  cases  the  lung  disease  was 
tuberculous  in  character.  In  eight  cases  adhesion  occurred  between 
the  costal  pleura  and  limg.  In  six  cases  circumscribed  spots  of  inflam- 
mation were  found  on  the  walls  of  the  heart  and  its  investment,  with 
an  effusion  in  the  i)ericardial  sack.  In  six  cases  were  small  patches  of 
ulceration  of  mucous  lining  of  large  intestine.  In  six  cases  were  conges- 
tion of  mucous  lining  of  the  stomach.  In  all  cases  the  liver  i^resented  a 
darker  hue  than  natural,  in  foiu*  cases  slightly,  and  in  one  greatly  en- 
larged; but  in  all  other  cases  in  size  and  general  ap])earance  would 
compare  favorably  with  that  organ  as  usuallj^  observed  in  animals  re- 
garded sound  and  healthy.  The  spleen  was  in  all  cases  discolored,  as 
in  case  of  the  liver.  In  few  cases  there  was  slight  congestion  of  the 
kidneys.  In  one  case  there  was  evidence  of  fatty  degeneration,  and  in 
all  others  the  organ  indicated  a  healthy  condition.  The  blood  was 
always  dark-colored,  the  muscles  pale  and  relaxed. 

The  disease  of  the  lungs  was  in  all  cases  the  leading  pathological  con- 
dition, to  which  all  other  diseased  appearances  were  secondary  in  im- 
portance, constituting  complications  oidy. 

A  section  of  the  lung  of  an  animal  slauglitcred  during  the  acti%'e 
inflammatory  state  of  the  disease  shows,  under  the  microscope,  a  com- 
plete solidification  of  lung-tissue,  the  air-cells  being  filled  with  ei)ithctial 
exudation,  no  extra vasated  blood  ap])ea]  ing.  A  section  of  tlu;  liver  of  the 
same  animal  shows  a  thiclcening  of  tlie  septie  acini  by  a  x)r<)liieration  of 
epithetial  cells,  tending  to  or  constituting  fatty  degeneration;  other 
acini  in  the  same  section  exhibit  a  perfectly  healthy  condition.    A  sec- 


116  DISEASES   OF    SWINE   AND    OTHER   ANIMALS. 

tion  of  intestine  from  same  animal  shows  a  liealtliy  condition.  These 
three  sections  are  transmitted  Tvith  this  report  for  verification.  (See 
microscopic  sections,  Plate  XV,  Tigs.  1,  2,  and  3.) 

The  contents  of  the  stomach  and  intestines  ■were  liqnid  in  six  cases, 
and  dry,  hard,  and  very  dark  colored  in  all  others. 

The  gall-bladder  usually  contained  a  small  quantity  of  thin,  greenish 
flTiid. 

The  trachea  and  bronchial  tubes  contained  a  large  quantity  of  matter 
apparently  consisting  of  mucus  and  broken-down  epithelium. 

DIAGNOSIS  OF  THE  DISEASE. 

Judging  from  the  visible  causes  that  appear  most  active  in  its  develop- 
ment— the  symptoms  and  pathology  of  the  disease — we  feel  waiTanted 
in  pronouncing  it,  in  its  milder  manifestations,  hroncJdal  catarrh,  and,  in 
its  most  active  and  fatal  form,  catarrhal  pneumonia. 

There  is  no  symptom  uniformly  present  in  the  disease,  as  we  have 
observed  it,  that  bears  any  analogy  to  the  symptoms  of  cholera  as  aifect- 
ing  the  human  subject,  and  the  term  "hog-cholera"  is  therefore  a  mis- 
nomer 5  and  although  there  is,  ordinarily,  little  or  nothing  in  a  name, 
in  this  instance  the  misnaming  of  the  disease  has  been  a  source  of  iucal- 
culable  loss,  by  suggesting  a  line  of  treatment  irrationally  administered 
and  calculated  to  aggravate  rather  than  cure  it. 

ITS  CAUSE. 

It  is  when  seeking  the  cause  of  this  wide-spread  epidemic  disease  that 
the  field  of  investigation  takes  widest  range.  As  already  stated,  it  pre- 
vails more  or  less  at  all  seasons  of  the  year,  and  under  almost  every  con- 
ceivable condition  and  combination  of  conditions  as  to  soil,  food,  water, 
locality,  and  general  management;  but  the  difference  in  its  prevalence 
under  certain  circumstances  is  so  marked  and  uniform  that  fi'om  these 
facts  we  may  derive  some  definite  information  as  to  the  causes  most  active 
in  development. 

The  past  history  of  the  disease  would  indi(}ate  that  it  originated  in  this 
country  at  a  time  when  the  condition  of  swine  was  visibly  altered  fi'om 
a  comijarative  state  of  uatui'C  to  one  of  more  x>erfect  domestication. 
When  the  country  was  new,  alfording  almost  unlimited  range,  the  hogs 
bred,  grew  up,  and  roamed  in  the  forest  until  maturity.  Being  allowed 
the  iree  use  of  their  noses,  and  being  omnivorous  in  nature,  they  fed  on 
worms,  roots,  mast,  and  such  other  food  as  was  x)rovided  and  given  them 
by  their  owners ;  they  exercised  as  their  inclination  or  necessities  in- 
clined them;  had  free  access  to  niunerous  springs  and  streams  of  run- 
ning water;  slept  in  storm-sheltered  thickets  on  beds  of  clean  leaves, 
and  enjoyed  under  these  chcumstances  a  vigor  of  constitution  and  an 
immunity  from  disease  unknown  to  the  modern  swine-breeders  of  the 
country.  As  the  country  became  more  densely  i)opulated,  i-endering  it 
necessary  to  clear  up  and  inclose  the  land  for  agricultural  piu-poses,  the 
lank,  active,  long-nosed  animal  of  the  pioneer  age  began  to  disappear 
in  order  to  give  j)lace  to  a  new  and  more  advanced  civilization  in  the 
history  of  his  race.  A  close  business  calculation  demonstrated  that  a- 
hog  fed  to  profit  on  food  produced  by  manual  labor  must  have  an  inbred 
tendency  to  take  on  fiesli,  and  that  tendency  encouraged  by  close  con- 
finement and  higli  feeding. 

The  hog  of  to-day  is  tin;  result  of  persistent  in-breeding  for  an  obese 
habit,  encoui-aged  by  want  of  exercise  and  over-feeding.    An  annual 


swi  X  i-:   im:\'1': k 


Iti'liori    <   Diiiiiiissioiici'   oC  .\.ori(  nil  iiiM'  I'oilN/K 


1M;.I.'   \T 


•^','■^Vrf■''*^-c  ' ;  "'u  ' 


Ki..-  1 

Micl'iisc  (11)11      srrlioii    III'    (lisf'.iscd    li\fi 

111    llo'j  ('lii)lfr.'i 


I'lo- 


MlcroscoiiH    set  I  loii  ()(■  lllll<j 
ill  I  ;il;u  rlwil    |)ii(ii)ii<)iii.i   / 


^%%ii»ti^iii»^' 


*■•***<?: 


Micros!  opK   .s((  I  ion  ol'  ml  i-sl  iiic  111    '  liu<j  (  holci  ,i ,"  slmw  iii'j  Ihm  li  li\    >  mull  1  ion 

\  ll<H-liK'l  nl,llll..<..lisll'    li.illlKiol. 


DISEASES    OF  BWINE   AND    OTHER   ANIMALS.  117 

qiiite  comely  in  shape,  early  in  maturity,  of  strongiy-developed  fattening 
tendencies,  and  of  enfeebled  constitution,  is  the  intelligent  and  natural 
result.  An  animal  thus  deprived  in  part  of  the  constitutional  vigor  of 
its  ancestors,  forced  to  give  in  part  the  instinctive  habits  of  its  race  in 
obedience  to  the  regulations  of  modern  farming,  must  necessarily  have 
acquired  a  diseased  tendency.  If,  under  these  circumstances  in  the  era 
of  modern  swine-breeding,  the  animal  is  more  exposed  to  causes  produc- 
ing disease,  a  general  prevalence  of  disease  must  be  the  result.  Do 
such  causes  generally  prevail,  which,  operating  upon  well-known  prin- 
ciples in  anunal  physiology,  are  calculated  to  produce  the  disease  as  we 
have  observed  it  ?  If  not,  we  are  forced,  in  the  absence  of  visible  and 
rational  causes,  to  indulge  in  hypothesis,  and  seek  some  hidden  poison 
which,  operating  to  produce  the  disease,  may,  therefore,  propagate  it  by 
contagion. 

We  have  assumed  that  the  animal  of  the  present  period  is  one  of 
impaked  constitution,  and  that  its  habits,  as  imposed  by  the  will  of  the 
farmer,  as  to  food,  water,  cleanliness,  exercise,  and  rest,  do  not  approach 
so  nearly  a  strict  observance  of  the  laws  of  health  as  do  the  instinctive 
habits  of  the  animal  in  an  unrestrained  state  of  nature.  The  habits  in 
the  latter  state  have  been  briefly  alluded  to  already.  What  are  the 
altered  conditions  that  conflict  with  the  laws  of  health  as  imposed  by 
the  former  state  ? 

rooD. 

In  considering  this  branch  of  the  inquiry  we  will  examine  briefly  the 
subject  of  food.  Tlie  hog  is  an  omnivorous  animal;  he  eats  both  animal 
and  vegetable  food ;  his  instinct  demands  and  his  health  requires  it.  In 
his  native  state  he  obtains  the  animal  food  required  by  the  industrious 
use  of  his  nose  in  digging  for  worms  and  insects;  but  the  most  improved 
methods  of  modern  swine-breeding  have  proclaimed  the  nose  of  the  hog 
a  useless  appendage,  and  bred  it  to  the  smallest  iDossible  size — a  thing 
of  beauty  to  adorn  a  ring.  The  animal,  thus  deprived  of  the  natural 
means  of  obtaining  a  supply  of  animal  food,  is  forced  to  subsist  almost 
exclusively  upon  vegetable  diet,  consisting  almost  wholly  of  corn.  That 
this  style  of  feeding  long  pursued  is  not  conducive  to  the  highest  state 
of  health  would  seem  self-evident.  In  the  hog-growing  districts,  corn 
alone  is  often  the  only  food  fed  to  swine  from  birth  to  slaughtering, 
and  it  is  in  these  districts  that  the  disease  is  most  j^revalent  and  fatal. 
On  the  contrary,  hogs  fed  the  oft'al  from  miUc  and  cheese  factories,  or 
li'om  city  and  hotel  garbage,  are  always  most  free  from  disease.  In  the 
city  of  New  Albany,  Indiana,  there  are  more  swine  to  the  square  mUe 
than  elsewhere  in  the  State ;  their  rights  are  somewhat  sacred ;  they 
run  in  every  street,  sleep  in  every  alley,  and  break  into  almost  every 
yard;  as  scavengers  they  constitute  a  sort  of  independent  body  of  health 
police,  auxiliary  to  the  board  of  health ;  the  average  councilma.n  regards 
them  in  some  sense  as  his  constituency,  and  the  people,  therefore,  have 
vainly  prayed  for  hog-ordinances  and  hog-cholera,  and  stUl  the  animal 
feeds  u])on  our  bounty,  multiplies  his  race,  and  ahnost  defies  disease. 

WATER. 

During  the  diy  months  of  the  fall  season  it  seldom  happens  that  lioga 
have  a  ])roper  supply  of  good  pure  water,  even  in  well-watered  districts 
of  country.  In  all  the  herds  examined  where  the  disease  prevailed,  in 
but  one  instance  was  a  proper  supply  of  pure  water  observed;  in  a  large 
uumjl)er  of  cases  there  was  positively  no  water,  only  thin  mud  at  the 


118  DISEASES    OF    SV/INE   AND    OTHER    ANIMALS. 

watering  place.  At  the  farm  of  Mr.  Qiiimi,  near  Hartsville,  Indiana, 
where  the  disease  was  prevailing-,  twelve  liead  of  sick  animals  were  run- 
ning in  an  in  closure,  and  when  tlie  proprietor  was  asked  about  tlie  sup- 
ply of  water,  he  saifi,  "  There  was  plenty — a  good  spring."  On  personal 
examination  the  spring  vfas  found  to  issue  from  a  hill-side,  with  but  lit- 
tle incline ;  from  the  place  where  it  issued  to  tlie  point  where  it  disap- 
peared from  exliaustion — a  distance  of  some  40  feet — there  was  a  long 
bed  of  thin  mud,  and  no  visible  appearance  of  running  water  at  any 
point.  He  was  ashed  on  our  return  when  he  last  inspected  the 
watering  place,  and  answered,  "  This  morning."  He  was  then  asked  if 
he  thought  the  sujiply  of  water  at  that  spring  would  supply  a  few  horses 
or  cattle  with  water,  if  the  hogs  were  taken  out,  and  he  rephed  promptly 
in  the  negative,  and  when  asked  by  what  process  of  reasoning  he  came 
to  the  conclusion  that  water  of  acknowledged  unfitness  for  anything  else 
was  quite  good  enough  for  hogs,  and  sick  ones  at  that,  he  replied,  in  sub- 
stance, that  hogs  would  not  use  water  until  they  rendered  it  unfit  for 
any  other  kind  of  stock ! 

We  mention  this  case  in  detail  because  it  fairly  represents  the  views 
of  the  average  farmer  upon  the  subject  of  water  for  swine — "  any  water 
is  good  enough  for  a  hog." 

CLEANLINESS. 

The  domesticated  animal  does  not  approximate  the  habits  of  his 
pioneer  ancestor  in  point  of  cleanliness.  It  is  the  instinctive  habit  of 
the  animal  to  bathe  in  water  and  waUow  in  mud  to  counteract  heat  and 
as  a  protection  against  flies ;  but  in  a  state  of  nature,  when  the  mud  has 
served  its  purpose,  the  animal  cleanses  himself  by  friction  with  ihe 
nearest  tree ;  the  filthy  bed  which  the  domestic  animal  becomes  satisfied 
to  occupy  in  a  state  of  confinement  is  never  occupied  by  animals  run- 
ning in  the  forest,  and  given  opportunity  to  make  and  change  their 
sleeping  places  at  will — in  short,  when  allowed  to  provide  for  his  own 
existence,  he  exercises  a  more  intelhgent  regard  for  his  wants  than  is 
ordinarily  exercised  for  him  by  his  owner,  who  attempts  to  supersede  in- 
stinct by  reason. 

The  fi^equent  allusions  made  to  the  native  hog  may  provoke  the  in- 
quiry. Are  we  to  return  to  the  ill-shapen  and  ungainly  animal  of  forty 
years  ago "?  Certainly  not.  In  this  age  of  high-priced  corn,  such  an  an- 
imal is  unworthy  of  an  existence.  The  only  thing  to  be  admired  of  him 
is  his  health  and  constitution ;  the  only  useful  lesson  to  be  derived  from 
allusion  to  his  history  is  the  means  by  which  these  were  acquired  and 
maintained.  Food,  faulty  in  character  and  wanting  in  variety ;  water, 
deficient  in  quantity  and  purity ;  quarters,  too  limited  in  space  and  filthy 
in  condition,  are  the  three  leading  factors  in  the  production  of  disease  of 
swine. 

Special  attention  was  given  to  the  examination  of  the  surface  land  oc- 
cupied by  diseased  animals,  and  while  there  were  exceptional  cases,  in 
quite  a  large  majority  of  instances  they  were  running  in  fields  producing 
quite  a  luxuriant  growth  of  weeds  which,  during  that  season,  were  shed- 
ding their  seed,  bloom,  and  leaves.  The  earth  was  exceedingly  dry  and 
dusty.  In  traveling  through  the  fields  the  animals  created  a  dust  from 
the  earth  and  from  the  weeds  also,  which,  together,  were  taken  into  the 
ah'-passages  and  lungs  vnth  the  air  breathed,  constituting  an  active 
source  of  irritation.  While  pursuing  this  branch  of  the  inquiry  we  were 
infonned  by  some  intelligent  observers  that  they  had  noticed  that  ani- 
mals running  in  such  fields,  particularly  wheat  and  rye  st^ibble,  over- 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER    ANIMALS.  119 

grown  with  weeds,  were  tlie  most  unliealtliy ;  and  nnder  these  circum- 
stances the  greatest  amount  of  disease  was  observed.  It  is  at  this 
particular  season  of  the  year  that  hogs  are  most  neglected.  Having  been 
turned  out  during  the  summer  months  to  take  care  of  themselves,  while 
the  grass  is  green  and  filled  with  nutritious  qualities,  they  thrive  and 
do  well ;  but,  at  the  approach  of  the  dry  season,  green  grass  gives  place 
to  that  which  is  mature  and  dry,  in  which  state  it  is  indigestible  and 
constipating.  The  water  at  this  particular  season  fails.  It  is  also  at 
this  season  that  swine  keep  their  skin  clothed  with  mud  as  a  i^rotection 
against  flies,  seriously  iaterfering  with  its  healthy  functions  as  auxiliary 
to  the  lungs  and  other  depurating  organs  of  the  body.  This  is  the 
season  when  the  cold  nights  precipitate  heaA^v  dews,  and  while  run- 
ning through  the  grass  and  weeds,  during  the  nights  and  early  morn- 
ing hours,  the  animals  become  wet  and  cold,  to  be  dried  oft'  and  scorched 
in  heat  and  dust  at  tlie  returning  noonday.  Dming  the  nights  they 
are  chilled,  sending  the  blood  from  the  surface  to  the  internal  organs 
of  the  body,  and  breathe  a  damp,  cold  atmosphere;  dnring  the  day 
they  are  overcome  with  enervating  heat,  and  breathe  a  dry  atmosphere, 
loaded  with  dust  and  dry  particles  of  decaying  vegetation.  Is  not  this 
an  array  of  existing  circumstances  well  calculated  to  excite  catarrhal 
affections,  and  are  not  these  conditions  as  universally  present  over  a 
large  area  of  country  as  the  disease  itself?  It  may  be  objected  that  the 
disease  sometimes  i^revails  where  the  conditions  mentioned  are  wanting. 
That  it  does  prevail  in  some  instances  where  there  is  no  visible  cause 
for  its  production  is  true,  but  the  instances  are  of  rare  occun-ence.  As 
before  stated,  it  prevails  again  in  an  active  and  fatal  form  during 
the  months  of  February  and  JMarch.  This  is  the  season  when  bronchial 
and  lung  diseases  prevail  among  tlie  human  family,  due  to  the  atmos- 
pherical changes,  and  exposure  to  the  dam^)  earth  then  in  a  state  of 
alternate  freezing  and  thawing.  Swine  are  similaiiy  affected  during 
that  period  of  the  year  fi'om  the  same  cause;  and  being  more  generally 
exposed  to  these  causes  than  the  human  family,  are  more  liable  to  such, 
diseases  in  tbeir  epidemic  form.  The  principal  objection  to  tliis  rational 
theory  of  the  cause  of  the  disease  is  that,  it  is  found  to  exist  at  other 
seasons  of  the  year  than  those  mentioned,  and  under  circumstances 
where  almost  all  the  conditions  named  are  wanting.  In  a  few  instances 
we  observed  it  where  there  was  no  visible  want  of  first-class  care  in  the 
management  of  the  swine  as  to  food,  water,  cleanliness,  and  shelter,  and 
when  they  were  running  on  clean  blue-grass  pastures  well  shaded  and 
w^atered;  but  the  prevalence  of  the  disease  under  such  circumstances 
was  exceedingly  rare.  It  is  the  general  opinion  among  farmers  that  the 
disease  is  due  to  some  specific  poison,  and  is  contagious  in  character. 
This  opinion  was  generally  entertained  by  the  farmers  of  Putnam 
county,  where  the  disease  prevailed  this  season  for  the  first  time  as  a 
general  and  widespread  epidemic.  Many  claimed  that  the  disease  was 
communicated  by  a  lot  of  diseased  swine  driven  through  that  county 
from  the  county  of  Boone ;  but  many  cases  occurred  on  farms  entirely 
off  the  route  traveled  by  the  diseased  animals,  and  entirely  isolated 
from  public  liighways,  and  upon  which  no  new  or  strange  animals  had 
been  introduced  by  purchase  or  otherwise.  A  toll-gate  keeper  living 
near  the  village  of  Bainbridge,  in  that  county,  had  a  few  swine  running 
at  large,  and  coming  in  close  contact  with  all  the  animals  driven  over 
the  road,  and  still  they  had  escaped  the  disease;  wliile  those  occupying 
inclosures  by  the  roadside  generally  had  it.  Numerous  instances  were 
reported  by  reliable  and  intelligent  men,  wliere  the  disease  prevailed 
upon  one  farm  mth  but  a  partition  fence  separating  the  sick  animals 


120  DISEASES    OF   SW1>T:,    AXD    OTHER   ANIMALS. 

from  those  of  a  neighbor,  in  an  adjoining  fiehl,  and  the  latter  not  he 
affected  by  it.  No  case  of  this  kind  was  reported,  "where  a  stream  of 
water  led  from  the  diseased  herd  to  the  opposite  lot  of  animals,  in  which 
the  latter  escaped ;  which  circumstance  would  indicate  that  while  the 
disease  may  not  be  strictly  contagious  it  becomes  infectious,  and  can  be 
transmitted  by  contact  with  diseased  matter.  Experimental  operations 
conducted  with  a  view  to  ascertain  this  fact  were  wanting,  because  of 
the  lack  of  absolute  knowledge  that  the  animals  operated  upon  would 
not  have  had  disease  without  the  introduction  of  diseased  matter  by 
inoculation;  barring  this  doubt,  the  iutroduction  of  diseased  matter  into 
.  the  system  of  a  well  animal  produces  the  disease  in  four  out  of  five 
cases.  It  is  a  safe  practice  to  separate  the  sick  from  the  well  animals  at 
the  very  first  indication  of  approaching  disease.  The  eatrag  of  the  flesh 
of  the  dead  animals,  dying  of  the  disease,  by  those  surviving,  is  a  very 
reprehensible  practice,  and  should  under  no  circumstance  be  allowed. 
The  dead  should  be  speedily  removed  and  buried  or  cremated.  Some 
farmers,  however,  claim  that  where  they  allowed  the  sick  to  eat  the  dead 
the  animals  seemed  to  recover  faster  by  the  practice — an  observation,  if 
correctly  made,  only  demonstrating  that  the  herd  was  suffering  from 
want  of  animal  food  to  such  an  extent  that  that  furnished  them  in  a  dis- 
eased condition  did  them  more  good  than  harm.  Those  holding  to  the 
theory  of  contagion  generally  agree  in  the  iDeriod  of  incubation  as  rang- 
ing from  ten  to  twelve  days. 

Mr.  Wniiam  B.  Taylor,  of  Martinsville,  Ind.,  a  gentleman  of  long 
experience  as  a  feeder  and  packer,  and  an  intelligent  observer  of  the 
disease,  states  that  when  a  herd  of  diseased  animals  were  turned  in  a 
field  with  others  not  previously  exposed,  that  the  disease  would  almost 
invariably  run  through  the  entire  diseased  herd  before  attacking  the 
others ;  and  Mr.  Joseph  Goss,  of  Gosport,  Ind.,  a  feeder  and  packer  of 
forty  years'  experience,  and  a  most  careful  and  intelligent  observer,  cor- 
roborates the  statement  of  Mr.  Taylor. 

THE  DISEASE  AS  APFECTING  DIFFERENT  BREEDS. 

This  branch  of  the  inquiry  was  forced  ui)on  our  attention  by  certain 
parties  who  claimed  in  behalf  of  certain  breeds  of  swine  a  partial  or 
complete  immunity  from  the  disease.  Unfortunately  oiu-  field  for  obser- 
vation in  this  regard  was  not  good,  since  all  the  animals  observed  were 
grades  in  which  the  Poland-China  and  Berkshire  blood  largely  pre- 
dominated. The  best  information  gained  upon  the  subject  was  to  the 
effect  that  the  breeds  for  which  such  immunity  was  claimed  were  those- 
not  in  general  use,  and  that  the  absence  of  loss  from  such  breeds  is  due 
to  the  small  number  of  such  animals  existing  in  the  diseased  districts. 
Such  claims  were  made  in  behalf  of  the  Chester  AVhites  and  Jersey  Reds. 
We  saw  none  of  either  of  these  breeds  in  our  travels,  either  sick  or  well. 
The  latter  breed  may  have  a  partial  immunity  from  these  considerations. 
It  is  an  Eastern  bred  animal,  developed  in  a  section  where  in-breeding, 
close  confinement,  and  over-feeding  and  monotonous  diet  are  not  so  gen- 
erally practiced  as  in  the  West,  and  that  breed  has,  therefore,  possibly 
a  better  constitution  with  which  to  resist  diseased  tendency. 

EECURRENCE  OF  THE  DISEASE. 

All  experienced  feeders  agree  in  the  opinion  that  animals  having  the 
disease  and  recovering  from  it  seldom  have  a  second  attack,  and  state 
that  in  purchasing  animals  to  feed  preference  is  always  given  to  those 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER   ANIMALS.  121 

that  have  j^oue  through  with  the  disease.  We  are  inclined  to  accept 
this  opinion  as  of  little  consequence,  for  the  reason  that  such  as  are  fed 
for  pork  do  not  afford  a  sufficient  lapse  of  time  to  clearly  demonstrate 
this  point:  and,  on  the  contrary,  among  breeding  animals  that  are 
allowed  to  live  older,  in  which  timely  opportunity  is  given,  our  informa- 
tion is  that  a  second  attack  is  not  an  unusual  occurrence. 

HEREDITABY  EFFECT  OF  THE  DISEASE. 

Females  having  the  disease  when  breeding  almost  invariably  cast 
their  young.  If  they  escape  that  accident,  the  offspring  usually  die 
very  soon  after  birth.  Subsequent  litters  from  the  animal,  after  com- 
pletely recovering  from  the  disorder,  do  not  appear  to  be  wanting  in 
vigor,  and  do  not  exhibit  a  greater  aptitude  for  the  disease  than  other 
animals. 

PREVENTION  OF  THE  DISEASE. 

The  widespread  prevalence  of  the  disease,  its  rapid  course  and  dread- 
ful fatality,  warrant  the  opinion  that  measures  of  prevention,  if  discov- 
ered and  applied,  wiU  be  much  more  beneficial  in  result  than  the  discovery 
of  a  successful  line  of  treatment  for  the  disease,  unless  that  treatment 
shall  consist  of  some  specific  remedy,  a  practical  use  of  which  can  be 
made  by  the  farmers  in  aU  stages  of  the  complaint.  That  such  a  remedy 
will  be  discovered,  we  are  of  opinion,  is  not  within  the  range  of  proba- 
bility. The  measures  necessary  to  prevent  disease  in  domestic  animals 
embrace  witliin  their  range  a  careful  study  of  their  natural  habits  and 
wants,  and  a  strict  observance  of  the  laws  of  health  that  govern  all 
animal  life,  the  principles  of  which  are  the  same  in  their  application  to 
the  inferior  animals  as  to  man.  Those  errors  aUuded  to  when  considering 
the  cause  of  the  disease,  as,  in  our  opinion,  largely  contributing  to,  if 
not  whoUy  the  cause  of,  its  development,  must  be  corrected.  The  idea 
that  swine  are  exempt  from  the  ordinary  laws  governing  health,  and 
will  thrive  under  any  and  aU  circumstances,  must  be  abandoned.  Forced 
to  keep  pace  in  his  superior  development  with  the  civilization  of  the  age 
in  which  he  lives,  he  requires  additional  care  in  his  management  in 
order  to  ward  off  the  numerous  iUs  to  which  he  is  liable,  many  of  which 
were  unlniown  to  his  race  in  its  unimproved  state  of  nature.  The  food 
of  the  animal  should,  at  all  times,  consist  of  the  gTeatest  possible 
variety;  the  water  diank  should  be  strictly  i)ure;  too  many  animals 
should  not  be  herded  together;  the  young  animals  should  be  kept  to 
themselves ;  frequent  change  of  locahty,  by  shifting  fi'om  one  field  to 
another;  the  frequent  plowing  up  or  burning  over  of  the  lots  usually 
denoted  as  hog-lots  in  order  to  disinfect  them;  frequent  change  of 
sleeping-X)laces,  and  the  removal  and  destruction  of  old,  filthy  bedding- 
material.  During  the  dry  fall  months,  when  the  swine  are  running  at 
large,  they  shoidd  be  daily  inspected,  and  at  the  approach  of  that  period 
when  the  succulent  grass  is  giving  place  to  the  mature  and  dry,  laxative 
food,  such  as  bran-mash  or  oil-cake;  or  aperient  medicine,  as  hnseed-oil 
or  Glauber  salts,  given  to  counteract  the  constipating  effect  of  the  dry 
grass;  the  watering-places  daily  inspected;  if  mnning  in  open  fields 
with  high  weeds  and  grass,  they  should  be  taken  out  at  night  and  kept 
from  the  cold,  wet  grass,  and  turned  into  woods,  if  there  is  such  a  place 
available;  they  should  ]>e  kept  Irom  Aveedy  and  stubble  fields  during  the 
dry  dusty  period  of  the  fall  season,  both  day  and  night  When  confined 
in  close  pens,  these  pens  should  be  cleaned  daily,  and  disinfected  when 
there  is  stench,  by  the  use  of  copperas,  chlorinated  lime,  or  with  dry, 


122  DISEASES    OP    SWINE    AND    OTH^E    ANIMALS. 

fresli  dirt.  The  opinioii  tliat  corn,  almost  alone,  is  snfficient  food  for 
swine,  and  contains  all  tliat  is  necessary  for  the  growth  and  develop- 
ment of  the  animal,  will  not  be  abandoned  by  the  average  farmer  until 
after  many  costly  lessons  from  experience,  Awhile  attempting  to  freight 
their  corn  crops  to  market  throngh  this  uncertain  mediimi  of  transpor- 
tation. A  jndicious  and  intelligent  system  of  in-breeding  cannot  be 
abandoned  without  a  rapid  reversion  to  the  ill-shai^en  animal  of  forty 
years  ago,  nnd  we  do  not  insist  that  in-breeding,  when  judiciously  and 
intelligently  practiced,  is  materially  deteriorating  in  its  influence  upon 
the  health  and  constitution  of  swine;  it  is  only  by  coupling  animals  near 
related,  that  have  a  constitutional  defect  or  a  diseased  tendency,  and 
where  these  defects  and  tendencies  are  duplicated,  that  such  a  course 
becomes  positively  injurious.  In  the  natural  state  of  swine,  when  run- 
ning at  large  and  growhig  up  without  man's  intervention,  in-breeding 
frequently  occurs ;  and  the  bad  tendencies  are  warded  off  hj  the  more 
\dgorous  males  fighting  oft'  or  destroying  the  feeble  ones  and  becoming 
the  sires  of  the  race.  Thus  nature  provides  for  a  "survival  of  the 
fittest."  In  artificial  breeding,  the  selections  made  for  breeding  purposes 
are  too  often  made  with  special  reference  to  shape  and  beauty,  and  too 
little  consideration  is  given  to  vigor  and  constitution.  There  is  no  prac- 
tical test  made  in  the  i)rize-ring  between  the  most  comely  male  and  his 
less  handsome  brother,  as  to  which  is  by  nature  best  entitled  to  become 
the  sire ;  but  the  breeder  makes  the  choice  from  other  considerations 
than  "might  makes  right."  Good  feeding  is  the  counterpart  of  good 
breeding ;  but  there  is  a  marked  difference  between  good  feeding  and 
overfeeding  or  stuffing.  Good  feeding  consists  in  gi\ing  an  amount  of 
good  healthy  food  in  sufficient  A'ariety  to  provide  for  the  waste  of  the 
body,  and  in  quantity  only  sufficient  to  develop  the  future  growth  of  the 
animal.  Overfeeding  or  stuffing  consists  in  pushing  the  amount  of  food 
to  the  full  assimilative  capacity  of  the  animal,  with  a  view  to  the  greatest 
jjossible  amount  of  excessive  llesh.  The  first  is  essential  to  good  breed- 
ing; the  other  is  deteriorating  to  the  constitutional  vigor  of  the  animal. 

TEEATIMENT   OF  THE   DISEASE. 

This  branch  of  the  subject  we  might  sum  up  in  these  few  words:  Ko 
remedy  was  discovered  having  any  marked  beneficial  effect  ui)on  the 
disease  when  once  fully  estabhshed ;  no  farmer  was  found  who  ever  in 
his  own  experience  tried  any  remedy  or  remedies  that  seemed  to  exert 
any  well  marked  ciu^ative  effect  upon  the  disease.  Many  isolated  cases 
were  rei:)orted ;  one  animal  recovered  by  having  the  tip  end  of  its  tail 
cut  off";  two,  by  being  saturated  with  coal-oil,  and  a  few  others  of  like 
absurdity. 

The  announcement  of  the  names  of  the  individual  members  of  the 
conunission  appointed  to  conduct  this  examination  brought  to  our  notice 
by  letter  a  large  number  of  so-called  hog  "  cholera  cures,"  which  their 
several  proprietors  asked  us  to  test,  or  aUow  them  to  test  in  our  pres- 
ence. As  the  requests  were  coupled  with  the  expressed  or  understood 
condition  that  in  case  said  remedies  proved  efficient  cures  their  proprie- 
tor should  have  the  benefit,  for  his  private  use  and  gain,  of  an  official 
indorsement  of  the  remedy,  we  did  not  think  the  investigation  of  such 
remedies  for  such  x>urpose  came  within  the  range  of  duties  properly 
devolving  upon  a  commission  appointed  to  make  an  investigation  at  the 
public  expense  for  the  pubhc  good,  and  therefore  declined  to  answer  all 
communications  relating  to  such  subjects.  What  valuable  discoveries 
left  in  temporary  obscurity  by  our  course  in  the  matter  time  alone  must 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE   AND    OTHER   ANIMALS.  123 

disclose.  We  must  say  that  in  tliis  mtitrer  we  were  not  influeneecl  by 
a  strict  regard  to  the  observance  of  a  high-toned  professional  code  of 
medical  ethics,  but  entirely  from  a  sense  of  the  proper  discliai\ge  of  a 
public  duty.  The  sick  herd  of  Mr.  Quinn,  previously  alluded  to,  was 
taken  as  one  oifering  a  fair  opportunity  for  treatment.  The  sick  animals 
were  all  in  the  formative  stage  of  the  disease,  and  surrounding  circum- 
stances seemed  favorable  to  their  cure.  They  were  confined  to  proper 
limits,  in  a  pen  well  situated  as  to  health  and  comfort,  and  were  given 
a  dose  of  purgative  medicine  as  a  starting  point,  consisting  of  Glauber 
salts.  It  was  observed  by  all  with  whom  we  conversed  that  a  larger  per 
cent,  of  recoveries  occm-red  from  among  those  animals  that  at  the  com- 
mencement of  the  disease  had  vomiting  and  diarrhea  than  from  others. 
The  dry  and  hard  condition  of  the  fecal  matter  foimd  in  the  animals  dis- 
sected leads  to  the  belief  that  iDurgatives  at  the  commencement  of  disease 
would  always  be  a  judicious  course.  Bromide  of  ammonia  was  then 
given  in  solution  in  doses  of  30  grains  every  six  hoiu's.  This  remedy  we 
tested  at  the  suggestion  of  the  Agricultural  Department,  at  the  instance 
of  a  gentleman  who  insisted  that  inasmuch  as  it  exerted  a  salutary  effect 
in  the  disease  of  cholera  as  affecting  the  liuman  subject,  it  might  prove 
equally  beneficial  in  such  disease  in  swine.  So  it  might,  but  we  did  not 
find  tiiat  an  analogous  disease,  and  therefore  the  remedy  having  no 
properties  calcidated  to  meet  the  character  of  the  disease  that  we  did 
find,  proved  of  no  practical  benefit  in  its  treatment,  the  animals  dying 
in  about  the  same  proportion  as  when  not  subjected  to  any  plan  of  treat- 
ment, but  left  entirely  to  themselves.  Mr.  Stadda's  herd,  in  the  same 
county,  was  subjected  to  the  same  plan  of  treatment  with  the  same  re- 
sults. The  herd  of  Mr.  Thomas,  in  Harrison  county,  was  treated  under 
our  direction  by  giving  a  mild  purgative  at  the  commencement  of  the 
disease,  and  during  the  acute  inflammatory  state  of  the  complaint  ad- 
mmistered  antimonials  as  a  sedative  to  the  circulation,  and  in  the  sec- 
ond stage  tonics  and  nutritious  food  of  milk,  mill-feed,  and  vegetables, 
but  the  per  cent,  of  deaths  remained  much  the  same  as  when  not  treated. 
Other  isolated  cases  occurred  under  circumstances  where  extra  care  and 
effort  was  made  in  trying  to  effect  a  cure  by  several  difierent  lines  of 
treatment,  but  candor  compels  the  admission  that  as  far  as  relates  to  the 
discovery  of  any  plan  of  treatment  proving  sufficiently  efficient  to  enti- 
tle it  to  respectable  consideration,  our  efforts  were  without  good  residts. 
And,  lest  our  speculations  and  theories  as  to  the  proper  line  of  treatment 
may  be  wrong,  and  present  further  obstacles  in  the  way  of  the  discovery 
of  a  successful  remedy,  we  will  refrain  from  giving  them,  preferring  to 
present  such  points  only  as  we  fully  beUeve  will  be  of  practical  value. 
I  remain,  very  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant, 

D.  W.  VOYLES,  M.  D. 
New  Albany,  Ind.,  November  23, 1878.  ,.        i     ,    . 

I  }'^1>HAU 

EEPORT  OF  D.  E.  SALMON,  V,  S.       ^  ^  ^  '^  >^  i  T  V 

Hon.  William  G.  Le  Due,  ^  -  W^/ 1^\  u  »  \'  r 

Commissioner  of  Agriculture:  ^^^=^=^==^  *''>]. 

Sm :  In  my  investigations  of  the  contagious  hog-fever  as  it  exists  in 
North  Carolina,  it  has  been  my  endeavor  to  decide  those  points  which 
it  was  indispensable  for  me  to  know  before  adopting  preventive  meas- 
ures, rather  than  others  which  might  be  equally  interesting  from  a  scien- 
tific standpoint.    What  is  the  percentage  of  ivss  from  swine  disease  in 


124  DISEASES    OF    SWINE   AND    OTHER   ANIMALS. 

tliis  State  1  Is  it  one  and  the  same  disease  from  which,  the  hogs  are 
dying  in  the  different  parts  of  it  ?  If  bnt  one,  'svhat  are  its  symptoms, 
post-mortem  appearances,  nature,  and  cause  ?  And  what  are  the  means 
by  which  such  losses  may  be  diminished  or  entirely  prevented  1  These 
are  the  questions  which  it  seemed  most  important  to  answer ;  they  are 
those  to  which  my  time  has  been  entirely  devoted. 

It  was  found  very  difficult  to  obtain  information  of  localities  in  which 
the  disease  existed ;  for  although  requests  were  made  through  our  news- 
papers for  such  information,  and  although,  as  I  have  since  learned,  swine 
were  dying  largely  in  every  section  of  the  State,  I  received  during  the 
whole  time  but  three  letters  naming  such  localities.  If  to  this  we  add 
that  a  large  part  of  this  State  is  without  raiboads  ;  that  the  farms  are 
large,  and,  consequently,  the  country  is  thinly  settled  5  that  usually  but 
few  hogs  are  kei)t  on  each  place,  it  is  seen  that  a  gTcat  part  of  the  time 
must  have  been  spent  in  unproductive  work  in  searching  out  infected 
localities,  and,  when  these  were  found,  in  traveling  from  farm  to  farm  to 
find  herds  suitable  for  experiment,  or  dead  animals  for  examination. 
These  facts  must  explain  the  small  number  of  experiments  which  I  was 
able  to  carry  out. 

To  give  a  connected  view  of  the  subject,  and  one  convenient  for  refer- 
ence, the  report  is  presented  under  the  following  headings : 

I. 

THE5L0SSESJ-0F-SWINE. 

a.  Extent  of  disease,  number  and  percentage  of  deaths. 

h.  Are  the  great  bulk  of  these  losses  caused  by  one  disease,  or  are 
they  more  equally  distributed  among  all  those  to  which  these  animals 
are  subject  ? 

II. 

THE  CONTAGIOUS  HOa-J^feVER. 

a.  Symptoms. 

h.  Post-mortem  appearances. 

c.  Nature. 

d.  Cause. 

III. 

MEANS  OF  PREVENTION. 

a.  Hygienic  and  medical  treatment, 
h.  Sanitary  regulations. 

EXTENT  OF  DISEASE,  NUjNIBER  AND  PERCENTAGE  OF"  DEATHS. 

North  Carolina  is  a  State  with  a  great  diversity  of  soil  and  clunate. 
In  the  western  or  mountainous  part  the  summers  ai-e  not  excessively 
hot  nor  the  winters  extremely  cold,  and,  with  the  exception  of  river  bot- 
toms which  are  of  comparatively  small  extent,  tlie  soil  is  rolling  and 
uaturaUy  well  drained ;  the  water  is  good ;  there  is  no  malaria,  and  the 
country  is  rightfully  considered  a  very  liealthy  one.  Extending  from 
the  mountains  for  two  hundred  miles  eastward  is  a  strip  of  country  much 
of  which  is  not  sufficiently  rolling  lor  good  drainage  through  the  com- 
pact subsoU,  and  in  a  large  part  of  which  intermittent  lever  prevails  io 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE   AND  -  OTHER   ANIMALS. 


125 


a  considerable  extent  among  people;  Still  farther  east  is  a  strip  of 
sandy  and  swampy  country,  extremely  malarious,  and  very  subject  to 
intermittent  fever  and  other  diseases  of  malarial  origin. 

l!^ow,  if  our  hogs  were  dying  of  unhealthy  surroundings ;  if  their  dis- 
ease or  diseases  originate  to  any  extent  from  malarious  emanations,  it 
is  certainly  in  this  eastern  belt  that  we  should  expect  to  find  by  far  the 
largest  percentage  of  losses.  We  should  not  be  disappointed  in  finding 
a  few  in  the  central  belt,  but  in  the  healthy,  elevated  west,  where  the 
hogs  roam  in  vast  mountain  forests,  we  should  certainly  expect  an  un- 
usual freedom  fr'om  disease,  especially  in  summer.  Viewing  the  matter 
from  this  standpoint,  I  visited  the  western  and  central  sections,  and 
would  have  gone  to  the  seaboard  if  my  own  health  had  not  failed  me 
at  this  point. 

Fortunately  statistics  have  been  collected  of  the  number  of  deaths 
among  swine  in  the  different  parts  of  the  State  for  the  year  ending  April 
1, 1878,  and  these,  as  tar  as  can  be  obtained  (twenty-three  counties  only 
out  of  ninety-foiu'),  are  as  follows : 


Counties. 


Bertie 

Buncombe . 

Bark 

Camden 

Chatham  ... 
Cherokee... 

Clay 

Craven 

Cumberland 
Currituck .. 
Franklin ... 
Guilford.... 
Hyde 


Total  number 

Number  of 

of  swine. 

deaths. 

22, 286 

5, 151 

12,  076 

3,194 

6,341 

1,940 

5,586 

2,158 

27,  858 

9,103 

5, 183 

538 

4,998 

1,286 

11,446 

3,493 

l;!,4U6 

2,006 

7,064 

2,  451 

16,  045 

6,359 

22, 392 

1,  041 

8,358 

888 

Counties. 


Lenoir 

McDowell . 

Martin 

Mitchell.. . 

Pender 

Person 

Richm^ond  . 
Eobcson . . . 

Rowan 

Wake 

Total 


Total  number 
of  swine 


16  604 
6,011 
12, 755 
8,973 
14, 904 
12, 789 
10,  030 
27, 411 
14, 409 
17, 448 


304, 492 


Number  of 
deaths. 


3,853 
2,303 
3,670 
1,380 
1,977 
3,084 
1,192 
3,764 
1,943 
4,112 


66,  946 


That  is  to  say,  hogs  have  died  to  an  alarming  extent  from  Cherokee, 
]\Iitchell,  and  Buncombe  counties  in  the  mountains,  to  Camden,  Currituck, 
and  Craven  on  the  seaboard.  Nor  w^as  the  year  above  reported  an  ex- 
ceptional one,  as  these  losses  are  now  beiug  repeated  iu  Haywood  and 
Yancy  in  the  west,  and  from  thence  in  localities  eastward  to  the  sea. 
Speaking  iu  round  numbers  we  have  reports  here  from  one-fourth  of  the 
coimties  iu  the  State,  and  these  counties  in  1870  contained  about  (ta.e- 
foiu-th  of  the  hogs  iu  the  State,  and  contain  now  very  nearly  the  same 
number  as  theu.  We  may,  therefore,  estimate  the  losses  in  the  entire 
State  at  four  times  the  number  in  these  counties,  say  260,000.  Taking 
the  counties  mentioned,  the  loss  amounts  to  21^  per  cent,  of  the  whole 
stock,  and  ranges  from  38i-  i)cr  cent,  in  Camden  to  only  4i  per  cent,  in 
GuiLfortl. 

ARE  THESE  LOSSES  THE  KESULT  OP  A  SINGLE  DISEASE*? 


Tliis  question  has  been  raised  again  and  again,  whenever  any  measiu'e 
lias  been  proposed  for  diminishing  the  death-rate  of  these  animals,  -and 
iiotwithstandiug  investigators  iu  widely  diflerent localities  have  observed 
similar  symptoms  and  similar  post-mortem  appearances,  the  great  ob- 
jection to  sanitary  laws  has  always  been  the  uncertainty  in  regard  to  the 
artection  or  affections  from  which  death  occurred.  It,  tliereibre,  seemed 
advisal)lc  to  visit  a  large  pnrt  of  the  State  iu  order  to  decide  this  ques- 
tion of  primary  imi)ortanee.  Tlie  disease  was  seen  by  the  writer  in 
Haywood,  Buncombe,  and  McDowell  counties,  in  the  mountain  district, 


126  DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER    ANIMALS. 

in  Eowan,  Mecklenburg,  Lincoln,  Gaston,  and  Alamance,  in  tlie  central 
belt,  and  particular  inquiries  were  made  of  those  who  had  observed  it 
in  the  counties  bordering  on  the  coast.  Several  counties  not  euumera- 
ted  above  were  visitxsd,  but  I  was  not  successful  in  findiug  infected 
localities.  My  greatest  legret  is  that  I  was  not  able  to  make  personal 
observations  in  every  part  of  the  State. 

In  each  of  the  counties  mentioned  a  considerable  number  of  herds 
were  visited  and  examdned,  and  mthout  exception  the  Uviug  animals 
presented  similar  symptoms,  and  the  dead  ones  sliowed  similar  c}ianges 
in  the  different  organs  of  the  body.  Slight  variations  were  of  course 
observed,  as  is  always  the  case  in  any  disease,  but  these  were  as  great 
between  (liferent  indi-vdduals  of  the  same  herd,  sick  at  the  bame  time, 
as  between  different  herds,  even  in  different  counties.  And,  what  is  of 
great  importance,  1  did  not  find  a  single  case  in  which  it  could  x^ossibly 
be  supposed  that  death  resulted  from  a  local  disease;  but  in  every 
case  a  variety  of  oigans,  belonging  to  different  apparatus,  were  found 
diseased ;  the  blood  often  showed  marked  changes ;  there  were  extrava- 
sations in  various  parts  of  the  body,  and  always  inflammation  of  the 
lungs  and  large  intestmes,  generally,  also,  of  the  heart,  and  often  of  the 
eyes;  the  skin,  too,  was  often  plainly  affected,  and  the  temperature  was 
found  to  be  increased  before  any  other  symptoms  of  disease  were  in  the 
least  apparent. 

Considering  all  these  facts,  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  these  animals 
all  died  of  a  general  disease — a  disease  not  caused  by  changes  in  any 
single  organ ;  but,  on  the  contrary,  a  disease  which  caused  the  various 
organic  changes  observed.  Again,  from  the  similarity  of  symptoms  in 
all  these  cases  which  I  saw,  and  in  those  reported  to  me  from  other 
parts  of  the  State,  and  from  the  correspondence  in  post-mortem  apjiear- 
ances,  there  can  scarceh  i  emain  a  shadow  of  doubt  that  the  great  mass 
of  the  hogs  dymg  in  North  Carolina  are  affected  by  one  and  the  same 
disease. 

SYIMPTOMS. 

An  increase  of  temperature  precedes  for  an  undetermined  and  f>rob- 
ably  variable  length  of  time  the  appearance  of  all  other  symptoms. 
In  one  lot  of  seven  ten-months-old  pigs,  only  one  of  which  showed  symp- 
toms of  disease,  the  sis;  remaining  had  a  temperatiu-e  varying  from 
lO^.G"^  F.  to  106°  r.,  and  this  temperature  was  preserved  unaltered  for 
six  days,  with  no  other  changes  in  the  condition  of  the  animals  than 
increased  dullness  of  the  eyes,  a  general  imthrLfty  condition  and  a  disin- 
clination to  search  for  food,  although  the  appetite  was  still  good.  The 
pig  first  affected  died  about  this  time,  and  a  post-mortem  examination 
left  no  doubt  of  the  disease. 

In  another  lot  of  ten  three-months-old  pigs,  but  one  of  which  was 
plainly  sick,  six  had  a  temperature  ranging  from  lOip  F.  to  107°  F. ; 
with  one  this  was  103^^  F.,  with  two  101o"F.  and  102°  respectively,  while 
with  the  sick  one  it  reached  107.4°  F. 

In  a  herd  of  twelve,  from  which  one  had  just  died,  and  one  was  plainly 
sick,  four  others  showed  a  temjieratm-e  from  103^°  F.  to  107°  F. 

In  a  lot  of  fourteen  animals,  one  had  died,  one  was  plainly  sick,  and 
three  others  had  a  temperature  from  103°  F.  to  104°  F. 

Of  five  pigs,  one  had  just  died,  three  had  a  temperature  or  105°  F.  to 
100°  F.,  and  the  remaining  one  103°  F. 

Of  eleven  hogs,  two  had  died,  one  was  plainly  sick,  and  five  had  a 
temi)eratiu^e  ranging  from  103°  F.  to  100°  F. 

From  these  and  similar  cases  it  has  seemed  probable  that  a  high  tern- 


DISEASES    OF   SWINE   AND    OTHER    4.NIMALS.  127 

peratiire  may  exist  several  weeks  before  orlier  symptoms  are  manifested, 
or  even  iliafc  the  disease  may  in  some  ca^^es  beconJinedto,  andruu  its  course 
in,  tlie  blood,  without  a  locuhzation  in  any  organ  or  organs.  Such  a 
viesv  is  also  sustained  by  the  often-observtd  fact  that  when  the  cholera 
exists  in  a  herd,  animals,  which  sht-w  no  positive  signs  of  sickness,  are 
found  in  an  unhealthy  condition,  and  cannot  be  made  to  thrive  and 
fatten.  This  point,  however,  remains  to  be  cleared  up  by  future  inves- 
tigations. An  objection  may  be  brought  to  the  lower  temperature  here 
recorded,  that  according  to  otlier  observers  it  is  common  to  find  a 
temperatui-e  of  103°  F.  to  104'^  F.  in  healthy  animals.  This,  however, 
does  not  agree  with  the  observations  which  I  have  been  able  to  make. 
In  one  herd  of  ten,  the  last  of  a  much  larger  number  which  had  been 
reduced  by  this  disease,  all  of  which  appeared  healthy  and  thriving,  not 
one  showed  a  temperatm-e  by  my  thermometer  as  high  as  103°  F.  In 
several  other  herds  of  healthy  animals  "svhich  I  examined,  but  notes  of 
which  were  not  preserved,  the  temperatiu'e  was  found  to  range  from 
96°  F.  to  102i°  F.  In  nearly  aU  these  cases  the  animals  were  called  up 
from  fields  where  they  were  running  at  liberty,  and  were  immediately 
examined.  So  that,  although  there  may  be  differences  in  thermometers, 
I  think  there  can  be  little  doubt  fi-om  these  observations  that  an  increase 
of  temperatm^e  precedes  other  symptoms  by  a  number  of  days. 

The  fii'st  symi)toms  apparent  externally  are  a  dullness  of  the  eyes,  the 
lids  of  which  are  kept  nearer  closed  than  in  health,  with  an  accumula- 
tion of  secretion  in  the  corners ;  there  is  hanging  of  the  head  with  lopped 
ears,  an  inclination  to  hide  in  the  litter,  to  lie  on  the  beUy,  and  keep 
quiet ;  as  the  disease  advances  there  is  considerable  thirst,  more  or  less 
cough,  a  pink  blush,  rose-colored  spots,  and  papular  eruiition  on  the 
skin,  particularly  along  the  beUy,  inside  of  thighs  and  fore-legs,  and 
about  the  ears.  There  is  accelerated  respiration  and  ckculation,  increased 
action  of  the  flanks  in  breathing,  tucked-up  abdomen,  arched  back, 
swelUng  of  the  ^^llva  in  the  female,  as  if  in  heat ;  sometimes,  also,  of  the 
sheath  in  the  male;  loss  of  appetite,  and  tenderness  of  the  abdomen; 
occasionally  there  was  persistent  diarrhea,  but  generally  obstinate  con- 
stipation. In  some  cases  large  abraded  spots  are  observed  at  the  pro- 
jectiag  parts  of  the  body,  caused  by  separation  and  loss  of  the  epidermis; 
in  these  cases  a  slight  blow  or  friction  on  the  skiu  is  sufficient  to  produce 
such  abrasions.  In  many  cases  the  eruption,  blush,  and  spots  are  entirely 
absent;  petechise  were  formed  hi  about  one-third  of  the  cases;  in  one 
outbreak,  chiefly  confined  to  pigs  in  which  the  eruption  was  remarkably 
plain,  there  was  considerable  inflammation  of  and  discharge  from  the 
eyes.  Some  animals  have  a  very  disagreeable  odor  even  before  death. 
In  nearly  all  cases  there  is  weakness  or  partial  paralysis  of  the  posterior 
extremities,  and  occasionally  this  paralysis  is  so  complete  in  the  first 
stages  of  the  disease  as  to  prevent  walking  or  standing. 

Tlie  percentage  of  animals  aflected  and  the  violence  of  the  symptoms 
N'ary  greatly,  according  to  the  time  the  disease  has  existed  in  a  locality. 
In  the  early  part  of  an  outbreak  from  70  to  90  per  cent,  die,  and  most  of 
these  in  the  ffrst  stages  of  the  disease,  from  deterioration  of  the  blood  or 
apoplexy.  In  one  case  there  was  a  loss  of  102  out  of  107  head ;  hi  other 
cases  whole  herds  of  30  or  40  succumbed ;  later,  many  of  t^ie  animals 
linger  for  Aveeks,  and  finally  die  from  persistent  lesions  of  the  lungs  or 
bowels.  In  some  instances  a  considerable  number  of  those  aflected — 20 
to  25  per  cent. — recover:  many  of  these  lose  all  their  hair,  and  often  the 
epidermis  as  well.  Of  those  recovering,  a  very  few  fatten  rapidly  and 
do  well,  but  by  far  the  greater  part  cannot  be  fattened,  and  are  always 
unthrifty  and  profitless  animals, 


128  DISEASES   OF   SWINE   AND   OTHER   ANBLiLS. 

POST-MORTEM  APPEARANCES. 

In  about  one-tliird.  of  the  cases  petecliife  and  larger  blood  extravasa- 
tions are  seen  on  the  thinner  parts  of  the  skin ;  in  a  somewhat  larger 
proportion  of  cases  the  abraded  spots,  already  mentioned,  are  present; 
making-  a  section  through  these,  the  skin  appears  thickened  and  of  a 
very  high  color,  but  the  sub-cutaneous  tissue  is  not  appreciably  altered. 
In  one  or  two  cases  there  was  no  effusion  in  the  abdomen,  but  in  all  the 
rest  this  cavity^  contained  a  variable  quantity  of  liquid — sometimes  of  a 
bright  yellow  color  and  clear,  sometimes  of  a  straw  color,  and  very 
often  turbid  and  mixed  with  the  coloring  matter  of  the  blood.  In  every 
case  the  colon  and  caecum  were  plainly  affected,  reddened  externally, 
and  internally  showed  changes  varying  from  simply  a  deep  coloration  to 
inflammation  and  great  thickening;  in  some  cases  they  were  studded 
with  petechice,  in  others  there  were  none ;  ulcers  of  various  sizes  were 
frequently  foimd,  and  also  thickened  fibrous,  concentric  patches,  occu- 
pying sometimes  nearly  the  entire  walls  of  these  organs.  In  one  case 
there  were  large  blood  extravasations  in  the  walls  of  both  colon  and 
caecum,  distending  them  to  a  thickness  of  half  to  three-fourths  of  an 
inch;  on  section,  these  spots  had  the  appearance  of  a  clot  of  black  blood ; 
they  were  fi.rm  and  tough  and  did  not  yield  to  scrax)ing  with  a  knife. 
Bound,  firm  nodules,  one-half  inch  in  diameter,  were  frequently  found 
in  the  waUs  of  these  bowels,  which,  on  section,  were  of  a  gTayish-white 
color,  and  appeared  to  be  composed  of  compact  fibrous  tissue,  with  the 
exception  of  one  case  in  which  they  were  less  firm,  and  iiresented  the 
appearances  of  the  extravasated-blood  patches  already  described.  With 
the  exception  of  petechia©  the  smaU  intestine  was  nearly  always  normal ; 
in  one  case  there  were  two  or  three  patches  of  inflammation  one  to  two 
inches  in  diameter.  The  rectum  was  congested  or  inflamed  in  spots 
only;  there  were  occasionally  the  nodular  masses  mentioned  above,  but 
in  a  majority  of  cases  this  part  of  the  intestine  showed  httle  or  no  change. 

The  stomach  in  one-third  of  the  cases  was  unchanged ;  in  the  remain- 
der there  were  patches  of  inflammation  from  the  size  of  the  palm  of  the 
hand  to  the  involving  of  half  of  the  surface  of  this  organ.  Sometimes 
this  was  confined  to  the  mucous  coat,  but  often  implicated  the  whole 
thickness  of  the  walls. 

The  cavity  of  the  thorax  in  every  case  contamed  a  considerable  quan- 
tity of  a  tiu-bid,  bloody  liquid,  in  some  cases  nearly  black  in  color ;  the 
pleurae  were  generally  thickened  and  covered  mth  false  membranes ; 
the  lungs  were  constantly  found  inflamed,  occasionally  in  a  few  small 
spots  only,  but  generally  the  greater  part  of  the  lung  tissue  was  in- 
volved. Often  these  organs  were  greatly  congested  throughout,  and 
would  break  down  under  the  slightest  pressure.  The  bronchial  tubes 
were  also  foimd  congested  or  inflamed,  and  contamed  considerable  frothy 
mucus,  which  in  some  cases  entirely  tilled  them.  The  pericardium  was 
in  nearly  every  case  distended  with  a  turbid,  blood-colored  liquid,  but 
no  false  membranes  were  discovered,  and  only  in  one  case  a  piece  of 
coagidated  lymph  the  size  of  a  hen's  egg  was  found  floating  in  this 
liquid.  Tlie  heart  seemed  to  be  congested  throughout  in  most  of  the 
cases,  and  had  patches  of  a  deeper  hue  than  the  rest  on  its  external 
surface.  These  patches  were  very  suggestive  of  inflammation,  but  in  the 
absence  of  coagidated  lymph  this  may  be  considered  doubtlul.  This 
organ  at  times  contained  clots  of  blood  of  difl'erent  consistency,  and 
always  of  dark  color,  and  at  other  times  all  the  cavities  Avould  be  found 
em])ty.  In  all  cases  the  blood  was  very  dark,  and  generally  formed  an 
imperfect  clot,  and  the  lymphatic  glands  were  eularged  and  greatly  con- 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER    ANIMALS.  129 

gested.  The  larynx  and  i)baiynx  -were  found  normal  in  all  the  j^ost- 
mortoii  examinations,  but  in  some  of  the  living  oases  there  ^vas  consid- 
erable swelling  about  the  larynx  and  ulcers  on  the  posterior  part  of  the 
tongue.  The  liver  was  generally  as  in  health,  though  in  some  cases  it  was 
congested,  spotted,  and  softened,  and  once  was  found  smaller  and  more 
dense  than  natural.  The  bile  was  at  times  A^ery  thick  and  dark,  and 
agam  very  thin  and  of  a  bright  yellow  color.  The  spleen  w^as  normal  in 
tAvo-thirds  of  the  cases  ;  in  the  remainder  it  was  slightly  enlarged  and 
softened.  In  two  cases  the  interior  was  almost  of  a  fluid  consistency, 
while  in  one  the  organ  was  smaller  and  lirmer  than  in  health.  The 
bladder  was  generally  normal,  but  in  two  or  three  cases  was  inflamed 
and  coN'cred  Avith  blood  extravasations  about  the  neck,  and  contained  in 
these  cases  bloody  or  A^ery  turbid  urine.  The  kidneys  AA^ere  seldom  more 
than  slightly  hypenemic,  but  in  a  few  cases  there  Avas  considerable  ex- 
traA'asated  blood  in  the  tissues  about  the  hilum,  and  on  section  the  sub- 
stance about  the  i)elA'is  was  found  intiltrated  with  perfectly  black  blood. 
\\"e  haA'e  here  a  considerable  Aariety  of  i)athological  changes,  the 
only  constant  ones  being  congestion  and  inflammation  of  the  lungs, 
colon,  and  ca'cum,  and  congestion  of  the  lymphatic  glands.  To  mention 
any  single  peculiarities  of  these  lesions  as  characteristic  of  this  disease 
w^ould  not  be  possible  from  this  iuA^estigation.  ISTeither  the  thickened 
fibrous  patches,  the  ulcerations,  gray  elevations  of  the  intestines,  the 
cuticular  eruption,  nor  petechiie  Avere  constant. 

NATURE  OF  THE  DISEASE. 

In  studying  the  nature  of  an  unclassified  disease  the  first  question 
that  occurs  to  us  is :  Is  the  afltection  a  general  or  a  local  one '?  In  other 
Avords,  does  the  disease  originate  from  functional  or  organic  disorder  of 
any  particular  organ  or  apparatus,  or  are  the  anatomical  lesions  deA'el- 
oped  secondarily  as  the  consequence  of  a  general  afltection  "i  And  this 
question,  as  regards  the  disease  under  consideration,  can  noAv  be  an- 
swered in  a  definite  and  satisfactory  manner.  Indeed,  Avheu  Ave  consider 
that  the  first  sympton,  and  one  i)receding  all  others  by  several  days  at 
least,  is  an  increase  of  temperatm-e ;  that  Avhen  localized  a  great  variety 
of  organs  belonging  to  different  systems  and  apparatus  are  inv^olved,  as, 
for  instance,  the  nervous  system,  as  shown  by  occasional  paralysis  and 
apoplexy,  the  lungs,  pleura,  bronchial  tubes,  heart,  liver,  stomach,  in- 
testines, spleen,  kidneys,  bladder,  and  skin ;  that  there  are  considerable 
changes  in  the  blood,  as  shoAvn  by  imperfect  coagulation,  solution  of  the 
coloring  matter,  and  blood  extravasations,  there  can  scarcely  remain  a 
shade Av  of  doubt  that  the  trouble  is  not  a  local  but  a  general  one. 

The  next  question  in  logical  succession  relates  to  the  contagiousness 
of  the  disease.  Is  its  extension  due  to  a  principle  which  is  multiplied  in 
the  bodies  of  sick  animals,  and  Avhich  is  of  itself  suflQcient  to  cause  the 
disease  in  healthy  ones "?  In  answering  this  question  I  wiU  merely  men- 
tion the  experiments  of  Professors  Axe,  Klein,  and  Osier,  which  prove 
that  the  disease  may  be  inoculated  Avithout  detailing  theii-  facts ;  and  I 
will  only  allude  in  like  manner  to  the  instances  already  recorded  by  Dr. 
Sutton,  Professor  Axe,  and  others,  Avhich  seem  to  proA^e  its  highly  con- 
tagious character.  Most  of  these  facts  haA'e  been  published  in  recent 
reports  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  and  there  is  no  need  of  repeat- 
ing them.  In  my  own  iuA'cstigations  I  have  met  with  facts  which  en- 
tirely confirm  the  opinion  of  these  observers  in  regard  to  this  latter 
point.  Thus  I  have  found  the  disease  to  start  at  some  point  and  spread 
slowly  in  diflcrent  directions — not  rapidly,  as  though  depending  on  at- 
mospheric conditions — and  the  rajndity  of  this  extension  depends  to  a 
very  great  degree  on  Avhether  these  animals  are  alloAved  entire  liberty 

1)   SAV 


130  DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER   ANIMALS. 

or  whether  they  arc  kept  ou  the  premises  qI'  the  owner.  lu  Mecklenburg 
comity  no  stock  is  allowed  to  run  at  large,  and  the  disease  existed  dur- 
ing the  present  year,  in  some  localities,  from  early  in  the  summer,  and  up 
to  October  first  by  far  the  greater  part  of  the  country  was  free  from  it ; 
while  in  Alamance  county,  where  no  restraint  is  put  on  the  animals,  the 
disease  sjnead  from  one  extremity  of  the  county  to  the  opposite  in  a  few 
weeks.  In  each  of  these  outbreaks,  and,  indeed,  in  every  one  I  have 
observed,  it  is  no  difficult  matter  to  find  one  locality  where  the  hogs 
have  nearly  all  died  and  the  disease  has  finished  its  work  some  weeks  or 
even  months  before,  while  in  almost  every  direction,  at  a  distance  of 
five,  ten,  or  fifteen  miles,  these  animals  are  just  taking  the  aftection ; 
that  is,  the  disease  has  extended  and  is  extending,  and  it  has  required 
this  length  of  time  to  travel  this  short  distance.  Can  it  be  possible  that 
an  atmospheric  or  climatic  change  would  travel  no  faster  than  this '? 
Again,  if  dependent  on  such  conditions,  why  do  we  find  one  township 
devastated  by  it  and  another  not  many  miles  distant  entirely  free  from 
it  ?  Such  instances  arc  veiy  aj^parent  in  Haywood,  Mecklenburg,  Lin- 
coln, and  Gaston  counties  at  this  writing,  and  Avere  not  less  so  in  Bun- 
combe county  in  1877.  If  it  is  claimed  that  this  depends  on  the  condi- 
tion of  the  soil,  it  is  oidy  neccessary  to  reply  thfit  in  the  outbreak  just 
mentioned,  in  Buncombe  county,  there  are  no  facts  to  justify  such  a 
theory.  In  Swannanoa  township,  which  is  high,  rolling  land,  with 
very  few  bottoms,  no  swamps  or  malaria,  and  which  cannot  be  surpassed 
for  healthfulness,  the  loss  was  60  per  cent,  of  the  whole  stock ;  while  in 
Upper  Hominy,  which  has  no  advantage  over  Swannanoa  in  healthfid 
location,  but  which  is  more  remote  from  thoroughfares  traveled  by  west- 
ern droves,  the  loss  was  only  2  per  cent.  It  was  probably  entirely  free 
from  this  disease. 

A  large  number  of  instances  could  be  j)roduced  of  outbreaks  in  this 
State,  particularly  in  the  western  i)art  of  it,  clearly  traceable  to  infected 
droves,  and  this  is,  above  all,  the  case  with  the  first  introduction  of  the 
disease.  It  is  difticult  to  establish  exact  dates,  but  all  acciu-ate  testi- 
mony points  to  1859  as  the  fii'st  appearance  of  this  trouble.  Some  think 
the  earliest  outbreaks  might  have  been  a  few  years  before  that  date,  but 
of  this  I  have  been  able  to  get  no  evidence.  Mr.  Morris,  of  Polk  county, 
remembers  that  a  drove  stopped  at  his  place  in  1859  5  that  some  of  the 
hogs  died  there  of  the  disease,  and  that  soon  afterward  this  malady 
spread  among  most  of  the  hogs  in  that  locality.  This  was  the  tu'st  ap- 
pearance of  the  trouble  in  that  county.  Mrs.  Davidson,  of  Buncombe 
county,  remembers  that  during  the  life  of  her  father,  who  was  a  large 
hog-raiser,  and  who  lived  on  the  route  followed  by  the  dro\'es,  no  hogs 
were  lost  by  this  disease,  but  that  about  the  time  of  his  death  (1858) 
droves  came  through  with  sick  animals,  and  that  this  was  the  first  ap- 
pearance of  the  disease  in  that  locality.  IMany  other  people  who  can- 
not remember  dates  are  ])ositive  in  the  opinion  that  the  disease  was  in- 
troduced by  droves  from  Tennessee  and  Kentucky.  One  man  remem- 
bers that  he  was  employed  by  the  drovers  to  kill  the  animals  that  Avere 
sick  and  cure  the  meat.  He  also  remembers  that  these  animals  had 
diseased  lungs,  and  such  a  bad  odor  that  they  could  scarcely  be  dressed. 
This  w^as  his  first  experience  with  the  disease  known  as  ''  hog-cholera." 
Colonel  Polk,  our  present  commissioner  of  agriculture,  informs  me  that 
the  first  appearance  of  this  disease  in  Anson  county  was  in  1859 ;  that 
it  Avas  undoubtedly  brought  there  by  western  droves,  and  that  these  ani- 
mals died  to  such  an  extent  that  the  droAcrs  took  them  secretly  to  the 
woods  and  buried  them  under  brush  and  rails  to  conceal  them.  A  droA'cr 
Avho  sold  his  hogs  in  Georgia  at  that  time  informt^d  me  that  the  disease 
was  first  introduced  in  that  State  in  1859,  and  that  he  had  no  doubt  it 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER    ANIMALS.  131 

was  carried  tliere  by  the  droves.  Indeed,  I  have  found  but  oue  opinion 
among  tliose  best  informed  on  this  matter,  and  that  is,  that  the  (lisease 
was  never  known  in  this  section  till  introduced  by  animals  driven 
from  Western  States ;  and  in  some  sections  of  this  State,  a  part  of  Ala- 
mance county  for  instance,  the  disease  never  existed  tUl  the  present 
year. 

Judging  from  all  these  facts,  therefore,  we  cannot  escape  the  conclu- 
sions that  this  disease  is  a  contagious  fever. 

In  this  connection  there  is  one  more  question  that  is  generally  raised 
by  those  discussing  the  nature  of  this  fever,  and  that  is,  does  the  disease 
always  originate  fi'om  pre-existing-  contagious  germs,  or  is  it  often  or 
generally  developed  de  novo  as  a  result  of  impro]ier  hygienic  surround- 
ings ?  In  the  consideration  of  this  question  I  shall  confine  myself  to 
the  facts  brought  out  hy  the  investigation  in  this  State,  simply  premising 
that  most  of  these  facts  are  as  true  of  the  Middle  States  and  proba- 
bly of  most  of  the  Southern  States  as  of  ilorth  Carolina.  The  first  point 
that  attracts  attention  is  the  fact  that  this  State  was  free  from  the 
disease  tdl  about  1859,  certainly  till  it  was  introduced  by  droves  from 
other  States,  whatever  the  date  may  be ;  hogs  had  been  kept  in  this 
State  from  the  time  of  its  first  settlement  undoubtedly  under  similar 
hygienic  conditions,  and  yet  the  disease  had  not  api^eared  up  to  that 
time,  when  it  was  brought  by  im^^orted  animals,  just  as  England  was 
free  from  contagious  pleui'o-pneumouia  up  to  1842 ,  when  it  v,"as  imported 
with  animals  from  the  Continent.  It  is  claimed  that  in  tlie  west  the  dis- 
ease is  produced  by  overcrowding  and  filth,  but  I  doubt  if  these  animals 
are  crowded  any  more  now  than  forty  years  a  go ;  indeed,  I  was  sur- 
prised at  the  results  of  my  investigations  on  this  point,  for,  in  aU  the 
time  I  have  been  visiting  infected  localities,  I  have  not  found  a  case  of 
overcrowding,  and  not  more  than  two  or  three  where  there  was  any- 
thing like  filthy  siuTOundings.  In  the  western  part  of  the  State  most  of 
.the  hogs  are  kept  in  the  large  mountain  forests,  or  are  at  least  allowed  the 
run  of  the  highways  and  commons ;  in  the  east  they  either  run  in  the 
highways  and  old  fields  or  have  ample  pastures.  If  it  originates  from 
restricted  range  and  unheathful  climatic  conditions,  it  is  certainly  in  the 
east  that  we  should  expect  to  hear  of  its  originating  and  proving  most 
disastrous ;  but  it  was  known  in  the  mountains  as  early  as  in  the  other 
parts  of  the  State.  And  if  we  examine  the  list  of  counties  which  I  have 
given  above,  we  shall  find  it  as  fatal  in  the  elevated  and  heathful  west, 
with  its  immense  mountain  ranges,  as  in  the  malarious  east.  I  append 
some  conspicuous  examples  of  this : 

Loss  in  eastern  counties,  I  Loss  in  icatcni  counties. 

Per  cent.  Per  ct-nt. 

Camduu 3d      McDowell 37 

Lenoir 24       BiincomLo 25+ 

Eobesou 14       Mitchell 15| 

Hyde lOJ  |  Clierokeo 10^ 

We  find  here,  then,  just  as  large  losses  in  the  west  as  in  the  east,  and 
just  as  small  ones  in  the  east  as  in  the  west;  in  other  words,  the 
disease  rages  irrespective  of  these  climatic  and  hygienic  extremes ;  and 
this  becomes  still  plainer  when  we  add  that  in  Swannanoa  township 
of  Buncombe  county  the  loss  reached  GO  per  cent. 

Of  course,  at  the  present  time,  as  with  all  contagious  diseases  which 
have  existed  for  several  years  in  a  country,  there  are  some  outbreaks 
which  it  is  impossible  to  trace  to  their  source;  and  it  seems  probable 
that  the  contagion  may  be  i^reserved  over  winter  in  mainire,  straw,  litter, 
or  in  the  remains  of  unburied  animals  which  died  the  preceding  year. 
There  are  some  outbreaks  that  cannot  well  be  explained  otherwise,  and, 
indeed,  there  is  no  reason  to  doubt  that  this  maybe  the  case;  contagious 


132 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER    ANIMALS. 


germs  may  silso  undoubtedly  be  carried  a  considerable  distance  by  other 
animals  or  birds,  and  it  is  for  this  reason  that  many  farmers  have  con- 
cluded that  pasturinj;'  hogs  on  wheat-helds  produces  the  disease;  but 
hogs  were  pastured  on  wheat-lields  as  ■svell  thirty  years  ago  as  now;  why 
did  not  the  same  result  follow  then"' 

I  have  concluded,  therefore,  after  a  careful  study  of  these  facts,  that 
this  contagious  disease  does  not  originate  ile  novo  in  North  Carolina;  and 
that  if  the  coatagious  germs  now  in  the  State  can  be  destroyed  and  their 
importation  ^)revented,  we  shall  be  as  free  from  it  in  the  future  as  we 
were  before  its  tirst  importation,  about  the  year  1859. 

HYGIENIC  AND  MEDICAL  TREATIMENT  AS  PREVENTIVES. 

It  was  one  object  of  this  investigation  to  determine  if  the  best  hygienic 
conditions,  clover  pasture,  large  range,  and  variety  of  food  have  any 
preservative  influence  against  this  contagion ;  and  while  a  large  luim- 
ber  of  cases  where  these  conditions  seemed  i)erfect  could  not  be  collected, 
the  few  that  Avere  observed  i)rove  that  these  alone  are  absolutely  power- 
less to  keep  off  the  disease.  Thus,  Mr.  AVadsworth,  of  Charlotte,  lost  117 
anunals,  nearly  his  whole  stock,  Avhich  had  the  run  of  a  clover  pasture 
and  large  wood  lot,  which  had  in  addition  slops  from  the  city  hotels,  and 
grain.  In  this  case  disinfectants  Avere  freely  used.  Mr,  Davidson,  of 
Hopewell,  lost  50  per  cent,  of  his  herd  under  similar  conditions.  A  herd 
kept  at  a  slaughter-house,  in  Charlotte,  Avhich  had  other  food  as  well  as 
the  refuse,  was  the  first  to  take  the  disease,  and  suffered  to  the  same  ex- 
tent as  others.  Indeed  I  met  Avith  hundreds  of  cases  where  animals  had 
large  pastures  and  other  food  in  addition  daily,  Avhere  such  popular  pre- 
A'entives  as  salt  and  ashes,  sulphur,  tar,  oil  of  turpentine,  charcoal,  and 
cojjperas  Avere  freely  and  regularly  giA^en,  Avhere  the  majority  of  the  ani- 
mals were  neither  too  fat  to  be  vigorous  nor  so  poor  as  to  be  wanting  in 
this  respect,  and  yet  from  50  to  90  per  cent,  succumbed  to  this  affection. 
In  one  case  where  I  had  the  tincture  of  chloride  of  iron  given  regularly 
as  a  prcA^entiA'c,  commencing  before  any  of  the  animals  shoAA'cd  CA^en  an 
elevation  of  temperature,  and  Avhere  they  were  in  a  large  pasture  at  a 
considerable  distance  from  any  others,  the  disease  has  api)eared;  tAVO 
ha\'e  died  and  others  Avill  probably  follow. 

Some  experiments  Avere  made  Avith  bisulphite  of  soda,  salycilic  acid, 
bichromate  of  i)otassa,  and  bromide  of  ammonia  to  determine  if  these 
have  any  poAver  to  arrest  the  disease  Avhen  giA^en  before  any  symptom  but 
increased  temperature  had  appeared ;  the  results  of  these  were  as  follows : 


Agents. 

o 

(5 

Begiunia^  of  tem- 
perature. 

Dose  per  day. 

<«  a 

O  Zj 

Final    temperar 
tuio. 

Bisulphite  of  aoda. 

c 

4 

a 

4 

8 

3 
4 

103.GotolOGO  P... 
103*°    to  107°  F... 
103^     to  104°  F... 

104*°    to  107°  F... 

4  draeUms 

Days. 

7 
4 

7 

7 
C 

7 

7 

90°  to  90°  r. 

102JO  to  105°  F. 

Experiment  Ko.  3 

Salycilic  acid. 

1  to  i  ouiae 

103°    to  100°  F. 
100°    to  101°  F. 

Experiment  'Ko.  2 

Bichromate  ofj'otassa. 

103°      to  100°  F... 
103J°    to-107°  1\.. 
103°     to  100°  F... 

103°    to  105°  F. 

103°  to  105°  r. 

Bromide  of  ammonia. 
ENpciiiiiciit  No.  1 

■j;!  ja'iiiii.s 

103°  to  106°  r. 

DISEASES    OF    SWINE   AND    OTHER    ANIMALS.  133 

These  experiments  sliow  that  none  of  tliese  ajients  can  be  depended 
nn  to  stop  the  changes  going"  on  in  the  blood  as  a  consequence  of  this 
disease.  Although  both  bisulphite  of  soda  and  salycilic  acid  in  one  ex- 
periment each  appeared  to  accomplish  this,  they  failed  in  other  cases 
where  given  in  larger  doses  for  an  equal  length  of  time;  and  when  we 
consider  that  in  no  contagious  fev6r  has  a  remedy  been  discovered 
capable  of  arresting  the  course  of  the  malady,  the  doubt  in  regard  to 
the  efficacy  of  these  agents  in  this  disease  must  increase. 

SANITARY  EEaULATIONS. 

We  are  finally  brought  to  the  iiTesistible  conclusion  that  sanitary 
regulations  properly  framed  and  enforced  are  the  only  means  at  our 
command  for  checking  the  ravages  of  this  disease  and  relieving  our 
farmers  from  the  enormous  losses  at  j^resent  occasioned  by  it.  We  can- 
not expect,  however,  that  this  desirable  object  will  be  accomplished 
without  considerable  expense,  especially  in  the  first  years  of  the  attempt. 
We  must  expect  outbreaks  in  all  parts  of  the  country  where  the  disease 
has  previously  existed,  caused  by  contagious  germs  which  have  been 
preserred  in  .some  of  the  ways  already  mentioned ;  but  we  should  be 
encouraged  by  the  fact  that  in  most  parts  of  the  country,  at  least,  these 
germs,  unless  especially  preserved  in  straw,  manure,  remains  of  dead 
animals,  &c.,  are  entirely  destroyed  during  winter.  Thus,  in  Swannanoa 
township,  where  00  per  cent,  of  the  hogs  died  in  1877,  there  has  been 
no  outbreak  up  to  October  30,  1878.  Above  all  must  we  realize  the 
7iecessity  of  thoroughly  destroying  every  particle  of  contagion  wherever 
it  appears.  Although  this  would  undoubtedly  be  very  exjiensive,  it 
would  certainly  be  a  great  saving,  even  at  the  start,  on  the  great  losses 
which  we  are  now  annually  experiencing;  and  if  the  work  is  thoroughly 
done  we  may  expect  that  this  expense  will  be  reduced  to  a  compara- 
tively small  item  in  the  course  of  a  few  years.  At  the  worst  such  ex- 
pense woidd  be  much  less  than  the  use  of  a  specific  by  individual  farm- 
ers, even  if  such  a  remedy  were  discovered.  In  regard  to  such  regula- 
tions I  would  suggest  the  following  points  as  necessary  according  to 
what  is  now  known  of  the  disease: 

1.  The  regulations  should  go  into  effect  in  winter  or  early  spring 
when  fewest  animals  are  affected,  or  when,  as  my  experience  indicates, 
the  disease  is  entirely  extinct. 

2.  People  living  in  localities  where  the  disease  has  i^revailed  within 
two  years  should  keep  their  hogs  in  an  inclosure  free  from  accumula- 
tions of  manure,  straw,  litter  of  any  kind,  or  remains  of  dead  animals 
in  which  the  contagion  might  ])ossibly  be  preserved,  and  in  which  there 
were  no  sick  hogs  the  preceding  year. 

.'?.  That  in  such  localities,  -/.  e.,  where  the  disease  has  existed  within 
two  years,  it  should  be  made  obligatory  for  persons  owning  hogs  to  re- 
l)ort  each  and  every  death  occurring  in  their  herds  i)romptly  (within 
forty-eight  hours  if  but  one,  or  twenty-four  hours  if  more  than  one,  or 
if  others  hve  sick),  to  a  designated  person  to  be  located  in  every  town- 
ship or  county,  unless  such  deaths  were  plainly  caused  by  mechanical 
injuries,  drowning,  maternity,  &c.  And  that  there  should  be  districts 
established  of  convenient  size,  in  each  of  which  a  competent  veterina- 
rian (or  ])hysician  in  case  tlie  A'eterinarian  could  not  be  obtained), 
should  be  a])pointed,  to  whom  the  above  township  (u-  county  officer 
should  repoit  whenever  two  or  more  such  deaths  have  occurred  in  the 
same  herd  within  a  fortnight;  whenever  an  unusual  number  of  deaths 
have  occurred  in  any  locality,  or  whenever  there  is  any  reason  to  sus- 
pect the  presence  of  this  disease. 


134  DISEASES    OF   SWINE   AND   OTHER   ANIMALS. 

4.  On  receipt  of  sucli  report  the  veterinarian  should  visit  the  locality 
and  nialvc  a  careful  investigation  into  the  nature  of  the  disease,  using 
the  clinical  tlienuometer  and  nialimg  j^ost'moytcm  examinations. 

5.  If  the  contagions  fever  is  indicated  the  whole  herd  should  be 
slaughtered,  the  animals  deeply  buried,  the  place  thoroughly  disin- 
fected, and  ]io  ujore  hogs  allowed  there  till  after  a  succeeding  winter. 

C.  When  the  disease  exists  to  any  considerable  extent  in  a  locality, 
those  owning  hogs  in  adjoining  townships  or  even  comities,  according 
to  the  extent  of  the  outbreak,  should  be  required  to  keep  them  in  small 
inclosures  or  iiens,  at  a  distance  from  roads  or  streams  of  water  coming 
from  infected  localities.  This  is  necessary  to  lessen  the  danger  of  in- 
fection and  to  allow  more  thorough  disinfection  in  case  the  disease  ap- 
pears. 

7.  A  certain  compensation  should  be  allowed  for  slaughtered  ani- 
mals— say  25  per  cent,  on  a  fair  valuation  for  those  plainly  sick,  50  per 
cent,  for  those  which  simply  show  a  rise  of  temperature  above  103^°  F., 
and  full  value  for  the  healthy  ones. 

8.  In  case  a  hog-owner  fails  to  comply  with  above  regulations  a  pen- 
alty might  be  fixed,  or  at  least  such  a  person  should  receive  no  comi^en- 
sation  for  slaughtered  animals. 

These  are  the  regulations  that  seem  to  me  most  necessary,  but  there 
may  undoubtedly  be  circumstances  m  which  these  may  be  advantageously 
modified.  Thus  in  case  of  a  herd  of  several  hundred  animals,  in  which 
but  few  are  affected  and  the  remainder  show  a  healthy  temperatvu-e,  it 
might  be  advisable  to  simply  kill  and  bury  the  affected  ones,  to  thoroughly 
disinfect  the  premises  and  to  kill  others  as  soon  as  a  high  temperature 
becomes  apparent.  Or  in  case  all  were  killed  the  meat  of  the  healthy 
ones  might  be  preserved  and  marketed.  It  is  also  possible  that,  through 
negligence  in  making  reports  or  an  improper  diagnosis  of  the  disease, 
such  a  large  territory  may  become  infected  as  to  make  it  advisable  to 
establish  a  sanitary  cordon,  isolating  the  locality  as  much  as  possible; 
and  leave  the  disease  to  run  its  natural  course.  In  such  cases  no  live 
hogs  should  be  allowed  to  leave  the  infected  section  till  after  a  succeed- 
ing winter,  nor  any  carcasses  of  hogs  till  after  freezing  weather  ;  people 
li\ing  within  this  district  should  be  prohibited  from  going  near  swine 
outside  of  it,  nor  should  drovers  or  others  from  outside  be  allowed  to 
visit  the  infected  swine.  All  dead  animals  should  be  promptly  and 
deeply  buried,  and  disinfectants  freely  used.  All  hogs  in  such  district, 
and  for  twenty  miles  distance  from  it  in  all  directions,  should  be  kept  in 
small  inclosures  at  a  distance  from  roads,  in  order  to  lessen  the  chances 
of  extension  and  to  allow  thorough  disinfection. 

If  such  regulations  are  thoroughly  carried  out  there  can  be  no  doubt 
that  the  ravages  of  the  disease  will  be  greatly  diminished  at  once,  and 
in  a  few  years  many  States  which  now  suffer  terribly  from  it  will  be 
completely  exempt ;  while  in  those  where  it  now  proves  most  disastrous 
there  is  reason  to  believe  it  would  never  cause  serious  losses.  Sanitary 
regulations  similar  to  these  are  the  only  means  that  have  ever  been  suc- 
cessful in  combating  the  contagions  diseases  of  animals,  and  while  we 
would  not  bo  understood  as  discouraging  the  search  for  specific  remedies 
we  cannot  disguise  our  opinion  that  it  is  extremel.^'  irrational  and  absurd 
to  delay  action  in  this  disease  till  such  specific  shall  have  been  discovered ; 
in  other  words  to  neglect  those  measures  which  have  alone  succeeded  and 
cling  to  those  wliich  have  always  failed. 

Eespectfully  submitted. 

D.  E.  SALMON,  F.  & 

SwANNANOA,  N.  C,  Xovcmhcr  15,  1878. 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER    ANIMALS.  135 


EEPOKT  OF  DE.  ALBERT  BUNLAP. 

Hou.  Wm.  G.  Le  Due, 

Commissioner  of  Agriculture : 

Sir:  Ou  the  last  day  of  July,  1878, 1  received  from  you  a  "commission 
to  act  for  the  Department  of  Agricidture  iu  the  examination  of  diseased 
animals,"  accompanied  with  printed  uistructions  directing  me  to  par- 
ticularly examine  into  causes  of  the  disease  known  as  "  hog  cholera." 
I  interpreted  my  instructions  as  follows:  Find  out  what  disease  or  dis- 
eases are  destroying  the  swine  and  the  symptoms  of  the  same ;  the  causes, 
both  predisposing  and  exciting;  the  stage  of  incubation,  morbid  anat- 
omy, »S:c.,  and  to  discover  how  far  attention  to  hygienic  care  will  prevent 
the  spread  of  the  disease  in  infected  herds  and  its  inception  in  healthy 
droves ;  and  in  addition  to  test  the  value  of  various  medicinal  remedies 
for  curing  the  sick  and  preventing  the  spread  of  the  disease.  Eecog- 
nizing  the  primal  fact  that  the  hog  is  an  animal  of  short  life,  low  vitality, 
and  of  comparatively  little  pecuniary  value,  singly,  as  compared  with 
other  domestic  animals,  and  that  they  are  kept  in  large  droves  by  most 
Western  farmers,  I  considered  it  of  little  profit  to  attemx)t  to  meet  each 
special  symptom  with  its  appropriate  remedy ;  but  rather,  after  having 
folly  diagnosed  the  disease  or  diseases,  their  nature,  causes  and  lesions, 
and  the  predisposing  causes  which  had  assisted  in  the  spread  of  the 
same,  to  try  and  devise  a  system  of  treatment,  both  hygienic  and  medici- 
nal, which  could  be  used  in  the  treatment  of  large  droves  already  infected, 
and  reduce  the  liability  of  healthy  droves  contracting  the  disease.  I  do 
not  claim  for  this  report  any  degree  of  perfection.  The  limited  time 
allowed  only  i)ermitted  the  examination  of  the  disease  under  certain 
climatic  influences,  and  not  through  the  various  seasons  of  the  year.  I 
am,  therefore,  only  able  to  report  on  the  diseases  which  came  directly 
under  my  own  observation  in  this  State  (Iowa)  during  the  two  months 
of  investigation,  briefly  referring  to  cases  of  diphtheria  which  I  carefully 
observed  last  winter,  and  of  which  I  have  seen  no  cases  during  this  inves- 
tigation. 

The  medical  literature  upon  the  subject  of  the  diseases  of  swine  was 
very  limited,  and  I  could  find  no  strictly  scientific  work  treating  upon 
the  topic.  I  was,  therefore,  forced  to  fall  back  upon  my  knowledge  of 
the  diseases  of  man  as  a  foundation,  and  after  having  fully  examined  the 
symptoms  and  morbid  lesions  in  a  series  of  cases  selected  out  of  an 
infected  drove,  I  compared  those  symptoms  and  lesions  with  like  symp- 
toms and  lesions  found  in  man,  and  thus  arrived,  I  think,  at  correct  con- 
clusions as  to  the  proper  name  of  the  diseases  under  consideration.  I 
was  thus  materially  assisted  in  tracing  out  both  the  predisposing  and 
exciting  causes  of  these  ailments.  To  the  tasual  observer  it  may  seem 
absurd  to  form  conclusions  in  regard  to  diseases  of  swine  from  a  previous 
knowledge  of  the  diseases  of  man,  but  when  we  consider  that  the  hog 
resembles  his  two-footed  brother  in  many  respects,  has  a  similar  alimen- 
tary canal,  like  viscera,  the  same  system  of  blood-vessels  and  nervous 
structure,  is  also  omnivorous,  and  that  the  diseases  under  consideration 
are  caused  by  specific  blood  poisons,  which  act  in  like  manner  on  man 
and  brute  through  the  process  of  inflammation,  we  can  but  conclude  that 
if  we  iind  a  set  of  certain  classified  spnptoms  in  a  hog  "svith  a  distinctly 
marked  uniform  set  of  pathological  lesions,  and  a  similar  set  of  symptoms 
in  man  with  lilce  morbid  lesions,  that  these  two  are  one  and  the  same 
disease,  and  should  bear  the  same  title,  especially  when  we  can  trace 
the  cause  'ji  both  cases  to  the  same  exciting  agent.    I  have  been  forced 


136  DISEASES    OF    SWINE   AND    OTHER   ANIMALS. 

to  depend  entirely  npon  my  own  observations  for  tlic  material  of  this 
essay,  and  I  will  say  in  defense  of  the  position  or  theories  I  advance, 
that  they  are  my  conclusions  after  inspecting-  over  three  hundred  herds 
of  diseased  swine  in  various  counties  of  this  State,  and  after  a  careful 
dissection  of  nearly  one  hundi^ed  diseased  anima.ls.  In  justice  to  the 
farmers  of  Iowa,  it  is  mi^^  duty  to  state  that  I  received  much  valuable 
assistance  from  their  hands.  During  the  progress  of  my  investigations 
prominent  symptoms  were  pointed  out  by  farmers  who  had  made  the 
disease  a  study,  and  I  am  only  sorry  that  I  cannot  give  each  one  credit 
for  his  particular  contribution.  I  made  my  "  headquarters  in  the  field," 
and  strived  to  obtain  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  subject  in  all  its 
details.  I  was  forced  to  abandon  the  use  of  the  microscope  after  a  few 
days'  trial. 

HOG-CHOLERA. 

Definition. — Any  contagious  or  infectious  disease  attacking  swine  with 
usually  fatal  results.  This  definition  will  inckide  all  fatal  diseases  that 
are  contracted  by  one  hog  from  another,  either  by  direct  contact  or  by 
contact  with  the  discharges  or  exhalation  of  any  diseased  animal,  or  the 
gases  arising  from  any  contaminated  matter.  Under  this  head  can  be 
properly  included  the  three  diseases  I  have  discovered  during  my  investiga- 
tion, viz.,  dijjhtheria,  typMis,  and  typhouJ  fever.  The  definition  will  exclude 
worms,  lung-fever,  pneumonia,  pleurisy,  or  any  special  inflammation  of 
internal  viscera  which  are  the  results  of  climatic  influences,  vicissitudes  of 
weather,  or  improper  food.  I  am  led  thus  accurately  to  define  the  disease 
and  draw  the  line  of  distinction,  because  I  have  repeatedly  foiuid  droves  of 
swine  suffering  with  so-called  hog-cholera,  w  hen,  in  reality,  there  was  no 
contagious  disease  whatever  prevailing,  but  they  were  sick  and  dying 
because  the  rules  of  common  sense  had  not  been  observed  in  their  care. 
Because  a  number  of  hogs  in  a  drove  are  taken  sick  at  one  time  and  with 
like  symi)tons,  it  does  not  follow  that  they  are  suffering  from  any  conta- 
gious disease,  and  the  sooner  the  fact  is  impressed  upon  the  farmers  the 
better  it  wiU  be  for  their  pockets.  Often  it  is  not  medicine  that  is  needed 
but  a  change  of  food.  I  will  give  a  few  cases  which  will  best  illus- 
trate the  ideas  I  wish  to  convey.  Mr.  B.  kept  his  swine  in  a  lot  of  one 
acre,  more  or  less,  where  they  had  but  little  exercise,  regular  food,  and 
sheltered  bed.  After  gathering  his  corn  he  turned  his  entire  drove  into 
the  field  to  glean.  They  also  had  the  range  of  a  forty-acre  wood  lot. 
Two  days  after  he  found  a  number  of  his  shoats  sick,  five  of  which  soon 
died.  The  <lisease  was  pneumonia  or  lung-fever.  Morbid  anatomy  in 
each  case  showed  at  least  one  lung  hepatized  and  inflammation  of  pleura. 

Cause. — The  hogs  were  ]>reviously  confined  without  exercise  and  had 
regular  food  and  sheltered  bed.  They  were  tlien  turned  out  in  large 
range,  exercised  fully  (espertally  the  shoats),  slept  on  bare  ground  at  a 
time  when  the  weather  changed  suddenly  colder,  and  the  result  was 
lung-fever  and  death.  No  medication  was  needed  to  prevent  the  healthy 
shoats  contracting  the  disease,  and  a  little  care  and  simple  medication 
would  have  jirobably  cured  the  sick. 

Mr.  M.  kept  his  hogs  on  a  clover  and  grass  range.  Tliey  had  stag- 
nant water  for  drinking,  and  sour,  fermented  swill  was  fed  freely  twice 
a  day.  The  land  was  flat  river  bottom,  with  black  soil ;  i-ingers  were 
used  to  i)revent  rooting  ;  no  roots,  vegetables,  or  corn  were  given.  The 
natural  result  of  such  errors  in  diet  was  sickness,  emaciation,  and  death. 
First,  the  young  pigs  juned  away;  sudamina  a])peared  upon  the  eye- 
lids, nose,  and  ears,  and  one  animal  after  another  was  attacked  with 
convidsions  and  died.     The  brood  sows  and  stock  hogs  soon  followed  in 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER    ANIMALS.  137 

the  same  -way,  and  when  I  visited  the  farm  fifty  ont  of  eighty  head  had 
l)een  cnt  off  in  this  useless  and  unprofitable  way.  Three  sick  hogs  were 
killed  and  dissected.  The  lungs  were  white,  but  showed  no  signs  of  or- 
ganic disease.  The  kidneys  were  light  colored  and  showed  some  irrita- 
tion in  tubules ;  all  internal  viscera  without  organic  disease.  There  was 
a  lack  of  red  corpuscles  in  muscular  tissue,  which  appeared  almost  white. 
The  disease,  in  this  case,  was  simply  starvation.  As  yet  no  contagious 
disease  has  appeared  in  the  herd,  but  the  hogs  were  in  such  a  condition 
that  if  exposed  to  the  slightest  miasma  they  would  inevitably  contract 
any  contagious  disease,  and,  with  the  debilitated  blood  to  begin  with, 
would  rapidly  succumb  to  it.  Now,  I  assert  that  althougli  the  drove 
was  suppUed  with  abundance  of  food  in  kind,  yet  it  was  not  the  nour- 
ishment demanded.  There  was  an  excess  of  certain  constituents  and 
absence  of  others  necessary  to  health.  Every  article  of  food  lurnished 
tliis  drove  contained  acid.'  This  was  the  case  with  the  clover,  grass, 
and  slops  given  them.  The  water  was  poisonous  also,  and  they  were 
deprived  of  the  alkaline  salts  necessary  to  life.  The  small  quantity 
they  might  have  obtained  from  the  ground  was  made  inaccessible  by 
the  rings  in  their  noses. 

In  this  drove  the  tongues  of  the  hogs  were  large,  white,  and  flabby, 
indicating  plainly  the  need  of  change  of  diet.  There  are  many  other 
errors  in  diet  which  will  be  alluded  to  when  we  come  to  speak  of  the 
predisposing:  causes — errors  which  do  not  cause  death,  but  which  render 
the  hof?  peculiarly  liable  to  contract  contagious  diseases,  and  also  in- 
crease the  exjiense  of  feeding. 

I  will  now  give  an  illustration  of  a  case  where  too  much  care,  misdi- 
rected, caused  disease  and  death :  Mr.  C.  builds  a  so-called  model  pig- 
pen. It  is  low  and  tight ;  the  sun  and  air  are  exclmled ;  the  floor  is  of 
boards,  and  is  raised  above  the  gTOund.  To  prevent  dampness,  straw  is 
furnished  liberally  to  keep  the  hogs  warm.  The  feed-lot  is  exposed  to 
the  north  and  west  winds.  The  hogs,  sleeping  in  this  damp  place,  with 
cold  boards  under  them,  pack  closely  together  in  the  damp  straw,  for,  no 
matter  how  dry  the  straw  may  be  when  put  in,  in  the  course  of  a  few 
hours  it  will  be  wet  and  loaded  with  ammonia.  Mark  the  results.  At 
reveille  they  come  from  their  sheltered  house  wet  and  heated,  pass  into 
the  feed-lot  exr>osed  to  the  bleak  nortli  wind  or  cold  rain  from  the  west, 
and  the  natural  consequence  is  coughs,  colds,  bronchitis,  jileurisy,  lung- 
fever,  inflammation  or  irritation  of  some  internal  viscera  from  the  sud- 
den check  given  to  perspiration,  or  sudden  change  of  temperature  by 
the  inhaled  atmosphere.  If  the  exposm-e  is  not  sufticient  to  cause  a 
fatal  inflammation,  it  will  cause  a  bronchial  irritation,  as  shown  by 
cough.  The  system  is  vitiated,  and  any  contagious  disease  prevailing 
in  the  vicinity  is  liable  to  attack  the  drove.  The  owner  reports  the 
cough  as  existing-  for  one  or  two  months  as  the  first  symptoms.  In  this 
case  the  cough  was  caused  by  errors  in  care,  and  was  but  a  symptom 
telling  the  farmer  that  his  swine  had  contracted  a  cold,  and  that  this 
disorder  of  the  system  would  debilitate  and  render  them  more  liable  to 
contract  any  contagious  disease  to  which  they  were  exposed. 

We  will  iiow  take  u])  in  their  (uxler  the  three  diseases  which  come 
properly  under  the  title  of  ''hog-cholera,"  that  is  the  diseases  which  an- 
swer to  the  dclinition  we  have  given  of  hog-cholera.  AVe  do  not  claim 
that  tliese  are  the  only  contagious  diseases  Avhich  are  kiu)wn  to  cause 
death.  Thcic  may  have  been  others  in  ]>;ist  years,  or  even  in  this  year, 
l)ut  They  <lid  not  come  under  my  ol)scr\:ition,  and  having  accurate 
reports  from  many  i)rominent  and  intelligent  stockmen  in  all  the  West- 
ern States,  detailing  the  symptoms  in  their  infected  hogs,  1  can  but  con- 


138  DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER   ANIMALS. 

elude  that  these  three  diseases  are  the  only  contagions  diseases  wliich 
have  attacked  hogs  in  the  last  two  years.  After  describing  each  dis- 
ease, its  sym])toins,  conrse,  stage  of  incubation,  pathological  lesions, 
causes  of  death,  and  exciting  causes,  we  shall  take  ui>  the  subject  of 
predisposiug  causes  toward  the  contraction  of  these  diseases.  Then  we 
shall  ])oint  out  the  best  plan  of  treatment,  both  hygienic  and  medical, 
for  curing  the  siciv  and  preventing  the  s]iread  of  any  contagious  disease 
among  healthy  animals. 

TYPHUS  PEVER. 

Definition. — A  specific  continued  fever,  attended  with  increased  tem- 
peratoe,  usually  above  105°  F. ;  stupor ;  congestion  of  brain ;  swelling 
of  forehead;  stiffness  of  joints;  excessive  soreness  of  all  tissues ;  a  pro- 
fuse eruption  on  the  belly  and  inside  of  thighs,  with  costive  bowels  dur- 
ing the  first  few  days,  and  usually  terminating  in  death  within  fourteen 
days. 

Symptoiiis. — Headache,  as  shown  by  wrinkled  forehead;  partially  shut 
eyes ;  nose  held  near  the  gTound ;  loss  of  appetite ;  stupor;  indisposition 
to  move;  excessive  soreness  of  all  tissues,  the  slightest  pressiu'e  causing 
excessive  pain ;  swelling  of  forehead  between  the  eyes ;  tongue  gener- 
ally large,  white,  and  tlabby,  especially  if  the  disease  is  complicated 
with  malarial  poisoning.  There  is  also  great  restlessness,  shortness  of 
breath,  and  cough.  The  sick  hogs  are  frequently  lame  in  one  limb,  and 
cannot  even  put  it  to  the  ground.  The  heat  of  the  body  is  excessive, 
the  temj)erature  rarely  ranging  below  105°  F.,  and  generally  reaching 
as  high  as  108'^  to  109°  F. ;  and  if  the  hog  is  not  carried  oif  from  the 
fifth  to  the  seventh  day  a  copious  eruption  appears  on  the  bowels  and 
on  the  inside  of  the  thighs  and  other  soft  parts.  The  bowels  are 
almost  always  costive  during  the  first  week  and  the  discharges  hard  and 
dark  colored.  Thirst  is  excessive,  and  the  hog  will  often  drink  until 
it  falls  over  dead.  During  the  second  week  we  have  increase  in  the 
severity  of  symptoms.  Sordes  collect  in  mouth ;  small  watery  i)imples 
appear  on  nose,  eyelids,  and  ears ;  there  is  great  i^rostration  of  strength, 
with  staggering  gait  when  forced  to  walk.  Costiveness  may  now  give 
place  to  cUarrhea ;  urine  is  passed  while  lying  down,  and  convulsions  or 
fatal  stupor  intervenes ;  enlargement  of  glandular  structure,  especially 
in  the  neck,  is  a  common  symptom,  but  in  no  case  have  I  found  abscess 
with  healthy  pus,  but  rather  thin  sanious  fluid.  A  common  symptom 
during  the  second  week  is  thumps,  and  I  have  never  known  a  case  to 
recover  when  this  symptom  was  present.  The  thumps  appear  to  be 
nothing  more  than  a  spasmodic  action  of  the  nerves,  like  hiccough  in 
man,  and  denotes  great  prostration  and  approaching  death.  In  advanced 
stages  of  the  fever  these  are  the  main  symptoms,  and  this  alone  is  a 
common  course  of  the  disease,  as  I  have  observed  it.  But  there  are 
many  exceptional  cases.  Many  hogs,  especially  those  debilitated  by 
errors  in  food  or  from  the  effects  of  malaria,  will  succumb  to  the  influence 
of  accunuilated  poison  acting  on  the  brain  and  nervous  system,  and  die 
within  twenty-four  hours.  This  is  of  frequent  occurrence,  especially  in 
young  pigs  and  shoats.  Others  will  die  frojn  obstinate  constipation,  the 
impacted  feces  causing  ulceration  and  rupture  of  descending  colon  and 
rectum.  In  some  herds  convulsions,  from  congestion  of  the  brain,  occur 
dui'ing  the  first  day,  and  unless  relieved  the  case  terminates  in  death  in 
a  few  hours.  Tubercular  deposit  in  the  lungs  and  in  the  mesenteric 
glands  is  very  common.  In  this  disease,  as  also  in  typhoid  fever,  the 
smouldering  spark  of  scrofula  is  fanned  into  a  flame  by  the  fever,  and  the 
tubercular  matter  is  deposited  in  the  lungs  and  glands,  and  the  patient 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER    ANIMALS.  139 

that  miglit  have  recovered  from  the  fever  is  carried  off  with  coiisump- 
tiou.  The  odors  of  the  exhalations  are  peciihar,  and  will  at  once  diag- 
nose the  disease  from  any  other.  To  describe  this  peculiar  smell  would 
be  impossible  in  words. 

Duration. — The  diu-ation  of  the  disease  is  variable.  Many  animals  die 
within  a  few  hours,  but  if  the  bowels  are  emptied  by  saline  cathartics 
or  injections,  the  animal  generally  lingers  into  the  second  or  third  week 
before  the  crisis  will  occur.  The  prognosis  is  very  unfavorable,  especially 
in  large  droves,  where  little  can  be  done  to  relieve  symptoms.  Our  ad- 
vice is,  m  all  large  herds  where  this  disease  obtains  access,  to  destroy 
at  once  the  sick  animals,  burn  or  bury  the  carcasses  of  the  dead,  and 
labor  to  check  the  progress  of  the  disease  by  prompt  hygienic  measures. 
In  small  droves,  or  where  the  stock  is  of  peculiar  value,  an  eflbrt  maybe 
made  by  the  use  of  medicinal  agents  and  care  to  relieve  the  symptoms 
and  guide  the  case  to  health.  But  in  large  herds  this  effort  will  be  found 
unprofitable.  When  we  remember  that  in  man,  with  all  the  advantages 
of  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  disease,  with  skilled  physicians  and 
competent  nurses  to  care  for  the  sick,  many  of  those  attacked  in  crowded 
armies  succumb  to  the  influence  of  the  disease,  we  certainly  cannot  ad- 
vise fanners  having  large  herds  to  attempt  remedial  measiu'es.  Another 
argument  against  attempting  to  ciu'e  those  having  well-marked  symj)- 
toms  of  the  disease  is  that,  if  there  is  the  slightest  taint  of  the  scrofu- 
lous diathesis  in  the  blood,  the  spark  will  almost  certainly  be  fanned  into 
a  flame,  and  the  patient,  reacting  from  the  specific  fever,  will  be  carried 
off  by  deposit  of  tubercular  matter  in  the  lungs  or  mesenteric  glands. 
Now,  we  know  that  the  hog  is  an  animal  of  low  "sitality,  and,  in  a  major- 
ity of  cases,  of  scrofulous  habits,  hence  we  need  not  be  surprised  to 
find  consumption  a  very  frequent  sequence  in  this  disease. 

PatJiolof/ical  lesions. — During  the  first  three  days  after  the  appearance 
of  the  outward  symptoms  of  the  disease  dissection  will  show  but  little, 
if  any,  change  in  the  viscera.  The  bowels  will  be  found  loaded  with 
hard  fecal  matter,  and  careful  examination  will  disclose  some  thickness 
of  the  inner  coat  of  caecum  and  ascending  colon.  A  hog  which  has  been 
sick  a  week  or  ten  days  will  still  disclose  no  disorganization  of  internal 
organs  sufficient  to  account  for  the  severe  outward  symptoms.  The  blood 
is  blacker  and  less  coagulable  than  in  health ;  a  general  irritated  condi- 
tion of  all  mucous  membranes  will  be  noticed.  The  lungs  will  show  no 
organic  change,  unless  tubercular  matter  has  already  l3een  deposited. 
In  a  majority  of  cases  dissected,  I  have  found  the  liver,  kidneys,  and 
spleen  healthy — at  least  showing  no  signs  of  disorganization.  I  have 
never,  in  this  disease,  found  abscess  of  any  internal  ^'iscera,  but  have 
frequently  found  a  low  form  of  inflammation  in  the  glands  of  the  necky 
which  discharged  a  thin,  sanious  matter,  but  not  true  pus.  In  all  cases 
examined  I  have  found  certain  uniform  morbid  lesions,  invariable  thick- 
ening, and  deposit  in  certain  portions  of  alimentary  canal,  particularly 
at  opening  of  small  bowels  into  large  bowel.  This  increase  of  tissue 
may  take  ])lace  in  stomach  or  in  any  jmrtion  of  alimentary  canal,  but 
will  always  be  found  in  the  ca?cum  aiound  the  ilio-ca^cal  valve.  In  a 
large  number  of  cases  I  have  found  at  tliis  point  tliat  "peculiar  bearded 
appearance "  spoken  of  by  Flint.  But  these  black  specks  were  only 
found  during  the  first  few  days  of  the  disease.  At  a  later  stage  there 
was  invariably  great  increase  of  tissue,  thickening,  and  hard  deposit. 
During  the  investigation  I  dissected  over  fifty  hogs,  all  presenting  the 
peculiar  symptoms  of  typhus  fever,  and  in  every  case  I  found  thicken- 
ing or  deposit  around  the  ilio-caical  valve ;  in  several  cases  where  the 
disease  was  recent  I  found  the  minute  black  specks,  and  my  own  opinion 


140  DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER    ANIMALS. 

is  that  the  bearded  ap])earance  or  black  specks  are  the  commencing!:  les- 
ions of  the  disease,  and  that  this  is  followed  by  thickening-  or  deposit. 
Anomalons  lesions  were  found  in  many  cases,  in  one  the  entire  mass  of 
bowels  were  found  agj>lutinated.  In  several  others  were  found  enormous 
thickening-  or  deposit  in  coat  of  stomach  ;  but  in  all  cases,  as  before  men- 
tioned, there  was  one  lesion  always  present,  a  deposit  or  thickening 
around  the  ilio-cjBcal  valve  where  the  solitary  glands  of  cfecum  are  sit- 
uated. 

The  cause. — The  exciting  cause  of  this  disease  is  a  specific  poison  in 
the  blood,  an  infectious,  miasmatic  ])oison,  and  the  disease  cannot  be 
generated  by  any  excess  of  filth,  ])y  Avant  of  care,  or  any  errors  in  food. 
The  specific  poison  must  be  there.  The  hog,  to  contract  the  disease, 
must  be  exposed  to  the  sj^ecific  miasma  arising  from  another  animal  suf- 
fering from  the  disease.  This  disease  is  very  contagious,  and  if  it  once 
obtains  access  to  a  drove  of  swine,  prompt  measures  only  can  prevent 
its  spread  to  the  entire  lot.  The  rapidity  of  its  spread  depends  ui^on 
the  condition  of  the  drove  and  the  ventilation.  Wlien  the  hogs  are 
allowed  an  extensive  range,  and  are  not  crowded  together,  it  will  spread 
slowly ;  but  where  they  are  cooped  up  in  a  contracted  pen  it  -will  spread 
very  rapidly.  Although,  as  I  have  before  said,  this  is  the  most  conta- 
gious and  fatal  of  any  disease  that  has  attacked  swine,  yet  it  has  one 
redeeming  feature,  it  is  more  easy  to  prevent  its  access  to  a  drove,  as 
the  miasm  cannot  be  carried  as  long  distances  by  -wind  and  other  meth- 
ods of  conveyance  as  can  the  poisons  of  diphtheria  and  typhoid  fever. 

It  may  be  well  for  me  to  exi^lain  the  statement  that  filth  cannot  gene- 
rate the  disease.  No  amount  of  filth,  no  confinement  in  close  quarters, 
no  errors  in  food  can  produce  the  disease,  but  filth,  want  of  ventilation, 
and  improper  food  can  deprave  the  system,  disorder  the  stomach  and 
render  the  animal  more  liable  to  the  inception  of  the  malady.  Hence 
the  disease  often  obtains  access  to  a  drove  by  means  of  one  or  two  ani- 
mals whose  systems  are  disordered,  and  having  once  obtained  a  foot- 
hold spreads  to  the  healthy  ones,  the  contagious  influence  being  now 
nearer  and  stronger. 

Incnhation. — From  the  few  cases  where  the  stage  of  incubation  could 
be  accurately  determined,  that  is,  the  period  of  time  elapsing  from  the 
time  of  exposure  until  the  outward  manifestations  of  the  disease,  I 
would  place  the  period  of  incubation  at  fourteen  days.  I  have  but  two 
instances  to  report  where  the  time  of  exi^osure  could  be  exactly  deter- 
mined. To  verify  this  statement,  in  each  of  these  cases  the  exact  time 
of  exposure  (by  arrival  of  strange  hogs  suffering  from  the  disease,)  and 
the  first  outward  symjitoms  of  the  disease  were  noted,  and  in  each  case 
it  was  fourteen  days  from  time  of  exposure  until  the  sym]:>toins  of  dis- 
ease appeared.  [See  notes  on  Homestead  (Amana  Society)  Colony.] 
We  shall  speak  of  the  ])redisposing  causes  when  we  come  to  consider 
the  three  diseases  collectively,  as  the  same  causes  will  promote  the 
spread  of  either  one  of  them,  but  in  difierent  ratio. 

Typhoid  fever — Bciinition. — A  specific  continued  fever,  attended  with 
great  ])rostration  of  strength,  stupor,  tympanites,  diarrhea,  sliowing 
specifi(5  anatomical  lesions,  namely,  ulceration  of  the  solitary  glands  of 
coicum  and  colon.  Tlie  disease,  when  uncomplicated,  runs  its  course 
in  nine  days.  During  the  first  month  of  my  investigation  I  made  no 
separate  classification  of  those  two  diseases— typhus  and  ty])hoid  fever. 
My  course  was  as  folloAVs:  From  each  infected  drove  ins]3ected,  I  selec- 
ted from  two  to  five  diseased  hogs  of  various  ages  and  at  difierent  stages 
of  the  disease.  After  carefully  noting  the  age,  history,  and  morbid  symp- 
toms in  each  case,  the  animal  was  kUled,  and  exact  notes  taken  of  the 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER    ANIMALS.     ,  141 

eonclition  of  the  blood,  and  also  of  each  of  the  iuterual  orj^aus.  From 
the  start  I  noticed  that  the  s^iiiptoms  Aaried  greatly  iu  diftereut  droves, 
particularly  iu  couditiou  of  bowels,  the  aiuouut  of  eruptiou  on  skin 
and  the  duration  of  the  disease  and  its  fataUty.  I  also  noticed  the  mor- 
bid lesions  Aaried  greatly  in  different  droves.  On  my  return  to  my  office, 
after  three  weeks'  inspection,  I  made  a  careful  review  of  my  notes  taken 
iu  the  lield,  and  found  I  could  separate  the  symi)toms  into  two  distinct 
classes,  only  resembling  each  other  in  the  one  peculiarity  of  being  low 
or  typhoid  in  their-  character.  I  also  found  that  the  pathological  lesions 
could  be  separated  into  two  distinct  classes,  and  that  each  of  the  two 
classes  of  symptoms  Avere  accom])anied  with  one  of  the  two  classes  of 
lesions.  I  was  also  impressed  Avith  the  residts  obtained  from  treatment 
by  those  Avhose  SAAine  presented  the  peculiar  symptoms  and  lesions  Avhich 
I  no^v  call  tyi)hoid  fcAer,  who  reported  that  the  disease  had  been  promptly 
checked  in  their  droA'es  and  a  large  part  of  the  sick  hogs  cured  by  fol- 
lowing my  instructions  in  regard  to  hygienic  care  and  medical  treatment. 
Those  whose  hogs  presented  the  typhus  symptoms  and  lesions  almost 
invariably  reported  that  all  the  sick  had  died,  and  in  most  cases  the 
disease  Avas  still  continuing-  its  raA'ages.  I  had  also  noticed  that  the 
peculiar  odor  spoken  of  was  present  in  some  di-OACs  and  absent  in  others, 
and  on  examining  my  notes  found  that  this  odor  AAas  couiined  to  the 
tyjihus  cases.  There  Avas,  of  course,  more  or  less  smell  AvhercA^er  there 
was  any  disease  among-  the  swine,  but  the  odor  in  the  typhus  form  had 
a  certain  difference  that  could  be  noticed  by  any  one.  Thus  finding-  I 
had  tAvo  distinct  diseases  to  deal  with,  the  one  resembling  \-ery  nearly 
tyi)hoid  in  mau,  the  other  presenting-  symptoms  and  lesions  with  AA^hich 
I  Avas  not  particularly  familiar,  I  turned  to  my  medical  library  for  in- 
formation, and  found  a  disease  described  as  occiuTing  in  man  AAdth  symp- 
toms and  lesions  exactly  resembling-  those  I  had  classified  iu  sAvine.  I, 
therefore,  called  this  second  disease  typhus  IcA^er.  I  ijlaced  typhus  first 
in  my  list,  because  I  found  it  the  most  frequent  and  most  fatal  of  the 
three,  and  the  one  which  has  caused  the  greatest  pecuniary  loss  to  the 
farmers. 

Typhoid  fever  symptoms. — Loss  of  appetite ;  headache  ;  avoidance  of 
light ;  standing  Avith  its  head  iu  a  fence  corner,  or  lying-  in  such  a  posi- 
tion as  to  keep  the  light  from  its  face  ;  Avill  only  moA'e  when  urged,  and 
then  but  a  short  distance  to  resume  its  former  attitude :  a  hot,  dry  skin ; 
high  fcA'cr ;  thermometer  often  shoAviug  lOo"^  to  109°  F. ;  increased  urine ; 
diarrhea ;  tympanitis ;  cough ;  shortness  of  breath,  or  quick  breathin<j: ; 
stiffness  of  hind  quarters.  The  hog  moves  his  back  from  side  to  side 
as  he  moACS  his  hind  legs.  Bleeding  at  the  nose  is  a  common  symptom. 
These  symptoms  continue  with  remarkable  uniformity  during  the  nine 
<la-ys.  There  is  an  entire  loathing  of  food,  and  as  the  disease  progresses 
great  Aveakness  is  manifest.  The  hog  cannot  be  forced  up,  but  lies  for 
jiours  in  a  semi-stupid  condition,  but  still  restless  and  shoAving  signs  of 
nervous  excitement.  If  the  case  is  of  a  severe  type  the  symi^toms  Avill 
be  aggraA'ated.  The  boAvels  Avill  be  enormously  distended ;  urine  scanty 
and  high  colored ;  fecal  matter  will  bo  passed'  Avhile  lying  doAvn,  and 
the  uriue  Avill  ])ass  CA^ery  time  the  hog  is  moA'ed ;  more  or  less  iietecchiie 
Avill  be  found  on  the  abdomen,  but  iu  limited  iuiud>ers.  The  first  sign 
of  iuiproveinent  is  inclination  for  food  and  disposition  to  move  :iroimd, 
and  in  this  disease  this  is  the  most  critical  ])eriod.  Iiiii)r()per  or  over- 
abundance of  food  is  liable  to  cause  rupture  of  boAvels  aud  death,  and 
it  is  at  this  time  that  many  swine  Avhich  have  ])assed  tlnough  the  disease 
to  the  crisis  are  killed  by  incautious  feediug.  The  nose  bleediug  is  sel- 
dom severe,  but  hardly  ever  absent.    The  cough  is  of  no  imijortanee  a« 


142  .     DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER    ANIMALS. 

a  symptom,  as  it  is  present  iu  all  inflammatory  diseases  clepeudiug  upon 
a  spccilic  blood  poison.  Many  farmers  point,  to  a  cough  lasting  from 
one  to  three  months  as  a  preceding-  symptom  of  the  disease,  but  this  is 
a  mistake,  as  the  cough  is  due  to  the  climatic  changes  or  sudden  ex- 
posure as  set  forth  iu  another  part  of  my  report,  and  has  no  connection 
with  the  specihc  fever.  This  x^receding  cough  should  have  told  the 
farmer  that  there  was  some  eiTor  in  his  management,  which,  unless 
corrected,  would  render  his  drove  more  liable  to  contract  any  infectious 
disease  if  exposed  to  its  influence.  The  tympanitis  is  a  prominent  symp- 
tom in  this  disease,  and  if  the  hog  is  lying  down  a  gentle  tap  on  its 
distended  flanks  will  show  the  presence  of  wind.  Thiunps  or  hiccough 
occurring"  during'  the  second  week  is  a  fatal  symptom.  During  con- 
valesence  small  abscesses  or  boils  often  appear,  and  also  sloughing  of 
ears ;  in  many  cases  the  entire  ears  rot  off.  This  condition  is  due  to 
depraved  blood,  and  demands  tonics.  Tubercular  disease  in  lungs  often 
makes  its  appearance  during  convalesence,  and  the  hog  is  carried  oft'  by 
what  is  known  as  galloping  consumption.  Malarial  complications  often 
render  the  dangers  of  the  disease  more  difficult,  and  have  a  material  in- 
fluence upon  the  rate  of  mortality.  In  most  cases  the  malarial  debility 
or  fever  is  the  primary  disease,  and  the  typhoid  fever  the  secondary. 
The  causes  which  lead  to  this  fever  we  shall  speak  of  under  the  head  of 
predisposing  causes  of  the  specific  fever.  Enlargement  of  the  glands 
of  the  neck  does  not  often  occur  in  typhoid  fever.  The  duration  of  the 
disease  may  be  set  down  at  from  nine  to  fourteen  days  when  uncompli- 
cated. I  have  no  data  fi'om  which  I  can  give  any  information  on  the 
period  of  incubation. 

Morhid  anatomy. — I  can  best  illustrate  the  lesions  by  quoting  a  few 
cases  from  my  field-notes :  Visited  the  farm  of  G.  W.  Davis,  near  Frank 
Pierce  post-office,  Johnson  county,  Iowa;  breed  of  hogs,  Poland-China 5 
range,  rolling  i^rairie  with  clay  subsoil;  about  ten  acres  in  lot;  lot 
covered  with  grass  and  brush ;  hogs  also  had  a  run  of  rye  stubble ; 
water  running  through  lot ;  feed,  raw  sound  corn  and  sour  slop  regularly. 
There  was  no  disease  in  vicinity,  and  could  trace  cause  to  no  contagious 
influence ;  disease  had  appeared  two  weeks  previously,  and  nine  head 
had  died,  three  large  animals  and  six  shoats.  There  were  twelve  ani- 
mals sick,  five  large  brood-sows  and  seven  shoats.  This  man  complained, 
like  many  others,  of  losing  his  pigs.  Symptoms,  loss  of  api^etite,  high 
fever,  diarrhea,  emaciation,  general  stupor. 

Dissection,  JVo.  1. — Shoat  three  months  old,  sick  one  day;  lungs  white 
and  showing  no  organic  disease ;  some  inflammation  of  stomach ;  liver  and 
bowels  appeared  healthy.    Thermometer  showed  100°  F. 

No.  2. — Shoat  two  months  old,  sick  one  week ;  heat  107°  F. ;  hepati- 
zation of  one  lung;  liver,  spleen,  and  kidneys  appeared  normal;  some 
inflammation  of  inner  coat  of  stomach.  On  opening  the  ctecum  there  were 
found  deep  ulcers  scattered  around  the  ilio-coecal  valve.  These  ulcers 
had  only  the  x^eritoneal  coat  for  a  floor,  and  were  in  position  of  solitary 
glands. 

JSfo.  3. — Age  two  months,  sick  twelve  days;  thermometer  showed  102° 
F.;  lungs,  liver,  spleen,  and  kidneys  showed  no  organic  disease;  lungs 
lighter  colored  than  normal ;  considerable  enlargement  and  inflanmiation 
of  mesenteric  glands ;  ulceration  of  solitary  glands,  but  ulcers  small  and 
evidently  healing. 

Here  we  have  an  illustration  of  the  disease  in  three  different  stages. 
In  the  first  case  ulceration  had  not  yet  commenced  in  the  bowels.  In 
the  second  it  had  eaten  through  all  the  coats  of  the  bowels  except  the 
peritoneal.    In  the  third  case  the  ulcers  were  healing,  and  iu  a  few  days 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER    ANIMALS.  143 

the  pig  would  have  been  well  again.  In  some  cases  I  have  found  small 
abscesses  of  solitary  glands,  each  one  discharging  matter  on  pressiue, 
and  I  think  this  will  usually  be  found  the  primary  stage  of  the  ulcer. 
Whatever  other  morbid  lesions  may  be  found,  the  larmer  should  carefully 
inspect  the  inner  coat  of  the  bowels  and  determine  the  nature  of  the 
lesions  of  the  ilio-coecal  valve  in  order  that  he  may  accuratei^^'  diagnose 
the  disease.  1  would  impress  this  particularly,  because  in  several  in- 
stances I  Oldened  swine  and  found  no  morbid  apjiearanccs  whatever  to 
account  for  the  severe  symptoms  until  the  bowels  vrcre  examined  and 
the  inner  coat  exi)0sed.  In  one  case  a  farmer  in  Hamilton  county,  who 
had  made  a  specialty  of  doctoring  hog  cliolera,  after  making  what  he 
called  a  thorough  examination,  declared  that  a  diseased  hog  was  healthy, 
but  I  opened  the  bowels  and  showed  the  signs  of  specilic  disease  on  the 
inner  coat.  Although  we  hud  the  lesions  in  both  tyi)hus  and  typhoid 
fever  at  this  jjoint,  we  can  only  look  upon  it  as  an  effect  of  a  certain 
poison  in  the  blood,  but  why  it  uniformly  de\'elops  morbid  lesions  at 
this  one  point  has  not  yet  been  determined,  even  in  man. 

Diphtheria. — A  specilic  septic  blood-poison,  contagious  in  its  character, 
with  iuhammation  of  mucous  membrane  of  pharynx  (throat),  and  exuda- 
tion of  lymph ;  inflammation  and  abscess  of  kidneys ;  constipation  and 
fever.  SjTuptoms:  Loss  of  appetite ;  fever;  swellingof  glands  of  neck; 
discharge  of  blood  and  matter  from  nose  and  mouth ;  weakness ;  the 
bowels  are  casually  constipated ;  the  urine  is  at  first  increased  in  quan- 
tity, but  afterwards  decreases  in  amount.  The  hog  may  try  to  eat,  but 
there  seems  to  be  a  difUculty  in  swallowing  the  food.  As  the  disease 
advances  all  the  symptoms  are  aggravated.  The  hog  becomes  stupid, 
and  only  moves  when  forced  to  do  so.  The  glands  of  the  neck  are  enor- 
mously enlarged,  the  urine  diminished,  and  is  at  last  entirely  suppressed. 
The  animal  strains  to  evacuate  its  bowels  every  time  it  gets  up,  but 
passes  only  a  few  hard  lumps,  and,  unless  relieved,  it  dies  within  from 
two  to  five  days  from  suffocation,  caused  hy  swelhug  of  the  throat  or 
accumulated  poison  in  the  blood  acting  on  the  brain.  The  primary  dis- 
ease may  be  either  constitutional  or  local,  but  in  either  case  both  gene- 
ral and  local  eifects  are  soon  manifest.  This  disease  is  a  contagious  blood- 
poison  received  into  the  blood,  and  passing  through  the  stage  of  incuba- 
tion, manifests  its  presence  fiist  when  the  system  strives  to  rid  itself  of 
the  poison  through  the  four  great  waste- gates  of  the  body — the  lungs, 
kidneys,  bowels,  and  skin.  The  expired  air,  loaded  with  the  poisonous 
excretion,  passes  from  the  lungs,  and  as  it  obtains  exit  from  the  wind- 
pipe, is  throAvn  with  force  against  the  posterior  fauces.  There  the  poison 
is  deposited,  and  diphtheritic  inflammation  and  exudation  is  the  result. 
The  kidneys,  ako,  strive  to  eject  the  foreign  matter  and  are  at  first  stim- 
ulated to  increased  work ;  hence  the  increased  flow  of  urine ;  but  as  the 
labor  increases  the  kidneys  become  irritated  from  overwork,  then  in- 
flamed, and  the  septic  poison,  instead  of  being  eliminated,  is  deposited 
in  the  kidneys,  and  abscess  in  the  same  is  the  result.  If  the  free  egress 
of  air  from  the  lungs  is  prevented,  either  bj"  swelling  of  glands  externally, 
or  swelUng  and  exudation  internally,  either  in  fauces  or  wind-pipe,  the 
poison  cannot  be  thi'own  ofl"  as  freely  as  it  passes  into  the  lungs,  and  ab- 
scess of  the  lungs  is  the  result.  In  fact,  wherever  this  poison  is  deposited 
an  abscess  at  once  forms.  The  skin  is  hot  and  dry,  and  there  is  often  an 
eruption  or  rash  apparent  on  the  surface.  Abscess  of  the  liver  is  also  a 
common  secpience  of  this  disease  if  it  has  contiiuied  for  any  length  of 
time.  The  bowels  are  invariably  costive,  and,  unless  relieved  by  iujec- 
tiou  or  brisk  cathartics,  the  hog  will  die,  either  in  convulsions  or  coma, 
from  the  luiited  dei)ressing  influence  of  the  yeptic  and  ur;emic  poisons 


144  DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER   ANIMALS. 

acting  on  the  biaiii,  as  the  costive  bowels  causes  increased  hibor  for  the 
kidneys  and  hastens  inflammation  of  those  organs,  resulting  in  abscess. 
The  duration  of  this  disease  is  from  one  to  six  days.  Death  is  caused 
either  by  suffocation  or  fi'om  accumulated  poison  acting  on  tbe  brain. 
I  saw  no  case  of  this  disease  while  making  my  investigation  for  the  de- 
partment, and  my  account  of  it  is  taken  from  my  record  of  the  disease  as  it 
api)eared  dimng  the  winter  of  1877-'78.  At  that  time  it  spread  rapidly, 
and  I  had  no  means  of  testing  the  period  of  incubation.  Dissection 
showed  the  following  morbid  lesions :  In  the  first  stage,  inflammation 
of  throat  mth  diphtheritic  exudations  on  fauces,  and  inflammation  of 
all  internal  viscera.  In  the  second  stage,  all  pathological  appearances 
were  more  positive.  The  glands  of  the  neck  were  enlarged,  and  often 
contained  pus ;  throat  otten  a  mass  of  ulceration,  with  diphtheritic  mem- 
brane extending  to  windpipe ;  lungs  inflamed  and  kidneys  containing 
extravasated  blood,  and  showing  signs  of  commencing  abscesses.  In 
every  case  where  the  sjTnptoms  were  severe  and  had  continued  for  several 
days,  abscesses  of  lungs,  kidneys,  liver,  and  spleen  were  observed,  and 
putrefaction  set  in  very  rapidly,  rendering  examinations  very  dangerous. 
The  speciflc  cause  of  the  disease,  as  stated  in  definition,  is  a  septic  poison, 
specific  in  type,  and  very  contagious.  It  spreads  more  rapidly  than 
either  of  the  other  fevers,  and  usually  within  two  weeks  after  it  obtains 
access  to  a  drove  it  spreads  to  the  entire  herd,  unless  prompt  and 
thorough  means  are  adopted  to  check  its  progress.  Although,  probably, 
the  most  contagious  of  the  speciflc  fevers,  it  yields  more  rapidly  to  treat- 
ment and  care,  but  if  neglected  it  is  more  rapidly  fatal,  few  that  are  at- 
tacked escaping  with  life. 

Having  treated  of  the  three  diseases  I  have  found  in  swine,  I  will  now 
glance  at  the  symptoms  and  lesions  which  assist  us  in  a  diagnosis  of 
the  disease.  In  typhoid  we  have  diarrhea,  tympanitis  (wind  in  bowels), 
very  little  eruption,  and  entire  loathing  of  food.  There  is  seldom  much 
swelling  about  the  neck,  but  there  is  ulceration  of  the  bowels  and  loss 
of  substance.  In  typhus  we  find  costive  bowels  and  lank  flanks,  except 
when  filled  out  with  solid  feces ;  profuse  eniption  j  except  in  few  cases, 
considerable  swelling  of  glands  of  neck,  but  not  containing  true  pus. 
Dissection  shows  increase  of  tissue  and  deposit,  frequently  in  coats  of 
stomach  and  invariably  around  the  ilio-ctecal  valve ;  also  accumulation 
of  feces  in  bowels  if  they  have  not  been  relieved  by  purgatives  before 
death.  In  either  disease  there  is  seldom  much  disorganization  of  internal 
viscera,  unless  in  advanced  stages,  when  tubercular  deposits  maj.  be 
found  in  the  lungs.  In  diphtheria  we  found  constiiiation.  There  may 
be  eruption,  but  this  is  not  a  uniform  symptom ;  discharge  of  matter 
and  blood  from  the  nose  and  mouth,  swelling  of  glands  of  neck,  appetite 
not  entirely  absent,  but,  although  the  hog  tries  to  eat,  soon  turns  away 
from  food.  Dissection  shows  ulceration  of  throat,  exudation  and  inflam- 
mation of  lungs  and  kidneys,  and  in  advanced  cases  inflammation,  tlisor- 
ganization  of  kidneys,  lungs.  Ha  er,  and  spleen.  In  diphtheria  also  the 
disease  spreads  more  rapidly  and  is  of  shorter  duration,  except  in  cases 
of  constii)ation  in  typhus,  where  death  often  occurs  in  a  few  hours.  In 
all  three  diseases  we  have  cough,  rapidity  of  breathing,  and  fever. 

Fredisposing  causes. — Included  under  this  head  are  any  causes  which 
have  a  tendency  to  reduce  the  vital  strength  of  the  hog,  disorder  the 
stomacli,  or  depi'uve  the  blood  in  any  way.  These  causes  are  foul  air, 
food  imi)roper  in  quantity  or  quality,  bad  water,  filth,  malaria,  atmos- 
pheric influences,  scrofulous  diathesis,  unusual  exercise  and  over-suckUng. 
All  of  these  causes  combined  cannot  generate  the  disease,  but  any  one 
of  them,  by  reducing  the  vitality  or  disordering  the  system  in  some  way, 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER    ANIMALS.  145 

may  be  the  cause  of  the  disease  obtaiuing  access  to  the  drove.  We  will 
consider  each  cause  aud  how  it  cau  be  avoided.  One  of  the  coniiuou 
causes  of  disease  amoug  s"syine  is  couhuement  iu  a  peu  where  the  air 
does  not  circulate  freely  enough  to  carry  off  the  carbonic  acid  expelled  by 
the  hog.  The  result  is  that  Irom  dark  to  daylight  the  hogs  are  forced  to 
breathe  an  impure  atmosphere.  ]Mauy  farmers  build  luximous  pens,  tight 
and  warm,  and  with  an  abundant  ventilation  only  above,  and  abundance 
of  straw  beloAV,  forgetting  that  in  such  a  house  there  is  no  ventilation, 
that,  in  fact,  the  breath,  loaded  with  exhalation  fi'om  the  hog,  is  heavier 
than  the  air  aud  sinks  to  the  bottom  of  the  i)en.  Even  if,  by  reason  of 
increased  heat,  the  expired  an-  attempts  to  rise,  the  cold  air  from  above 
congeals  the  moisture  and  it  falls  as  minute  rain  or  snow.  Other  farm- 
ers biuld  tight  pens  without  any  thought  of  ventilation  and  let  the  hogs 
pack  in  as  they  choose.  In  this  case  the  air  becomes  very  foid  before 
morning  Tvith  noxious  gases,  and  if  the  owner  would  but  put  his  hand 
within  he  would  hardly  hnd  the  air  with  suihcient  power  to  sustain  life. 
Now,  it  follows  that  we  must  have  the  pens  so  constructed  that  the  swine 
can  have  iJirre  au",  at  the  same  time  the  intense  cold  of  our  northern 
winters  must  be  avoided,  and  either  artilicial  heat  must  be  provided  or 
the  heat  of  the  hog  utilized  to  increase  the  temperature  where  the  sui*- 
rounding  atmosphere  is  below  zero.  We  must  remember  that  the  uat- 
ui-al  haunts  of  the  species  in  a  wild  state  are  in  the  torrid  zone,  and  that 
swine  are  never  found  in  a  northern  climate  in  a  wild  state  except  where 
they  have  escaped  from  domestication  and  become  wild — that  they  are 
not  provided  with  fur  to  protect  them  from  extreme  cold.  Xow,  com- 
mon sense  teaches  that  when  attempting  to  domesticate  any  Avild  ani- 
mal his  natiu-al  habits — food,  climate,  and  mode  of  life — should  be  care- 
fully studied.  Again,  effort  has  been  made  by  careful  breeding  and  feed 
to  change  the  natural  form  and  development  of  the  hog — to  raise  a  breed 
of  swine  with  small  bone,  little  muscle,  and  capacity  for  taking  on  fat 
while  young,  and  these  changes  have  been  made  at  the  expense  of  nat- 
ural strength  and  endurance.  It  is  a  common  remark  among  farmers 
that  wild  hogs  do  not  have  cholera,  and  acting  upon  this  idea  many 
farmers  keep  their  hogs  in  large  timber  lots  without  shelter,  and  are  dis- 
appointed to  liud  disease  appear  and  carry  off"  a  large  proportion  of  the 
drove.  In  these  cases,  where  the  hog  is  not  confined  and  forced  to 
breathe  foul  air,  but  is  exposed  to  the  "sicissitudes  of  weather,  with  loss 
of  vital  force  by  so-called  imjirovement  of  breed,  he  becomes  weakened 
and  succumbs.  I  have  noticed  this  particularly  in  regard  to  diphtheria ; 
several  large  droves  were  almost  swept  away  in  a  few  days,  although 
they  had  large  range,  i)ure  water,  and  good  food.  This  is  true  of  diph- 
theria poison,  but  I  have  never  known  the  other  fevers  to  attack  any  iso- 
lated drove  having  pure  air,  clay  soil  iu  range,  and  good  food,  unless  hogs 
having  the  disease  were  allowed  in  the  same  lot.  The  continement  of 
swine  in  close  pens  has  another  danger.  The  animal,  heated  by  the  con- 
fined atmosphere  aud  damp  straw  bed,  goes  out  at  feed-call  on  a  cold  or 
rainy  morning  with  its  skin  and  hair  dam])  from  the  accumulation  of  the 
gases  which  have  congealed  during  the  night.  The  cold,  frosty'  air  is  a 
sudden  change  from  the  heated  atmosphere  of  tlie  pen,  and  bronchial 
lung  irritation  is  the  result.  It  is  also  wet,  and  this  moisture,  if  it  is  a 
very  cold  day,  is  congealed,  and  the  skin  is  chilled ;  aud  tluis,  from  this 
error  iu  care,  the  animal  is  exposed  to  a  double  danger.  To  avoid  these 
dangers  the  pen  should  be  so  constructed  tliat  free  ventilation  can  take 
place  at  the  top,  as  it  is  absolutely  necessary  in  a  cold  climate  to  utilize 
the  natural  heat  of  the  hog  to  keep  the  pen  at  a  moderate  temperature. 
It  will  not  do  in  winter  to  have  any  openings  below  to  admit  cold  air, 
10  sw 


146  DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER   ANIMALS. 

lience  we  must  use  some  absorbent  for  the  poisonous  gcoses  constantly 
being  exhaled  by  the  hog,  and  the  best  and  cheapest  yet  known  to  man 
is  tli-y  clay,  which  will  take  np  a  large  amount  of  gas  in  proportion  to  its 
bulk.  The  diy  clay  will  also  assist  in  keeping  the  hog  dry  and  clean, 
and  with  reasonable  ventilation  above  the  air  will  remain  quite  piu-e. 
The  plan  for  a  pig-pen  annexed  I  have  furnished  to  many  prominent 
stock  men,  and  all  have  united  in  stating  that  it  is  the  most  perfect  plan 
they  have  seen.     (See  drawing  of  pig-pen.) 

The  lot  should,  if  possible,  have  a  clay  soil  surface,  and  the  feeding  floor 
should  have  a  slope  of  two  inches  to  carry  oft"  the  rain  that  falls  upon  it. 
By  having  the  floor  open  to  sun,  rain,  and  wind  it  is  kept  clean  and 
pui'e;  by  having  the  lot  sloping  away  from  the  pen,  the  rain  will  assist 
in  keeping  it  clean  by  removing  refuse  matter  from  the  surface.  In  this 
way  nature  assists  the  farmer  in  keeping  his  pens  clean  and  healthy. 
'No  straw  or  other  litter  should  be  allowed  in  sleeping  rooms,  as  it  will 
accumulate  moisture  and  give  forth  noxious  air  at  all  times.  Straw 
should  not  be  allowed  in  the  lot,  as  it  will  absorb  any  poisonous  vapors 
passing  over,  and  birds  coming  from  herds  infected  with  septic  disease 
will  bring  the  matter  on  their  feet,  and  it  mil  retain  its  life  in  the  straw. 
But  on  dry  groimd,  even  it  it  finds  lodgment,  it  wdl  soon  be  disinfected. 
The  hogs  should  be  furnished  with  pui-e  fresh  water  in  abundance,  not 
only  because  it  is  necessary  to  health,  but  because  water  assists  mate- 
rially in  producing  fat.  (in  the  subject  of  food  supply  there  has  been 
much  ditference  of  opinion,  and  I  can  only  give  my  own  views  and  the 
scientific  reasons  for  them.  The  prime  object  in  feeding  swine  is  to  ac- 
cumulate fat  as  rapidly  as  possible  on  those  intended  for  market,  to  keep 
stock  hogs  in  healthy  growing  condition,  and  to  have  brood-sows  in  the 
best  condition  for  bearing  and  suckling  young.  Of  course,  to  accomplish 
these  objects  the  stomach  must  be  kept  in  healthy  condition  and  not 
overloaded;  the  food  must  be  of  due  variety  and  in  suitable  quantities, 
and  its  character  and  quality  must  be  considered.  For  stock  hogs,  ot 
course,  green  food  is  absolutely  necessary.  The  hog  cannot  thrive  upon 
an  exclusive  diet  of  dry  corn  and  water;  but  the  green  food  must  not 
be  the  exclusive  diet  any  more  than  dry  corn.  If  the  hogs  are  kept  on 
a  clover  lot,  soiu'  fermented  slop  should  not  be  fed  at  the  same  time,  but 
rather  roots  and  vegetables,  as  potatoes,  tin-nips,  rutabagas,  and  beets, 
which  contain  large  quantities  of  the  soda  salts,  which  the  clover  lacks. 
Hogs  fed  or  corn  may  have  sour  slop  to  advantage,  as  this  will  assist 
digestion,  and  in  this  case  prevent  an  nndue  acid  condition  of  the 
stomach  and  blood.  The  hog's  natmal  instinct  will  lead  him  to  seek  just 
what  his  system  demands,  and  he  will  root  in  the  ground  not  for  the  mere 
pleasui'e  of  destroying  the  clover-field,  but  to  find  certain  salts  necessary 
to  health  that  cannot  be  obtained  except  from  the  groimd.  Then  if  you 
deprive  him  of  the  means  nature  lias  furnished  for  obtaining  these  neces- 
saries of  life,  you  must  furnish  him  with  them  in  some  other  way. 

Observing  farmers  have  learned  by  experience  that  sickness  in  swine 
shows  error  in  feed,  and  at  once  change  to  the  opiX)site  extreme.  If 
feeding  clover  they  change  to  dry  corn,  and  if  dry  corn  to  clover.  This 
rule  has  saved  many  droves  from  being  swept  oif  by  infectious  diseases. 
But  I  will  give  a  rule  which  I  have  adopted  in  my  investigations  which 
is  simi)le,  but  wliich  at  once  tells  the  farmer  vviiat  general  course  to  pur- 
sue. If  the  herd  is  not  doing  well,  if  they  do  not  eat  well  and  apjiear 
less  active  than  usual,  at  once  examine  the  tongues  of  a  few  and  notice 
the  color;  if  the  tongues  are  red  antl  contracted  give  sour  slo])  or  turn 
them  on  clover  pasture  or  on  green  food,  and  they  will  at  once  improve. 
If  their  tongues  are  large,  i^ale,  and  flabby,  give  corn,  corn-meal,  cooked 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER    ANIMALS. 


147 


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148  DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER   ANIMALS. 

root  vegetables,  and  add  soda  to  the  feed,  or  soda  and  milk,  but  give  no 
sour  slop.  The  large,  Avliite,  i)ale  tongue  shows  that  the  stomach  and 
blood  are  in  acid  eoiKlition  and  need  alkalies;  the  contracted  red  tongue 
shoAVS  a  subacid  condition,  and  that  acids  or  sour  remedies  are  ]ieeded. 
For  years  the  farmers'  journals  have  lauded  clover-fields  and  advised 
keeping  swine  upon  a  clover  range  during  the  entire  summer,  on  the  score 
of  economy  of  feed  and  health.  As  far  as  it  goes  this  is  good  advice, 
and  yet  foUoAving  this  adAace  has  been  the  chief  cause  of  the  s})read 
of  the  contagious  diseases  among  SAvine.  Wlieu  the  clover  range  is  on 
clay  soil,  or  the  hogs  ha\'e  access  to  clay  banks,  and  the  use  of  rings  is 
avoided,  all  Avill  go  Avell,  but  if  rings  are  used  in  the  nose,  or  the  soil  is 
exclusively  black  loam  and  no  other  food  is  furnished  but  the  grass  and 
Avater,  or,  perhaps  Avhat  is  worse,  sour  slop  in  addition,  an  acid  condi- 
tion of  the  blood  is  engendered.  The  hog  becomes  debilitated  and 
peculiarly  liable  to  any  contagious  disease  which  may  appear  in  the 
vicinity.  Of  course  farmers  must  keep  their  sAvine  on  grass  and  clover, 
and,  as  a  matter  of  economy,  must  use  rings  to  prevent  the  clover  from 
being  rooted  up  Avheii  the  range  is  limited,  but  they  must  at  the  same 
time  study  the  natuial  habits  and  food  of  the  species  and  supply  that 
food  or  its  constituent  elements  in  some  form.  The  natural  food  of  this 
class  is  not  a  A^egetable  diet,  but  they  Avere  designed  by  the  Almighty 
so  that  they  could  obtain  those  roots  from  the  ground.  When,  there- 
lore,  they  cannot  obtain  them,  they  should  be  furnished  in  kind.  As  a 
rule,  the  constituents  of  all  grasses  and  annual  plants  are  acid — have  an 
acid  reaction.  Especially  is  this  the  case  with.  cloA^er.  Eoot  A^egetables 
haA^e  an  alkaline  reaction,  and  are  composed  largely  of  phosphates  and 
soda  salts.  In  clay  soils  the  hogs  can  probably  supply  themselves  from 
the  ground  with  phosphates,  but  when  confined  to  a  black,  loamy  soil 
they  can  obtain  but  little  of  these  necessary  salts  from  the  earth.  A 
noticeable  fact  is,  that  no  matter  hoAv  Avide  the  range  the  SAvine  will 
select  the  bare  points  to  root  in  rather  than  the  soft  loam.  Where  root 
vegetables  cannot  be  obtained  and  hogs  are  kept  on  cloA^er  range,  soda 
and  lime  or  sulphate  of  iron  should  be  giA'en  regularly.  Dry  corn  as 
an  exclusive  diet  is  not  a  natural  food  for  hogs,  and  some  additions 
should  be  made  to  the  bill  of  fare.  Tiu'uips,  potatoes,  or  some  other 
cheap  vegetable  must  be  added  to  insure  good  health.  I  knoAv  there  is 
a  bitter  feeling  among  many  farmers  against  cooking  or  grinding  corn 
for  food,  on  the  score  of  extra  expense  and  trouble,  but  I  haA'C  never  yet 
known  a  farmer  abandon  the  practice  Avheu  once  thoroughly  tried.  It 
Avill  pay  any  farmer  to  grind  and  cook  the  com  fed  to  his  hogs,  catu  if 
that  staple  is  Avorth  but  13  cents  per  bushel.  Practical  farmers,  Avho 
have  nuide  the  profitable  feeding  of  hogs  a  study,  report  that  one  pound 
of  cooked  corn-meal  is  equal  to  one  and  one-half  pounds  of  raAV  meal, 
and  to  three  of  Avhole  corn,  in  fat-producing  poAA^er.  One  adA*antage  in 
feeding  cooked  feed  is  that  root  vegetables  can  be  combined  AA'ith  corn- 
meal  and  cookcid  at  the  same  time.  AVhere  raAV  corn  is  used  as  a  steady 
diet  sour  slo])  Avill  assist  in  its  digestion,  and  should  be  giAcn  regularly 
to  prcA'cnt  as  I'ar  as  i)ossible  the  CA'il  results  of  error  in  diet.  The  use 
of  coal,  charcoal,  ashes,  and  rotten  logs  in  the  pen  assists  in  keeping  the 
hogs  in  healtli  I)y  su])plying  certain  chemicals  needed  by  the  animals. 
I  liaA^e  been  thus  ])arti(;ular  in  speaking  of  errors  in  diet  because  1  be- 
licA'e  that  this  cause  more  than  any  other  has  helped  to  spread  the  fatal 
diseases  among  swine.  A  single  hog  Avitli  diseased  stomach  may  be 
the  cause  of  imi)arting  the  malady  to  a  herd,  and  haAing  thus  obtained 
a  foothold  it  may,  unless  promi)t  measures  are  taken,  spread  to  the  Avell 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER    ANI-MALS.  149 

lio.c's,  which  wouUl,  if  it  had  not  been  for  the  one  or  two  unhealthy  ones, 
have  escaped  infection. 

The  water  shonkl  be  clean,  pure,  running  water,  and  should  be  "v\'ithin 
reach  of  the  hogs  at  all  times.  Stagnant  water,  covered  with  green 
scum  and  loaded  with  organic  impurities,  is  unfit  for  hogs  to  drink,  yet 
many  farmers  furnish  only  such  to  their  swine.  Foul  air,  by  ^"itiating 
the  blood,  is  one  of  the  common  predisposing  causes  of  disease.  I  have 
already  spoken  of  the  influence  of  heated  air  on  the  health  of  swine,  and 
the  evil  effects  of  sudden  changes,  but  I  did  not  mention  the  depressing 
influence  of  the  foul  air  itself  upon  the  animals.  Swine  breathing  air 
loaded  with  carbonic  acid  and  ammoiiiacal  gas  for  half  of  each  day  can- 
not remain  healthy  any  more  than  man  can,  and  the  same  natural  residts 
will  follow — impure  blood,  disease  of  lungs,  and  other  viscera.  A  pen 
erected  on  the  plan  set  forth  in  diagram  will  remove  this  cause  of  dis- 
ease. The  dry  clay  is  the  best  and  cheapest  disinfectant  yet  discovered, 
and  will  absorb  the  poisonous  gases  and  render  the  air  pure.  Even 
though  a  large  number  of  hogs  are  confined  in  a  limited  space,  by  open- 
ing the  large  dooi^s  on  the  south  side  on  a  clear  day  the  sun's  rays  will 
dry  the  clay  and  renew  its  absorbing  j)owers. 

Scrofula  is  another  common  predisposing  cause,  and  one  of  the  x)rincipal 
causes  of  the  large  mortality  in  diseases  of  swine.  The  two  chief  causes 
of  the  scrofulous  diathesis  are  breeding  young  sows  and  in-breeding.  In 
order  to  avoid  these  causes  sows  should  not  be  allowed  to  become  preg- 
nant until  one  year  old.  By  that  time  she  has  matured  and  is  fitted  to  bear 
young.  Before  that  time  she  is  growing  and  is  immature.  !Not  only  the 
mother  may  be  injured  by  early  breeding,  but  the  progeny  will  inherit 
disease.  In-breecling  has  been  largely  practiced  in  the  Western  States, 
and  whenever  jiracticed  it  is  easy  to  x)ick  out  the  young  resulting  from 
this  management.  They  were  the  first  of  the  pigs  attacked,  and  the 
post-mortem  examinations  disclosed  tubercular  disease  in  every  case. 
Before  the  close  of  the  investigation  I  became  so  thoroughly  convinced 
on  this  subject,  that,  whenever  I  detected  tubercular  disease  in  lungs  or 
mesentery,  I  sought  out  parentage  of  the  pig.  In  several  droves  where 
a  portion  of  the  diseased  swine  were  the  otispring  of  in-bred  sows  and 
part  cross-breed,  the  tubercular  disease  was  found  in  the  former  and  not 
in  the  latter.  In-breeding  is  often  practiced  through  the  effort  to  obtain 
a  perfectly  pure  breed  of  any  particular  species.  With  but  few  excep- 
tions, and  those  among  the  imijorted  stock,  the  pedigree  does  not  extend 
back  more  than  one  or  two  generations,  and  often  unwittingly  the  same 
blood  is  infused  into  a  drove  of  sows,  although  the  male  may  have  come 
from  a  distance.  To  avoid  this  gTave  error,  I  would  advise  crossing 
breeds,  selecting  carefully  the  male  from  some  special  breed,  as  Poland- 
China,  and  crossing  with  an  opposite  breed  in  shape  and  habits,  as  the 
Essex.  The  finest  drove  I  saw  this  year  was  the  result  of  such  a  cross. 
]Mr.  Pendroy,  of  Monroe,  Jasper  county,  bred  two  years  to  Essex  boar 
and  two  to  Poland-China,  making  a  special  eflbrt  to  obtain  as  different 
blood  as  possible  from  that  in  his  own  herd.  The  herd  of  nearly  three 
hundred  head  were  in  fine  health,  except  some  brood-sows  which  had 
been  suckled  down  and  were  poor.  These  sows  contracted  the  disease, 
but  it  was  promptly  checked  by  proper  measures,  and  did  not  spread  to 
any  extent  in  his  drove. 

And  this  illustrates  another  very  frequent  cause  of  the  contagious 
diseases  obtaining  a  foothold  in  a-  herd  of  animals.  The  brood-sows  be- 
come worn  down  with  oversuckling  and  want  of  suitable  food  duriug 
l)ig-bearing  and  nursing,  and  with  systems  thus  disordered  are  very  lia- 
able  to  contract  any  disease  in  the  vicinity.    See  that  brood-sows  have 


ISO  1)ISEASES    OF    SVfijfE   AND    OfHE^   ANBlAtS. 

root-vegetables  and  milk,  and  tliat  soda  is  furnished  them  liberally  with 
green  food,  and  they  will  not  become  so  emaciated  and  debilitated. 

Malarial  influences  can  ail:ect  swine  as  well  as  man,  and  is  one  of  the 
most  ti'oublesome  and  fatal  of  complications  in  infectious  fevers  in  their 
first  stages.  The  low  sloughs,  covered  with  green  mold  and  surrounded 
with  rank  vegetation,  are  not  the  most  healthy  resting  places  for  swine 
or  any  animal,  biped  or  quadruped,  especially  between  the  hours  of  sun- 
set and  sunrise.  The  plants  aregiving  off  carbonic  acid  gas  during  the 
night,  and  the  wet  ground,  loaded  with  organic  matter,  is  giving  off 
malaria.  If  the  hogs  are  allowed  to  breathe  this  poisonous  air  their 
blood  becomes  vitiated  and  health  is  impaired,  as  in  man.  Tyjdius  and 
typhoid  fever  find  a  favorable  location  for  incubation  here.  To  avoid 
these  two  causes  combined,  impure  water  and  malaria,  let  the  drove  be 
gathered  in  at  sundown  into  a  large  pen  on  high  ground  with  sloping 
surface  prepared,  and  kept  there  until  the  morning  sun  has  dispelled 
the  perceptible  mists.  If  the  day  is  inclement  the  drove  may  be  allowed 
to  range  two  hours  after  the  hour  for  sunrise.  They  should  be  furnished 
pure  water  to  drink  before  leaving,  if  they  are  to  be  confined  in  a  range 
with  stagnant  water.  IMany  will  say  that  all  this  trouble  will  entail  in- 
creased expense;  but  it  has  not  been  found  more  expensive  where  tried. 
Swine,  like  any  other  domesticated  animal,  can  be  trained  to  regular 
habits,  and  a  drove  can  be  trained  to  return  to  its  sleeping  place,  if  a 
small  quantity  of  food  is  furnished  them  each  night  until  the  habit  is 
formed. 

Unusual  exercise,  which  debilitates  the  hog  and  weakens  his  vital 
force,  is  another  cause  of  the  inception  of  contagious  diseases.  In  sev- 
eral cases  which  have  come  under  my  observation,  choice  hogs  for  breed- 
ing purposes  were  purchased  from  apparently  healthy  herds,  taken  on 
cars  and  wagons  a  considerable  distance,  and  after  their  arrival  showed 
signs  of  disease  and  eventually  died.  In  a  few  days  others  in  the  hetd 
to  which  they  had  been  taken  were  affected,  and  thus  the  disease  was 
spread  from  a  new  focus  to  a  large  number  of  droves.  I,  of  course, 
could  not  state  where  these  hogs  contracted  the  disease.  A^^ien  they 
started  from  their  first  home  they  were  probably  in  i:)erfect  health,  but 
confined  in  a  close  box  and  jolted  arortnd  in  a  wagon,  or  confined  in  cars 
with  irregular  or  unusual  feed,  and  nervous  excitement  as  additional 
causes,  brought  on  a  gastric  irritation,  and  during  these  travels  they 
were  exi)osed  to  a  contagious  illness  more  or  less  intense,  and  their  sys- 
tem being  in  a  condition  to  receive  and  take  up  the  poison,  it  found  a 
lodgment,  and  after  a  stage  of  incubation  sho^^d  itself  by  outward 
symptoms.  Hogs  brought  from  strange  droves  should  invariably  be 
kept  in  strict  quaratine  for  at  least  fourteen  days,  no  matter  Jiow  per- 
fect the  bill  of  health  they  bring  from  their  former  owners.  Neglect  of 
this  precaution  has  been  the  cause  of  the  spread  of  tlie  disease  from 
new  points,  and  many  counties  could  trace  the  disease  which  had  car- 
ried off  thousands  of  liogs  to  a  single  imported  animal.  In  one  county 
visited  in  Western  Iowa,  which  had  previously  had  no  swine  disease,  an 
estimated  loss  of  over  $100,000  worth  of  hogs  was  claimed  to  have  been, 
sustained  during  the  past  year,  and  this  disease  started  from  a  central 
point — a  single  imported  hog.  (I  use  the  term  imported  as  meaning 
from  a  distant  county,  or  another  State.)  The  disease  spread  to  the 
drove  in  which  it  Avas  jdaced,  and  from  that  drove  to  adjoiniug  herds. 
Several  expensive  lawsuits  for  damages  and  much  ill-feeling  between 
stock-men  might  have  been  avoided  by  attention  to  this  point. 

We  will  now  talce  up  the  subject  of  treatment,  which  naturally  divides 
itself  under  two  heads — Freventive  and  Curative.    Each  of  these  can  be 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER   ANIMALS.  151 

divided  into  two  classes,  hygienic  and  medicinal.  The  whole  secret  of 
snccess  in  preventing  the  inception  of  contagious  diseases  by  hygienic 
care,  as  has  been  already  pointed  out,  can  be  included  under  two  rales, 
viz.,  keep  the  system  of  the  animal  in  a  healthy  state,  and  avoid  expos- 
ing it  to  poisonous,  contagions  influences.  We  have  already  shown  how 
the  first  rule  can  be  followed  with  success— by  fresh,  uncontaminated 
air,  suitable  food,  fresh  water,  seasona-ble  exercise,  and  avoidance  of 
low,  damp  places  for  sleeping  quarters ;  also  avoidance  of  those  causes 
in  breeding  whicli  are  known  to  engender  the  scrofulous  diathesis.  The 
second  requires  that  all  dead  organic  matter,  such  as  straw,  hay,  litter, 
and  other  matter,  which  is  liable  to  catch  the  poisonous  fungi  floating  in 
the  air  or  canned  along  by  the  wind,  should  be  kept  away  from  the 
animal.  All  strange  hogs  must  be  kept  in  quarantine  for  fourteen  days 
before  being  allowed  to  run  witli  healthy  herds.  If  there  is  any  disease 
in  the  vicinitj',  especial  care  must  be  taken  that  no  man,  vehicle,  or 
animal  from  infected  localities  be  allowed  to  pass  over  meadows  where 
healthy  hogs  are  allowed  to  range ;  and  if  any  stream  passes  through 
your  range  from  an  infected  district,  the  stock  must  be  IvCpt  from  the 
water,  as  water  will  hold  the  poison  and  keep  it  alive  for  a  considerable 
time.  The  yards  and  j)ens  where  the  swine  stay  at  night  must  be  kept 
clean  of  cobs  or  other  organic  matter,  so  that  the  rains  can  wash  the 
surface  clean.  All  swine,  either  brood-sows,  slioats,  or  pigs,  not  in  gen- 
eral health,  or  showing  evidences  of  debility,  should  be  kept  away  from  the 
drove  and  carefully  treated,  the  causes  of  sickness  removed  and  effects 
remedied.  No  medical  treatment  can  be  positively  recommended  as  a 
preventive  for  contagious  diseases.  Remedies  may  be  used  to  correct 
any  derangements  of  system,  as  has  already  been  recommended — soda, 
if  the  tongue  is  broad,  flabby,  and  pale;  acids,  if  the  tongue  is  narrow, 
red,  and  contracted.  In  sows  worn  down  with  nursing,  nothing  can  have 
abetter  effect  and  improve  their  condition  more  rapidly  than  soda  and 
sweet  milk  or  buttermilk.  If  the  bowels  are  constipated,  Glauber  salts 
may  be  given  in  doses  of  one-half  to  one  ounce  to  each  hog,  or  one  pound 
to  every  thirty  hogs,  once  a.  day,  until  tlie  bowels  are  acted  npon.  Salt 
should  be  furnished  to  all  swine,  in  small  quantities,  every  day.  If  any 
contagious  disease  is  in  the  near  vicinity,  hyi^osulphite  of  soda  in  milk 
or  fresh  slop,  given  every  morning  on  an  empty  stomach,  otters  the  most 
reasonal)le  hope  as  a  ])reventive,  and  if  the  disease  is  diphtheria  or 
typhoid,  belladonna  should  be  added.  There  is  much  difference  of 
0])inion  in  regard  to  the  power  of  belladonna  to  prevent  the  spread  of 
the  se]itic  diseases,  diphtheria  and  scarlet  fever.  From  my  own  obser- 
vation I  base  the  belief  that  it  is  a  i^ositive  preventive  or  prophylactic, 
and  on  tliat  account  I  extend  its  use  to  swine,  and  have  recommended 
its  regular  use  in  small  doses  whenever  diphtheria  or  tyi)hoid  was  prevail- 
ing. As  a  preventive,  the  following  w^ould  be  a  good  formula  foi-  general 
use:  Saturated  solution  of  hyposulphite  of  soda,  one  gallon;  tincture  of 
belladonna,  one  fluid  ounce.  Ofthis  mixture,  give  one  gill  to  every  twenty 
hogs  in  slop  every  morning  on  an  em])ty  stomach.  Believing  that  all  the 
contagious  diseases  are  received  into  the  system  through  the  mucous  mem- 
brane, and  that  any  agent  having  ]>ower  to  destroy  these  minute  fungi 
before  tlieir  absorption  will  prevent  the  disease,  I  have  for  years  recom- 
mended the  use  of  chlorate  of  potash  or  sulphate  of  soda  as  preventives 
when  persons  are  exposed  to  any  contagious  diseases.  As  typhoid  has 
but  a  limited  power  of  conta^^ion,  1  cannot  say  positively  that  the  remedy 
has  prevented  the  spread  of  that  disease  ;  but  I  have  never  had  a  second 
case  occur  in  a  family  where  the  remedies  I  recommended  were  used 
regularly.    I  would  therefore  recommend  this  formula  to  be  used  once 


152  DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER    ANIMALS. 

a.  dny  wliero  contagions  diseases  are  iii  tlie  near  vicinity  to  diminisli  the 
chances  to  the  h)west  point.  If  the  tongue  is  pale  and  broad,  bicarbon- 
ate of  soda  mnst  be  added  to  neutralize  the  acid  in  the  stomach,  also 
sulphate  of  iron  in  doses  of  five  grains  will  be  found  useful. 

The  curative  treatment  like  the  i)reventive  must  be  both  hygienic  and 
medical.  If  disease  has  appeared  in  a  herd  promjit  measures  must  be 
at  once  taken  to  i^revent  its  spread.  The  sick  must  be  immediately  sep- 
arated from  the  well.  All  organic  matter,  such  as  hay,  straw,  and  litter, 
to  which  the  hogs  have  access,  must  be  burned,  the  lots  cleaned  up,  and 
every  possible  effort  made  to  destroy  contagion.  The  weU  hogs,  if  pos- 
sible, shoidd  be  at  once  placed  upon  fresh  ground ;  that  is,  on  ground 
over  which  the  sick  hogs  have  not  passed  since  a  heavy  rain  cleansed 
the  surface.  Any  disorder  of  stomach  or  general  system  shoidd  be  at 
once  corrected,  and  at  least  once  a  day  the  remedy  before  mentioned 
should  be  given  in  slop.  Each  day  all  hogs  in  well  herds  showing  symp- 
toms of  disease  should  be  at  once  separated  from  the  others.  Where  the 
season  will  ijermit,  especially  in  cases  of  typhoid  fever,  keep  the  entire 
drove  on  plowed  ground,  and  have  the  ground  harrowed  every  day  to 
insure  thorough  mixture  of  fecal  matter  with  the  soil.  Keep  the  sick 
hogs  on  a  dry  clay  floor,  with  free  ventilation,  and  protected  from  cold 
wind  and  rain ;  feed  nothing  but  cooked  slop  and  milk,  and  these  only  in 
limited  quantities,  adding  the  medicines  recommended  with  the  slop.  In 
typhus  and  diphtheria  the  important  point  is  to  relieve  the  bowels  as 
speedily  as  possible,  and  for  this  i)urpose  castor-oil  or  saline  cathartics 
must  be  freely  given  until  the  object  is  accomplished.  In  typhoid,  diar- 
rhea is  a  prominent  symptom,  and  cathartics  should  be  avoided.  When 
the  animal  is  a  valuable  one  and  will  repay  the  trouble,  injections  of 
warm  soft  water  into  the  bowels  will  be  found  the  best  plan  for  mov- 
ing the  same.  The  injections  should  be  repeated  until  the  bowels  are 
well  acted  upon.  In  diphtheria  the  imjjortant  point  is  to  neutralize  the 
poison  as  rapidly  as  possible,  and  eliminate  it  from  the  system.  This 
can  be  effected  "with  the  sulphite  and  belladonna.  The  following  will 
be  foimd  a  useful  formula,  viz :  Satiu-ated  solution  of  sulphite  or  hyposul- 
phite of  soda,  one  quart;  fluid  extract  belladonna,  three  drachms;  fluid 
extract  aconite,  two  drachms.  Of  this  mixture  give  one  gill  to  every 
sixteen  hogs  five  times  a  day,  in  a  limited  amoimt  of  milk  or  cooked 
slop.  If  the  glands  of  neck  are  swoUen  to  such  an  extent  as  to  threaten 
danger  from  suftbcation,  oil  of  turpentine  and  sweet-oil  may  be  freely 
applied  externally.  By  following  these  directions  in  treatment  few,  if 
any,  of  the  hogs  sufi'eriug  from  tliiihtheria  will  die,  and  recovery  will  be 
rapid  and  permanent.  "When  a  good  article  of  the  powdered  herbs  can 
be  obtained,  the  following  will  be  found  preferable  to  the  tmctures  and 
fluid  extracts  :  Sulphite  or  hyposulphite  of  soda,  five  poimds ;  sulphm-, 
two  pounds ;  powdered  belladonna  leaves,  four  ounces ;  powdered  aconite 
root,  two  ounces;  powdered  elecampane,  a half-poimd;  powdered  ginger, 
two  ounces,  and  mix  thoroughly.  On  one  jiound  of  the  powder  pour  three 
(piarts  of  water  (boiling) ;  add  a  quart  of  molasses,  stir  and  cover.  Of 
this  mixture  give  one  gill  to  every  fifteen  hogs,  or  one  tablespoonful  to 
every  hog,  in  a  little  milk,  four  or  five  times  a  day.  The  medicine  should 
be  kept  in  a  stone  crock  or  wooden  bucket — not  in  a  tm  vessel.  In 
t.>7)hoid  fever  the  condition  of  tongue  is  our  principal  guide  to  determhie 
treatment.  The  sick  will,  as  a  rule,  utterly  refuse  food,  and  very  little 
medicine  will  be  needed.  Carbolic  acid  in  millc,  in  doses  of  two  to 
five  drops  in  one  jjint  of  milk,  as  often  as  the  hog  will  drink,  or  three 
times  a  day  if  giveji  by  force,  will  accomplish  a  good  ])ur])Ose  if  added 
to  medicine,  and  oil  of  turpentine  may  be  added  as  a  useful  adjunct.    If 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER   ANIMALS.  153 

the  toiiji'ue  is  red,  muriatic  acid,  diluteil  iu  doses  of  ten  drops  in  a  little 
slop,  can  be  given  as  often  as  the  hog-  vnll  drink,  or  the  water  may  be 
acidulated  with  the  acid.  "Where  there  is  a  large  number  of  hogs  sick 
it  will  be  imjiossible  to  attend  each  one.  I  would  therefore  advise  the 
use  of  these  remedies  to  all  the  sick,  not  attempting'  to  treat  special 
symptoms  in  each  case.  If  the  disease  is  promptly  treated  as  above,  the 
first  symptoms  of  typhoid  may  be  destroyed,  and  the  hog  will  improve 
at  once,  but  if  treatment  is  delayed  the  case  must  run  at  least  a  nine 
days'  course.  Great  care  must  be  exercised  in  returning  to  solid  food, 
as  this  error  may  render  a  ho^  worthless  that  might  have  entirely 
recovered  from  the  eflects  of  the  disease. 

Under  the  above  course  of  treatment  I  have  succeeded  in  checldng 
the  spread  of  the  disease,  and  a  large  majority  of  the  sick  hogs  have  re- 
covered. 

Treatment  of  typlnis  fever. — I  must  confess  I  have  not  had  any  very 
flattering  success  in  the  treatment  of  this  disease,  and  can  only  give  my 
views  and  recommendations  and  the  reasons  therefor,  hoping  that  some 
of  my  colleagues  may  have  been  more  successful.  As  mentioned  before, 
the  bowels  must  be  relieved  either  by  saline  purgatives  or  by  injections. 
This  is  an  important  point,  as  impacted  fecal  matter  is  a  frequent  cause 
of  death.  Another  important  point  is  to  keep  the  hogs  on  a  large  range, 
scattered  as  much  as  possible,  as  crowding  together  only  increases  the 
intensity  of  the  poison.  Internally  give  as  follows :  Bromide  of  potas- 
sium, ^  ounce ;  bromide  of  ammonia,  ^  ounce ;  gelseminum  (fluid  ex.), 
2  ounces ;  aconite  (fluid  ex.),  2  ounces ;  capsicum  (tr.),  J  ounce ;  water 
suflicient  to  make  4  ounces.  Of  this  mixture  give  one  teaspoonful  to 
each  hog  three  to  six  times  a  day,  in  milk  or  slops.  After  the  bowels 
have  been  freely  moved  the  amount  of  podox)hyllin  (may-apple)  must  be 
reduced.  The  same  remedies  can  be  obtained  in  powdered  form  and 
given  in  infusions :  Bromide  of  pot-assium  and  ammonia,  of  each  one- 
half  ounce ;  powdered  gelsemini  and  powdered  aconite  root  each  one- 
half  ounce  j  powdered  capsicum  (cayenne),  two  drachms;  powdered  ele- 
campane, one-half  ounce ;  x^owdered  podophyllin,  two  to  four  drachms. 
Upon  this  powder  pour  one  quart  of  boiling  water,  stir  and  cover,  and 
give  a  tablespoonful  to  each  hog  twice  a  day,  or  oftener,  in  a  little  slop. 
The  same  medicine  may  be  given  to  the  well  animals  as  soon  as  they 
are  separated  from  the  sick.  It  should  be  given  on  an  empty  stomach 
every  morning.  The  great  diiiiculty  in  obtaining  powdered  drugs  is 
that  most  of  the  powdered  vegetable  drugs  have  been  kept  so  long  in 
stock  that  the  medicinal  properties  are  lost,  and  are  perfectly  inert.  I 
would,  therefore,  advise  the  use  of  fluid  extracts  in  preference  to  pow- 
dered medicines,  unless  a  reliable  article  can  be  prociu-ed. 

The  following  may  be  considered  the  best  general  treatment  for  a  drove 
of  hogs  attacked  with  contagious  disease :  Separate  the  sick  from  the 
well  animals ;  keep  the  sick  on  bare  and  fr-esh  ground,  not  having  been 
passed  over  by  diseased  hogs  since  a  heavy  rain.  If  constipated,  see 
that  the  bowels  are  moved  either  by  using  salts,  oil,  or  iujections.  Pro- 
tect them  from  inclement  weather,  and  give  internally,  if  the  tongues 
are  large,  white,  and  flabby,  soda,  hyposulphite  and  bicarbonate,  each 
one-half  drachm,  sulphite  iron  five  grains,  belladonna,  leaves  two  quarts, 
])Owdered  aconite  root  two  grains,  elecampane  (powdered),  twenty 
graiiis,  once  a  day  to  well  and  three  times  a  day  to  sick  hogs,  iu  milk  or 
fresh,  rich  slop.  If  tongues  are  red  and  contracted,  give  water  and  slop 
acidulated  with  numatic  acid  to  all,  and  to  sick  hogs  givi^  bromide,  gel- 
seminum, andmandralce,  in  regular  and  free  doses.  I  "!*\'ould  ])arl  icularly 
caution  the  farmer  not  to  rely  ui>on  medical  treatment  to  the  exclusion 


154  DISEASES    OF   SWINE   AND    OTHER   ANIMALS. 

of  hygienic  care,  but  ratlier  to  follow  carefully  tlie  directions  set  forth  for 
the  case  of  svriue,  and  make  the  medical  treatment  an  auxiliary. 

A  few  words  may  be  proper  in  regard  to  worms  in  alimentary  canal. 
I  have  found  no  species  of  worms  which  could  be  strictly  included  under 
the  head  of  contagious  diseases,  or  could  in  any  way  be  called  a  cause 
of  the  disease  to  which  swine  are  subject.  I  liave  seldom  examined  a 
hog  in  any  stage  of  the  disease  without  finding  vrorms  in  some  forai. 
The  long,  round  worm  in  the  stomach,  and  frequently  the  small  thread- 
worm in  the  caecum,  have  been  found.  These  worms  are  natural  to  the 
swine  and  to  all  domestic  animals.  They  may  increase  in  numbers  and 
cause  trouble,  but  they  are  not  the  disease  or  the  cause  of  the  disease, 
but  rather  an  effect  of  the  condition  of  weakened  mucous  membrane 
which  has  increased  the  parasite.  Oil  of  turpentine,  in  milk  or  slop, 
given  once  a  day  (preferably  on  an  empty  stomach),  will  expel  those 
worms  when  so  numerous  as  to  affect  health.  I  have  received  many 
letters  from  farmers  and  proprietors  claimiug  that  the  worms  were  the 
specific  cause,  in  fact  the  disease  itself,  and  approving  remedies  to  meet 
their  single  indications.  I  will  therefore  state  emphatically  that,  in  the 
dissections  I  have  made,  numbering  over  one  hundred,  I  liave  found  no 
form  of  worms  which  are  not  frequent  in  health,  and  have  found  no  for- 
eign parasites  of  any  kind  that  could  be  detected  with  the  naked  eye 
that  could  possibly  be  a  cause  of  the  disease  of  swine.  A  careful  exam- 
ination of  the  liver,  lungs,  spleen,  and  kidneys  mth  a  powerful  micro- 
scope may  disclose  some  minute  animalcula  ov  parasite  (as  I  said  before, 
I  found  I  could  make  no  practical  use  of  the  microscope  in  field) ;  but 
even  these  minute  objects  are  but  an  effect,  and  the  poison  germ  lies  be- 
hind as  the  cause  of  the  depraved  system  which  has  permitted  the  paT- 
asite  to  find  a  home.  There  is  one  disease  known  as  kidney- worm,  of 
which  I  have  heard  almost  every  farmer  speak,  but  I  have  not  seen  a 
specimen  of  the  parasites,  although  I  have  dissected  a  number  of  hogs 
which  farmers  claimed  were  suffering  with  this  affection.  I  invariably 
found  inflammation  of  kidneys,  but  no  worm  visible  to  the  naked  eye. 

There  seems  to  be  a  general  belief  among  farmers  that  rings  are  a 
strong  predisposing  cause  of  disease,  and,  instead  of  meeting  the  oppo- 
sition to  this  theory  wliich  I  expected,  I  find  that  careful  observers  are 
willing  to  admit  the  truth  of  the  statement,  and  either  abandon  the 
rings  or  furnish  the  food  which  is  cut  off  by  their  use.  In  Jasper  county, 
which  has  a  rolling,  clay  soil,  and  the  hogs  generally  have  extensive 
ranges,  I  particularly  noticed  the  fact  that,  in  a  ride  of  fifteen  miles 
through  a  thickly-settled  country,  the  droves  in  which  rings  were  used 
were  invariably  sick,  and  in  those  in  which  they  were  not  used  there  were 
no  sick  animals.  In  one  drove  only  the  brood-sows  were- rung,  and  these 
alone  were  attacked  at  the  time  of  my  visit.  Although  this  is  but  one 
isolated  county,  yet  it  furnishes  food  for  reflection.  I  do  not  claim  tha;t 
clover  does  not  contain  potash  and  soda  (sodium)  in  a  neutral  foim. 
The  claim  I  set  forth  is  that  this  food  has  an  acid  reaction  in  a  green 
state;  that  it  contains  an  excess  of  vegetable  acid;  and  that  confine- 
ment to  tliis  diet  will  induce  flatulency  and  dyspepsia  in  any  omnivor- 
ous animal.  It  is  the  natural  food  of  horses,  cattle,  sheep,  deer,  and 
buffaloes,  but  not  of  swine ;  and  the  anatomy  of  the  hog  proves  the 
statement.  IMy  claim  is  that  no  omnivorous  animal  can  remain  in  health 
on  an  exclusive  diet  of  green  clover.  I  ai^pend  the  following  notes  from 
my  daily  journal:  John  Mmick,  near  Washington,  Iowa,  had  a  breed 
of  Chester  Whites,  mixed  with  Berkshire.  Pens,  filthy;  range,  timber, 
with  clay  soil  and  grass;  food,  soaked  oats  after  they  had  been  taken 
sick;  good  water.    Had  ninety-four  head ;  sixty-seven  died  and  seven 


DISEASES    OP    SWINE    AND    OTHEE    ANIMALS.  155 

recovered ;  seven  now  sick.  Symptoms :  diarrliea,  prostration  of  strength, 
tympanitis.  Dissection  of  one  hog  one  year  old  showed  great  emacia- 
tion, tympanitis,  little  change  in  liver,  Inngs,  spleen,  and  kidneys. 
Bovrels  were  expanded  with  gas,  and  there  were  a  number  of  nlcers  sit- 
uated at  seat  of  solitary  glands.  The  disease  was  typhoid  fever.  Ko 
treatment  was  attempted,  as  the  man  refused  to  follow  instnictions ;  but 
the  slowness  of  i)rogress  under  the  rather  unfavorable  circumstances 
showed  the  slight  contagion  there  is  in  typhoid,  as  merely  turning  the 
drove  out  on  aVafferent  pasture  had  alone  checked  the  rapid  progress 
of  the  disease,  although  sick  and  well  remained  together. 

John  Y.  Anderson,  WasMngton,  Iowa.  Poland-China  herd ;  on  grass 
and  away  from  straw  or  manure  when  attacked.  Soil,  black  loam ;  wa- 
ter, open  ditch  j  intense  heat,  99°  F.,  at  time  of  attack  in  July ;  disease 
in  near  vicinity,  and  had  been  in  this  herd  three  weeks.  The  owner  had 
lost  seventeen  hogs,  fifty-eight  shoats  and  pigs,  and  had  remaining 
thirty-eight  hogs  and  three  pigs.  The  disease  had  spread  gradually,  and 
was  killing  two  or  three  per  day.  The  symptoms  were  the  same  as  in 
last  drove — pale,  large,  and  flabby  tongue ;  diarrhea ;  tympanitis.  All 
sick.  I  ordered  milk  and  lime-water,  and  ground  cooked  feed  made  into 
slop,  and  limited  quantities  of  soda  bicarbonate  and  hyiiosulphite  (each 
five  pounds),  sulphite  iron  (one  pound),  given  at  the  rate  of  one  pound 
to  drove  of  thirty-eight  hogs  twice  a  day.  Mr.  Anderson  reported  that 
all  the  sick  animals  recovered  except  three  pigs,  two  of  which  were  sac- 
rificed in  tlie  cause  of  S/cience.  This  man  did  not  allow  in-breeding ;  no 
scrofulous  taint  was  detected  in  dissection ;  he  did,  however,  use  rings, 
which  I  consider  were  the  ])redisposing  cause  of  the  disease  in  this  herd. 

W.  J.  Hamilton,  Washington,  Iowa.  Breed,  Poland-China;  feed, 
growing  rye  and  dry  whole  cOrn,  with  slough  water  for  drinking.  Pens 
clean,  largo  range,  but  soil  black  loam,  and  rings  used  in  nose.  The 
disease  had  continued  ten  days,  during  which  time  ten  had  died  and 
thirty-five  had  been  attacked.  '  Dissection  of  a.  few  of  the  sick  showed 
tubercular  disease,  and  the  gentleman  stated  that  he  had  been  in-breed- 
ing for  some  time.  The  same  treatment  was  adopted  as  in  the  last  case, 
but  rei^ort  showed  no  beneficial  results  when  used  with  sick  hogs,  or  in 
preventing  the  spread  of  disease. 

Amana"  Colony,  Homestead,  Iowa  county,  Iowa.  Breed,  Poland- 
China;  pens  in  poor  6rder ;  feed,  corn  and  slop.  No  disease  had  been 
known  in  the  colony  for  twelve  years.  In  July  the  agent  purchased  in 
Iowa  City  five  boar  pigs,  and  they  were  hauled  to  depot  and  forwarded 
on  cars  to  Homestead  when  it  was  intensely  warm.  On  arrival  one  of 
the  pigs  refuseil  to  eat,  and  was  put  in  a  small  pen  in  breeding-house, 
where  it  died  a  few  days  afterward.  On  the  fourteeutli  day  tlie  hogs  in 
pens  on  each  side  of  the  one  occupied  by  infected  liog  were  taken  sick 
and  died,  and  the  disease  gradually  extended  until  over  two  hundred 
had  died.  Two  of  the  five  boars  were  sent  to  the  North  Amana  Colony, 
and  in  five  days  refused  food,  sickened,  and  died;  and  in  nineteen,  days 
from  their  arm-al  the  pigs  in  pens  on  eacli  side  of  the  one  containing 
sick  boars  were  taken  sick  and  over  five  hundred  died  in  a  few  months. 
In  each  of  these  cases  the  disease  appeared  lirst  only  in  the  pens  imme- 
diately adjoining  the  infected  pen,  and  afterwards  spread  to  the  other 
pens. '  The  other  boars  were  carried  to  the  other  colonies  of  the  society, 
remained  well,  and  no  disease  appeared  in  any  of  the  seven  settlements 
except  the  two  mentioned.  I  visited  tlie  man  IVojn  whom  the  boars  were 
purchased,  but  could  elicit  but  ver\"little  information.  He  stated  that 
his  ^^  hogs  had  coiigh,  as  all  hogs  had,  and  that  lie  had  lost  about  thirtj'- 
five  head  by  the  intense  heat,  they  being  very  fiit,  but  that  no  disease 


156  DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER    ANIMALS. 

liad  appeared  in  liis  drove ;  and,  further,  that  he  lost  no  hogs  for  some 
weelvs  after  selling  those  to  the  colony.*'  It  may  have  been  that  these 
hog's  had  the  poison  germ  in  their  system  before  starting  from  home,  and 
might  have  succeeded  in  throwing  off  the  poison  if  they  had  been  re- 
tained at  home  5  but  worry,  fatigue,  and  confinement  during  excessively 
hot  weather,  in  a  close  box  in  a  tight  car,  was  enough  of  itself  to  reduce 
the  animal  vitality  to  a  low  ebb,  and  give  the  most  favorable  encourage- 
ment for  the  disease. 
Respectfully  submitted. 


Iowa  City,  Iowa,  Decem'ber  3, 1878. 


ALBERT  DUNLAP,  M.  D. 


REPORT  OP  REUBEN  P.  DYER,  M.  D. 

Hon.  William  G.  Le  Due, 

Commissioner  of  Agriculture : 

Sir:  Having  been  appointed  by  you  to  investigate  the  diseases  of 
swine  in  this  locality,  I  entered  upon  that  duty  August  1st,  which  duty 
was  to  extend  over  a  period  of  two  months.  Having  performed  that 
duty  to  the  best  of  my  ability,  I  now  proceed  to  make  a  detailed  report 
of  my  Investigations. 

Having  carefully  noted  the  origin  and  spread  of  the  epidemic  among 
swine  in  this  county,  which  first  made  its  appearance  on  the  farm  of 
Mr.  WiUiam  O'Mera  in  May,  1877,  the  report  I  am  now  to  make  wiU 
commence  at  the  time  when,  from  that  starting  point,  the  disease  has 
become  quite  universal  in  this  locality. 

In  order  to  thoroughly  understand  the  cause  of  the  disease,  I  will 
commence  at  Mr.  O'Mera's  farm.  He  is  situated  on  the  bottom-lands  of 
the  Illinois  River,  close  to  the  bluff,  which  rises  some  60  or  70  feet.  His 
hog-yard,  which  comprises  about  one  acre,  is  close  to  the  Chicago,  Rock 
Island  and  Pacific  Railroad,  so  that  his  herd  was  exposed  to  any  conta- 
gion that  might  be  transmitted  by  moving  stock-trains.  An  instance  of 
this  land  occiu-red  in  the  case  of  Mr.  A.  Holderman's  herd,  which  was 
attacked  about  one  month  ago.  There  was  no  diseased  herd  within  sev- 
eral miles  of  his  place,  but  the  same  railroad  passes  through  his  farm. 

The  same  condition  is  seen  again  in  this  town  near  the  stock-yards  of  this 
railroad.  Pigs  confined  in  pens  near  the  stock-yards  have  been  infected 
in  the  same  manner.  Also  on  the  Chicago,  Burlington  and  Quincy  Rail- 
road, where  the  railroad  crosses  the  Hlinois  and  Michigan  Canal,  a  Mr. 
Loudergrau  had  some  pigs  confined  in  a  pen  close  to  the  railroad.  The 
trains  stopped  directly  opposite  his  pen  to  take  in  water,  and  his  pigs 
became  diseased.  As  it  is  a  well-known  fact  that  these  roads  have  been 
shipping  diseased  hogs,  it  appears  quite  evident  that  these  points  be- 
came infected  l>y  disease  transmitted  by  the  railroads,  and  also  by  wag- 
ons transporting  hogs  to  market. 

Owners  of  hogs,  as  soon  as  the  disease  attack  their  herds,  and  some- 
times before,  sell  all  fat  animals,  haiding  them  to  market  in  wagons. 
All  along  the  road  thus  traveled  herds  will  take  the  disease,  and  it  is 
jn-obable  that  the  herd  so  attacked  is  infected  by  hogs  thus  transported. 
This  is  evidenced  in  the  manner  in  which  it  is  distributed,  as  one  herd 
will  take  it,  and  then  it  may  pass  two  or  three  farms  before  another  one 
is  infected,  and  this  peculiarity  of  attack  is  oidy  observed  on  roads  over 
which  tUseased  as  well  as  dead  hogs  are  hauled.    When  not  carried  in 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE   AND   OTHER   ANIMALS.  157 

thi8  or  yoiue  similar  manner,  but  left  to  its  own  natural  course,  as  a  rule 
it  moves  steadily  along,  taking  in  each  I'arm  in  tiu-n.  There  are  but  few 
exceptions  to  this  mle. 

In  the  northern  part  of  this  county  it  is  particularly  observed  on  roads 
over  which  dead  hogs  have  been  ti'ansported  that  hundreds  of  animals 
are  suffering  all  along  the  line  of  these  roads  with  the  same  peculiarity 
of  attack  as  is  witnessed  by  the  live  diseased  hogs  passing.  In  \-iew  of 
these  facts,  it  is  fail*  to  presume  that  Mr.  O'Mera's  herd  contracted  the 
disease  from  the  stock-trains  on  the  Chicago,  Eock  Island  and  Pacific 
Railroad.  From  this  herd  it  began  to  spread  to  the  adjoining  farms, 
going  up  the  bluffs  to  herds  on  farms  situated  along  the  bluff. 

In  June,  1877,  it  struck  Mr.  A.  Strawn's  herd,  and  he  lost  very  heavily. 
West  of  Mr.  Stiawn's  it  attacked  Mrs.  Hardy's  herd,  and  she  lost  nearly 
all.  The  next  farm  west,  which  was  only  separated  by  a  common  board 
fence,  on  each  side  of  which  hogs  were  confined,  it  did  not  attack,  and 
the  owner  attributed  his  immunity  to  adding  sulphur  to  the  swill  fed  his 
hogs ;  but  it  went  east,  taking  several  farms,  and  was  only  arrested  for 
want  of  material  to  prey  upon. 

From  Mr.  O'Mera's  it  crossed  the  Illuiois  and  I\Iichigan  Canal,  and 
extended  east  and  west  up  and  down  the  Illinois  Eiver. 

Mr.  J.  Delbridge  had  a  herd  of  young  hogs,  which  ho  sold  late  in  the 
fall  at  an  auction  sale.  At  the  time  of  sale  it  was  not  supposed  that  his 
herd  was  affected,  but  the  heard  adjoining  his  had  been  dying  for  some 
time.  The  sale  was  made,  and  different  parties  pui'chased  the  pigs,  took 
them  home,  and  placed  them  with  their  own  hogs.  In  a  few  days  after 
it  was  noticed  that  these  pigs  were  diseased,  and  every  herd  in  which 
they  were  placed,  without  a  single  exception,  was  attacked  by  the  dis^ 
ease  in  question.  In  the  herds  thus  contammated  the  disease  lingered 
until  the  spring,  but  it  did  not  spread  much  until  warm  weather,  and 
since  the  growth  of  vegetation  became  rank  it  has  spread  all  over  the 
southern  ])art  of  the  county,  destroying  not  less  than  $50,000  to  $70,000 
worth  of  hogs  up  to  this  time,  and  it  is  still  ragiug.  One  great  source 
of  spreading  the  disease  is  observed  by  the  small  pigs  wandering  to  the 
herds  of  adjoiuing  farms,  and  thus  importing  the  malady.  Farmers 
usually  confine  their  hogs  in  lots  only  sufiiciently  fenced  to  keep  in  the 
large  ones,  hence  the  small  pigs  readily  escape  and  gain  access  to  other 
herds.  Many  farmers  tell  mo  that  when  their  herds  are  sick  they  do  not 
know  what  becomes  of  the  small  pigs,  as  they  all  disappear  and  seldom 
return.  Wlien  asked  if  they  know  how  theii-  herd  contracted  the  dis- 
ease, they  very  frequently  answer,  "Well,  one  morning  I  noticed  a 
strange  pig  in  my  herd  which  was  sick,  and  in  about  ten  days  or  tAvo 
weeks  mine  began  to  die."  Another  instance  proving  thai!  the  disease 
is  transmitted  by  those  infected  occurred  only  a  few  days  ago.  Mr. 
Dunlavy,  who  lives  north  of  the  Illinois  Eiver,  in  Ottawa  township, 
l)urchase(l  five  pigs  from  a  Mr.  Poundstone,  who  lives  in  the  infected 
district  south  of  the  river.  Soon  after  JMr.  Dunlavy  placed  those  jiigs 
in  his  herd  he  noticed  they  were  sick.  Two  of  them  soon  died,  and  this 
morning  he  tells  me  he  has  lost  seventy  of  the  remainder  of  his  herd 
and  all  his  sjiiall  pigs;  also  lost  eleven  of  his  fat  hogs.  He  had  one 
liundred  and  ten  head,  all  told.  Mr.  Poundstone  tells  me  he  has  lost 
his  own  since  selling  those  to  j\[r.  Dunlavy. 

The  same  rule  holds  true  by  i)lacing  well  ])igs  in  a  diseased  herd.  In 
March  last  three  well  ])igs  were  placed  in  a  (liseased  herd,  and  in  a-  short 
time  they  v.ere  taken  sick.  This  shows  that  the  disease  retained  sulfi- 
(;ient  vitality  tlnough  the  winter  to  iiii])art  itself  in  the  spring.  I  care- 
fully examined  three  of  these  cases,  and  found  the  disease  a  typical  case. 


158  DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER    ANIMALS. 

Only  one  of  them  liad  then  died.  I  might  go  on  and  illustrato  by  a  good 
manj^  examples  to  prove  the  contagiousness  of  the  so-called  hog-cholera. 

The  mycotic  theory,  which  is  now  so  popular  among  scientific  men,  and 
which  ascribes  the  disease  to  parasites  of  the  lowest  form  and  smallest 
size,  would  seemingly  offer  the  only  explanation  for  this  disease.  It  can- 
not be  a  toxic  poison,  as  no  one  has  ever  been  able  to  demonstrate  an 
organized  ])oison  as  a  cause  of  any  contagious  disease.  The  lowest  forms 
of  organisms  live  in  the  air  and  in  water  as  well  as  when  attached  to  solid 
bodies.  A  specific  germ,  a  favorable  medium  of  develoi^ment,  and  con- 
tact with  the  animal  to  be  infected  are  fundamental  conditions  for  the 
development  of  the  disease  and  its  diffusion ;  and  every  purturbation, 
every  solution  of  continuitj^  in  the  chain  of  these  factors  of  developinent 
may  prevent  Or  lessen  its  destructive  action. 

From  numerous  observations  I  am  convinced  that  the  moving  of  dead 
animals  does  not  import  the  disease  as  readily  as  do  the  live  ones.  I  am 
led  to  beUeve  that  putrefaction  diminishes  the  capacity  for  infection,  and 
that  the  bacteria  of  decomposition  is  destructive  to  the  germs  of  the  dis- 
ease. It  is  a  well-known  fact  that  one  low  form  of  organism  is  destruc- 
tive to  another  low  form.  Climatic  influences  have  but  little  control.  I 
think  that  warm  weather  acts  more  favorably  to  the  formation  of  the 
infecting  germ.  Along  belts  of  timber  it  readily  spreads ;  it  also  ex- 
tends out  on  the  prairie  where  the  growth  of  vegetation  is  luxiulant. 
Contact  of  diseased  with  well  animals  imports  it  under  all  circumstances, 
climate  having  no  influence  to  prevent  its  spread.  As  to  diet  and  care, 
it  matters  not  how  well  or  how  poorly  fed,  or  how  cleanly  kept,  if  sucb 
well-fed  hogs  come  in  contact  with  the  disease,  they  are  as  sure  to  con- 
tract it  as  those  that  have  no  care.  Where  not  caused  by  other  means, 
the  prevailing  wind  gives  the  direction  or  march  of  the  disease.  The 
greatest  distance  that  it  has  'peon  carried  by  the  wind,  iu  any  well-au- 
thenticated case  that  has  come  under  my  observation,  is  two  miles.  As 
a  rtile,  a  greater  or  less  niunber  of  animals  in  every  herd  will  escape  the 
disease,  or  have  it  so  lightly  as  not  to  interfere  with  their  doing  well. 

It  appears  that  quantity  as  well  as  quality  of  the  germ,  and  aptitude 
of  the  unimal  to  receive  it,  are  the  conditions  which  influence  contagion. 
Some  animals  possess  an  absolute  power  of  resistance.  Trousseau  says 
that  "there  are  individuals  Y*'ho  pass  unharmed  through  every  kind  of 
an  epidemic,  be  it  influenza  or  cholera,  scarlet  fever  or  measles,  small- 
pox or  typhoid  fever.  There  are  indi\i.duals  whom  it  is  impossible  to 
affect  with  the  vacciae  virus ;  inoculate  them  twenty  times,  and  j'ou  will 
obtain  no  result.  If  I  may  use  the  expression,  'the  soil  is  barren,'  a.nd 
in  it  the  seed  cannot  germinate.  There  are  others  again  in  whom  the 
l)Ower  of  resistance  is  oiHy  temporary.  It  is  in  general  difficult  to  find 
out  the  condition  upon  which  this  power  of  resistance  depends.  It  is 
known  that  the  ability  to  resist  contagion  varies  -with  the  age  of  the  in- 
dividual. There  is  less  power  of  resistance  in  the  youth  than  in  the  old 
man.  One  attack  of  a  contagious  disease  generally  confers  complete 
immunity  from  any  subsequent  contamination.  Occasionally  it  may  be 
repeated,  but  these  exceptional  cases  do  not  at  all  invalidate  the  general 
rule." 

The  same  writer  still  further  says :  "  It  would  appear  that  virus  or 
morbific  matter,  iq)on  its  entering  the  economy  ibr  the  first  time,  puts  in 
motion  all  therein  that  is  fermentable,  and  so  thoroughly  destroys  it 
that  the  leaven — the  contagion — when  introduced  again,  finds  nothing 
whereupon  to  exert  its  action." 

Wilson  says :  "That  in  every  epidemic  there  is  always  a  great  variety 
in  the  gravity  of  the  disease,  some  cases  being  very  serious,  others  very 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER    ANIMALS.  1^9 

slight,  without  any  apparent  cause  for  such  dilierence.  Sometimes  an 
epidemic  begins  with  moderation  and  closes  with  severity,  and  vice  versa. -^ 

Trousseau  holds :  "That  every  contageous  disease  must  have  a  spon- 
taneous development,  as  contagion  necessarily  implies  the  presence  of 
two  individuals,  one  the  giver,  the  other  the  receiver,  of  the  morbiiio 
germ."  This  remark  he  follows  by  another  which  modifies  it :  "  While 
there  is  every  reason  to  beheve,"  he  says,  '^  that  at  present  there  are 
some  diseases,  such  as  syphilis,  small-pox,  and  measles,  that  are  always 
reproduced  by  contagion,  there  are  other  maladies  which  we  see  arise 
spontaneously." 

I  believe  it  is  now  generally  conceded  that  all  diseases  that  pass 
through  a  regular  period  of  incubation  are  contagious  or  infectious,  and 
that  they  depend  upon  a  morbific  germ  for  their  development.  In  sev- 
eral of  the  contagious  diseases  the  morbific  germ  has  been  discovered 
by  the  microscope,  and  in  all  i)robabihty  the  morbific  germ  in  all  conta- 
gious diseases  wiU  yet  be  discovered,  as  has  already  been  the  case  in 
the  measles,  small-pox,  whooping-cough,  scarlatina,  typhus  and  typhoid 
fevers. 

Lubermeister,  iu  his  uitroductory  remarks  on  acute  infectious  diseases, 
says  "  that  a  peculiarity  of  infectious  diseases,  which  they  have  in  com- 
mon with  the  poisons  proper,  or  intoxications,  but  by  which  they  also 
differ  iu  the  most  marked  manner  from  all  other  diseases  in  their  spe- 
cificness,  which  shows  itself  in  the  fact  that  always  and  under  all  cir- 
cumstances a  given  kind  of  disease  is  solely  due  to  a  given  kind  of 
morbid  agent  or  cause.  There  is  no  such  constancy  between  cause  and 
manifestations  in  other  diseases.  Exposure  to  different  degrees  of  cold 
will  produce  diHerent  affections.  *  *  *  (jn  the  oth^er  hand,  vaccina- 
tion with  the  vu'us  of  variola  only  produces  variola,  if  a-ny  disease  at 
all  is  produced  by  it ;  vaccination  with  the  vaccine  matter  only  produces 
vaccinia ;  the  infection  from  a  ijaticut  with  measles  only  produces  mea- 
sles, and  never  anything  else,  and  vice  versa.  Whoever,  therefore,  is 
affected  with  small-pox,  measles,  syphilis,  »&c.,  is  certaiu  that  he  has 
taken  the  disease  by  becoming  infected  with  small-pox,  measles,  syph- 
ilis, &c.,  and  of  no  other  disease.  In  infectious  diseases  the  predis- 
posing cause,  which  in  most  other  diseases  plays  a  more  important  part 
than  the  exciting  cause,  is  to  be  considered  onbf  in  so  far  as  it  may  de- 
termine the  severity  of  the  disease.  The  kind  of  disease  is  entu'ely  in- 
dependent of  it.  Various  physiological  conditions  may  induce  other 
pre-existing  affections,  and  are  intiuential  in  so  far  as  they  may  increase 
or  diminish  the  susceptibility,  but  the  kind  of  disease  will  not  be  de- 
termiued  by  it. 

"Through  the  longest  series  of  generations  diseases  preserve  their  spe- 
cific character  ^\  ith  the  utmost  persistenc;\',  and  if  at  times  some  of  these 
characteristics  ai-e  not  brought  into  complete  matimty,  owing  to  an  un- 
favorable field  for  their  development,  they  assume  them  again  as  soon 
as  they  are  planted  in  favorable  soil.  The  weather,  the  period  of  the 
year,  the  climate,  the  conditions  of  the  soil,  <S:c.,  conduce  to,  or  prevent 
the  spread  of,  an  infectious  disease,  1)ut  they  never  change  the  nature 
of  the  disease.  The  kind  of  diet  and  all  other  idiysio-chemical  infiueuces 
act  indifferently  with  regard  to  the  nature  of  the  allc'Ctioii,  and  one  in- 
fectious disease  is  never  changed  into  another.  The  doctrine  of  si)ecilic- 
ness  woidd  arise,  as  a  necessary  conse<][uence,  from  the  hypothesis  of  a 
contagion  vivum,  even  if  it  were  not  already  proved  by  the  facts.  From 
the  specificness  of  infectious  diseases  we  naturally  conclude  that  they 
never  arise  spontaneously,  but  are  dependent  upon  a  transmission  ox 
continued  i^ropagation  of  the  diseased  person." 


160 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER   ANIMALS. 


^^^leu  a  hog;  is  attacked  by  the  disease  in  question,  tbe  first  thing  that 
is  usually  noticed  by  the  o^vner  will  be  that  it  has  refused  its  food  ;  it 
walks  sloTVly  along  with  its  nose  to  the  ground.  The  attack  may  or  may 
not  be  preceded  by  a  cough,  but  a  cough  is  usually  noticed  in  starting 
the  animal  from  its  resting  place.     It  is  inclined  to  hide  itself  in  its  bed- 


din  ff. 


Sometimes  a  distinct  chill  will  be  noticed,  the  animal  shivering 


or  shaking  like  one  ^^ith  ague.  There  may  be  bleeding  at  the  nose,  also 
bloody  urine.  The  boAvels  may  be  loose  or  costive.  Usually  in  small 
pigs  a  diarrhea  will  be  observed,  sometimes  quite  severe  and  producing 
pains.  Vomiting  is  often  present,  and  many  cases,  especially  among  old 
hogs,  where  this  is  the  case,  they  recover,  while  others  in  the  same  herd 
that  do  not  vomit  or  have  diarrhea  die.  In  many  herds  quite  a  per- 
centage of  all  that  have  an  active  diarrhea  recover,  while  in  other  herds 
that  are  not  thus  aiiected,  nearly  all  die.  A  swelling  of  the  face,  ears, 
watering  of  the  eyes,  increased  saliva,  and  also  increased  discharge  fi'om 
the  nose,  are  all  symptoms  of  the  disease.  The  genitals  in  sows  will  be 
frequently  swollen ;  an  eruption  over  .the  entire  body  5  in  some  cases 
quite  red,  in  others  dark  discolored  spots  appear.  Some  limp  off  as  if 
lame  in  all  the  feet ;  others  only  in  one  foot.  Some  are  attacked  by 
convulsions.  The  fever  inins  high  for  four  or  five  days,  if  the  animal  is 
not  sooner  destroyed.  In  fact,  all  the  tissues  of  the  animal  suffer  more 
or  less  as  though,  the  poison  affects  all.  The  mouth  and  throat  often 
have  a  dii^htheritic  ax)X)earance,  and  bronchitis  and  inflammation  of  the 
lungs  supervene  with  i^leiirisy.  On  post-mortem  examination  during  the 
period  of  incubation  you  will  notice  the  capillaries  of  the  lungs  akeady 
inflamed  and  bursting.  Later,  a  circumscribed  interlobular  iaflammation ; 
still  later,  gangrene  of  the  lungs.  The  liver  may  be  inflamed,  also  the 
mucous  membrane  of  the  stomach  and  intestines.  The  kidneys  some- 
times present  traces  of  inflammation ;  in  some  the  peritoneum  with  slight 
eflusion  into  the  abdomiaal  cavity.  The  temperature  during  the  fever 
often  runs  very  high,  from  107°  to  108°  F.,  but  some  time  before  death 
it  decreases.  The  same  or  nearly  the  same  temperature  will  be  observed 
morning  and  evening.  There  are  exceptional  cases  that  have  come  under 
my  observation. 

Among  the  aftections  of  the  nervous  system  is  an  inflammation  of  the 
meninges  with  rigidity  of  limbs,  spinal  meningitis,  muscular  paralysis, 
and  convulsions  Avith  eclampsia. 

Among  inflammations  may  be  mentioned  that  of  the  pericardium,  gan- 
grene of  the  lungs,  interlobular  inflammation  of  lungs,  abscess  of  lungs, 
peritonitis  and  inflammation  of  mucous  membrane  of  the  stomach  and  in- 
testines, liver,  and  spleen.  The  inflammation  of  the  stomach  and  intes- 
tines is  of  a  catarrhal  charactei',  sometimes  moderate  and  sometimes 
scA'ere ;  diarrhea  with  intense  pain ;  bleeding  from  the  kidneys ;  abor- 
tions by  sows  with  ])ig ;  also  abscesses  in  subcutaneous  tissue.  A  hem- 
orrhagic condition  manifests  itself  by  bleeding  about  the  ears ;  inflamma- 
tion of  ])leura  with  adhesions  of  a  fibrinous  character,  but  no  eflusion  into 
the  pleural  cavity. 

Aggregating  a  large  nuuiber  of  cases  in  the  same  herd,  you  Avill  find 
all  the  tissues  diseased,  but  more  jiarticularly  the  lung  tissues  and  the 
mucous  ]uembrane  of  the  intestines. 

1  saw  one,  case  that  had  survived  the  acute  attack  that  in  two  months 
terminated  by  tuberculosis  and  ascite;  gangrene  of  tissues  in  hams  and 
about  tiui  face;  inflammation  of  fetlock  or  ankle  joints,  involving  liga- 
ment and  bone.  In  observing  a  diseased  herd  of  several  hundred  head, 
you  are  impressed  with  the  fact  that  the  infectious  poison  invades  all 
the  tissues  to  a  greater  or  less  extent.    In  one  hog  it  will  be  noticed 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER    ANIMALS.  161 

thiit  the  biaiu  or  .spinal  cord  is  the  poiut  most  severely  uttacktid ;  in  an- 
other, the  muscular  and  ligamentous  tissues  sulier ;  another,  the  bowels 
receive  the  attack,  hut  all  ending'  ahke,  with  a  destruction  of  lung  tis- 
sue. The  whole  course  of  the  attack  very  much  resembles  the  eft'ect  pro- 
duced by  an  epidemic  of  measles,  and  quite  similar  to  tj^phus  fever  in 
man. 

The  first  herd  that  I  visited  after  receiving  my  appointment  was  Mr. 
J.  Follet's,  of  Deer  Park.  Mr.  Follet  had  a  herd  of  six  hundred  head, 
largo  and  small.  They  had  been  dying  for  three  weeks.  He  had  been 
giving  kerosene  and  lune  in  their  drudcing- water.  The  herd  was  a 
mixed  breed  of  Berkshires,  Poland-Chinas,  and  Chester  Whites.  Two 
years  ago  he  lost  nearly  his  whole  herd.  His  pasture  was  woodland 
j)rairie,  traversed  by  ravines,  so  that  every  rain  washed  the  ground,  es- 
pecially his  feeding-ground.  The  water  to  drink  was  from  a  spring, 
pumiced  into  a  trough  by  a  AN'indmill,  and  the  trough  was  so  constructed 
that  they  could  not  get  their  feet  into  the  water.  This  herd  was  well 
sheltered  from  storms  and  sun,  and  theu'  sleeping  places  were  scatter- 
ing out-buildings,  so  that  there  was  no  crowding  together. 

I  advised  him  to  continue  lime  in  wat-sr,  and  to  disinfect  thoroughly 
with  carbohc  acid  and  chloride  of  hme,  and  to  give  sulphur,  soda,  bi- 
carbonate, and  salt,  which  he  did ;  also  turpentine  in  swill.  The  ani- 
mals soon  ceased  to  die,  and  he  saved  nearly  all  of  his  older  hogs  which 
he  had  wintered  over  and  a  few  of  this  year's  pigs.  One  hog,  whenever 
it  found  a  dead  pig,  would  at  once  eat  into  its  entrails  and  devour  the 
whole  internal  viscera.    This  hog  thrived  finely. 

Joseph  Watts,  who  had  a  large  herd,  lost  a  great  many  hogs.  They 
had  been  dying  for  about  the  same  length  of  time.  I  advised  the  same 
course  as  with  Mr.  FoUet's,  but  I  cannot  say  that  any  very  satisfactory 
results  followed.  His  herd  nearly  all  died,  and  out  of  one  hundred  and 
fifty  head  he*  saved  only  thirty. 

Mr.  Henry  Green's  herd  had,  since  May,  been  running  on  a  timothy 
and  clover  pasture,  through  Avhich  ran  a  creek.  They  had  no  corn. 
His  year-old  hogs  began  to  die  first,  then  the  breeding  sows,  and  lastly 
the  pigs.  He  disinfected  very  thoroughly  with  carbolic  acid,  chloride 
of  lime,  and  lime.  As  he  had  a  very  choice  lot  of  Poland-China  hogs,  he 
was  very  anxious  to  save  them.  He  sold  what  pigs  woidd  do  to  go  to 
market,  but  with  all  his  care  by  changing  lots,  turning  into  his  corn- 
fields, &c.,  he  saved  only  four  or  five  head. 

In  this  herd  I  separated  a  few  sick  ones  and  placed  them  by  themselves 
and  gave  fluid  extract  aconite  to  control  the  fever ;  but  the  results  Avere  un- 
favorable, as  those  thus  treated  finally  died.  A  few  others  1  gave  a  x)hysic 
of  mandrake  with  like  results,  losing  all  or  nearly  all  the  small  ]iigs.  1 
will  here  remark  that  but  few  of  the  farmers  that  have  large  herds  know 
anywhere  near  how  many  small  pigs  they  have,  as  they  only  count  the 
larger  hogs.     IMr.  Watts  thinks  lie  has  lost  a  hundred  small  ])igs. 

Mr.  Eockwood's  herd  is  confined  on  an  adjoining  farm  to  Mr.  Green. 
He  also  had  a  very  choice  herd  of  I\)lan<l  (Uiina  hogs,  immbering  one 
hundred  and  sixty-five,  ninety  large  ones,  seventy-five  spring  pigs.  He 
sold  twenty-two  large  ones  after  liis  lierd  was  taken  sick,  lost  thirty 
large  animals,  and  has  only  five  or  six  small  ])igs  and  tliirty-eight  large 
ones  left.  He  used  soda,  turpentine,  suli)hiu',  and  kerosene  after  the 
herd  Avas  taken  sick.  Fumigated  onrx',  Avith  sulphur,  and  regrets  he  did 
not  repeat  this  i^rocess,  as,  he  says,  "after  doing  that  they  appeared  so 
much  more  lively."  I  made  several  post-mortem  examinations  in  aU  these 
herds  with  like  results. 

Talman  and  Ed.  Libby's  licnls  were  in  a  woodland  i)astni'e.  with 
II   s\v 


162  DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER   ANIMALS. 

plenty  of  good  water.  Previous  to  turning  out  to  pasture  tbis  spring  lie 
fed  salt,  sulpliur,  and  wood-aslies  combined.  As  soon  as  he  discovered 
the  herd  was  sick  he  took  them  from  the  woodland  pasture  and  divided 
up  the  herd,  placing  some  in  a  yard  and  some  in  an  orchard,  and  others 
in  an  open  field  with  straw  stacks  in  it,  and  upon  my  advice  gave  salt, 
sulphur,  soda,  and  turpentine,  disinfecting  with  carbolic  acid. 

On  the  Gth  of  October  I  visited  his  herd  and  found  he  had  only  lost  a 
few  of  his  hogs,  and  these  were  mostly  small  pigs.  He  said  he  "never 
had  hogs  do  any  better  than  they  are  now  doing."  He  continues  the 
sul])hur  treatment. 

Michael  Eyan's  herd  consisted  of  only  six  shoats,  which  he  had  win- 
tered. They  were  running  in  a  pasture  of  timothy  and  clover ;  grass 
tall ;  clear  stream  of  water ;  hedge  fence  for  shelter.  When  I  visited 
the  lot  I  found  them  lying  in  tall  grass,  and  all  sick.  His  farm  adjoins 
that  of  Mr.  Eockwood.    One  half  died.    No  treatment. 

Mrs.  David  Strawn  has  a  large  herd,  which  she  fed  sulphur,  copperas, 
and  salt  up  to  three  months  ago.  She  has  commenced  this  treatment 
again.  This  herd  lost  heavily.  The  surroundings  in  the  way  of  sleeping 
places  were  rather  bad,  being  old  straw  stacks  and  dirty  sheds  -,  but 
they  had  a  good  pasture  with  plenty  of  spring- water  for  drinking".  Mrs. 
Strawn's  hogs  being  in  very  fair  condition,  she  shipped  all  that  were  not 
sick.  She  lost  most  of  her  small  pigs.  Just  in  this  neighborhood  the 
disease  ai3peared  to  be  more  fatal  than  in  any  other  locality  in  this  sec- 
tion. 

John  Craig  Morr's  herd  consisted  of  thirty  large  and  twenty  small 
animals,  and  were  confined  in  Avoodland  pastui^e.  He  lost  three  large 
and  six  small  hogs.    He  gave  sulphur,  copperas,  and  wood-ashes. 

Isaac  Eeed's  herd  was  confined  in  an  orchard  and  open-lot  pasture. 
He  had  five  old  hogs  and  seventeen  young  pigs.  Once  a  week  he  gave 
fine  soft  coal,  wood-ashes,  and  salt,  with  occasionally  a  little  sulphur. 
He  lost  both  large  and  small  animals;  has  only  two  left. 

John  Goss  had  a  herd  of  seventeen  and  lost  twelve ;  the  remainder 
had  the  disease,  but  got  well.  He  bought  seven  more  and  put  them  in 
the  pen  two  months  after,  and  they  did  not  take  the  disease. 

Joseph  Black's  herd  is  situated  just  across  the  road  south  of  Mr. 
Henry  Green's.  Mr.  B.  put  sulphur  and  asafetida  in  his  swill-barrel, 
and  disinfected  with  chloride  of  lime,  and  saved  a  large  niunber  of  his 
pigs  and  nearly  all  the  older  hogs,  while  JMr.  Green  lost  severely,  and 
the  only  difference  in  care  and  situation  consisted  in  Mr.  Black  com- 
mencing treatment  before  his  herd  was  taken  sick.  I  saw  no  reason  why 
Mr.  Black  should  not  have  lost  as  many  as  Green  or  Eockwood  under 
the  same  conditions. 

Mr.  Black's  herd  was  in  a  timber  and  prairie  pasture,  cut  up  by  ravines. 
He  had  seventy-five  head,  and  lost  five  old  and  half  his  young  pigs. 
He  gave  lime,  sulphur,  and  wood-ashes. 

Eichard  Smith,  living  on  the  south  bluff  of  Illinois  Eiver,  had  seven- 
teen hogs,  a  year  old,  and  thirty  3'Oung  pigs.  An  old  animal  and  a 
young  ])ig  were  the  first  to  die.  The  pig  weighed  from  75  to  100  pounds. 
The  old  animal  was  a  sow  with  sucking  pigs.  All  the  i)igs  died,  and 
in  ten  days  more  other  pigs  began  to  die.  After  he  had  lost  Ibur  he  gave 
one  sow  nitrate  i^otash  in  water  and  she  recovered.  I  advised  asafetida, 
sulphur,  and  soda,  with  turpentine,  in  swill.  After  he  commenced  this 
treatment  ho  lost  no  more  hogs.  Mr.  Smith  says,  "Every  time  I  give 
turpentine  I  can  see  that  that  Qpugli  gets  better." 

Mr.  Gentlemen's  herd  was  treated  Avith  a  seciet  i-emedy  by  a  JMi-.  Sut- 
ton.   Mr.  Sutton  claimed  specific  trccltment.    He  also  treated  some  of 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER    ANIMALS.  163 

Mr.  Watts's  and  E.  C.  Lewis's  herd,  but  they  report  no  particular  success. 
Mr.  Dunlavy  also  employed  a  patent-medicine  man  to  treat  some  of  his 
hogs,  but  he  says  "  His  medicine  does  not  amount  to  a  row  of  pins,  if 
the  government  did  give  him  a  patent." 

Mr.  Xeweir.s  herd,  at  Deer  Park,  was  treated  with  bi-snlphite  soda, 
but  without  success.  He  then  changed  to  sulphur  in  swill,  and  there 
was  marked  improvement.  On  October  11th  Mr.  Isewell  reported  that 
this  last  treatment  succeeded  well.  In  all  cases  where  carbolic  acid  has 
been  used  for  disinfecting  purposes,  parties  so  using  it  have  added  some 
to  the  swill  in  trough.  One  litter  of  ])igs  which  I  treated  entirely  with 
carbolic  acid  passed  the  acute  attack,  but  hnally  wasted  away  and  died. 
On  2>ost  mortem  examination  I  could  not  discern  any  innuediate  cause  of 
death. 

Cornelius  Sullivan,  living  in  the  outskirts  of  the  city  of  Ottawa,  had 
three  large  and  six  small  pigs  taken  Avith  the  disease.  At  the  time  I 
saw  the  lot  he  had  lost  two  large  and  one  small  one.  I  gave  him  bro- 
mide ammonium,  but  have  not  yet  heard  how  it  acted  after  the  second 
day  of  administration.  He  said  then  that  he  could  see  no  difference.  I 
gave  the  same  remedy  to  Mr.  Thomas  Toombs  and  a  Mr.  John  Hickey, 
but  have  not  yet  received  any  rei)ort  from  them. 

Mr.  Hunt  tried  a  remedy  administered  by  Dr.  Dunlap,  of  Iowa.  At 
last  accounts  they  were  still  dying,  but  he  says  he  thinks  it  helped  them 
some. 

Many  have  used  tar  as  a  preventive  quite  freely  with  more  or  less 
apparent  advantage.  While  nothing  gives  entire  immunity,  yet  herds 
in  which  this  disinfectant  has  been  used  do  not  suffer  so  severely  as 
others  not  so  treated. 

Abner  Strawn  had  a  very  fine  herd  of  Berkshires.  He  is  largely 
engaged  in  raising  fine  stock,  and  is  fitted  up  with  every  convenience 
for  feeding  and  sheltering  it.  Still  he  lost  very  hea\aly.  The  widow 
Hardy  directly  west  of  him  lost  all  but  one  or  two  of  her  hogs,  but  in  the 
next  herd  west  of  widow  Hardy's,  owned  by  Mr.  Duffy,  which  was  only 
separated  by  a  common  board  fence,  not  one  died.  He  fed  sulphur 
mixed  in  swill.  This  was  in  the  summer  of  1877.  This  year  the  disease 
is  not  in  that  locality,  and  what  few  animals  Mr.  Strawn  had  left  have 
done  well,  and  he  has  raised  some  very  fine  pigs  from  a  sow  and  boar 
that  had  the  disease  last  year.  A  Mr.  Degan  has  also  raised  a  fine  litter 
of  pigs  from  a  sow  and  boar  that  came  very  near  dying  last  year.  I 
have  seen  several  instances  where  those  that  had  passed  through  the 
disease  and  were  used  for  breeding  j^iu-poses  have  done  well.  I  met- 
with  one  case,  that  of  Mr.  Goss,  who  says  that  he  did  not  succeed  in 
raising  pigs  fi'om  parents  that  had  been  affected,  but  the  cause  may  have 
been  in  the  boar,  as  ho  made  no  fiu-ther  test. 

Peter  Doiilavy,  situated  north  of  the  Illinois  River,  imported  five 
sows  and  introduced  them  into  his  herd  the  latter  ])art  of  August.  Ho 
pui'chased  of  a  Mr,  Poundstone,  whose  herd  it  has  since  been  proven  was 
infected  at  the  time,  as  they  subsequently  tlied.  As  Mr.  Donlavy  was 
situated  in  a  neighborhood  where  there  was  no  disease  pending,  I  desired 
to  make  an  effort  to  quarantine  the  disease  and  confine  it  to  his  herd. 
Now,  at  the  present  writing  (October  8th)  it  has  not  spread  to  any  ad- 
joining farms.  His  nearest  neighbor  is  eighty  rods  away.  ]\Ir.  D.  has 
disinfected  thoroughly  and  continuously  with  a  solution  of  crude  car- 
bolic acid,  a  tea-cupful  to  a  pail  of  water,  using  a  sprinkling  pot  to  sprinkle 
his  hogs  and  yards,  sleeping  and  feeding  places. 

If  it  can  be  established  that  the  disease  can  be  quarantined,  then  I 
think  we  have  made  a  move  in  the  only  direction  with  Avhich  I  have  any 


164  DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER   ANIMALS. 

kuowledge  by  whicli  wo  cau  prevent  its  spread,  iiuless  the  government 
■will  do  as  England  did  with  the  cattle  plague,  kill  every  infected  hog 
and  pay  the  owners  a  part  of  the  loss,  and  thus  stamp  it  out.  Certain 
it.  is  that  some  stringent  measure  should  be  used  to  ijrevent  trans- 
porting diseased  animals.  As  long  as  railroads  are  allowed  to  ship, 
or  owners  to  sell,  diseased  animals,  just  so  long  will  we  have  the  disease 
spreading  over  the  country.  The  loss,  starting  fi-om  one  contaminated  spot 
in  this  country  by  transportation  by  rail  of  diseased  hogs,  has  cost  this 
county  this  year  already  not  less  than  seventy-five  to  one  hundred 
thousand  dollars.  Some  place  the  figures  much  higher.  The  loss  is  not 
only  to  the  owners  immediately,  but  in  the  futiu-e.  When  it  shall  become 
universally  known  that  diseased  animals  are  being  continually  slaughtered 
and  packed  for  shipment,  when  Europe  shall  learn  that  we  are  sending 
them  cholera  hog-meat  to  eat,  then  one  of  the  greatest  sources  of  rev- 
enue to  this  country  will  be  seriously  damaged.  It  is  a  notorious  fact 
that  the  stock-yards  in  Chicago  are  full  of  diseased  animals.  Commis- 
sion men  say  that  they  are  selling  that  class  of  hogs  for  slaughter- 
ing and  packing,  and  think  nothing  of  it.  I  know  that  in  the  yards  in 
this  town  hogs  die  from  this  disease,  and  as  well  hogs  are  put  into  the 
yards  preparatory  for  shipment,  they  will,  of  necessity,  contract  the  mal- 
ady. They  are  sent  to  market,  and  about  the  time  they  should  be 
slaughtered  are  taken  sick.  I  know  this  is  not  a  very  jDleasant  pictui-e 
for  those  that  like  a  steak  of  ham  with  eggs,  but  it  is  a  true  one,  and 
when  Congress  can  only  appropriate  the  paltry  sum  of  ten  thousand  dol- 
lars to  aid  in  trying  to  stop  this  annual  loss  of  twenty  or  thirty  miUions 
of  dollars'  worth  of  property,  I  want  every  Congressman  to  just  reflect 
that  almost  everything  he  eats  has  a  little  lard  in  it,  and  that  every  time 
he  calls  for  ham  he  may  be  eating  a  piece  of  cholera  hog.  I  do  not  feel 
competent  to  present  this  subject  in  the  light  it  ought  and  deserves  to 
be  presented.  If  we  wish  to  preserve  this  industry  the  matter  must  be 
grappled  with  vigorously  and  with  no  stinted  hand,  and  prosecuted 
until  the  last  vestige  of  this  disease  is  swept  from  this  country. 

I  have  used  by  way  of  experiment  nearly  all  the  articles  recommended 
in  your  circular,  but  the  time  of  observation  is  so  limited  I  cannot  yet 
report  results  that  would  be  of  any  ijractical  information  to  the  govern- 
ment. Owners  of  hogs  were  willing  to  iiay  the  expense  of  medicines 
themselves,  and  I  have  to  thank  those  gentlemen  who  have  kindly  and 
earnestly  seconded  my  efibrts  to  arrest  the  disease,  and  at  the  same  time 
try  to  obtain  information  in  regard  to  this  terrible  scourge.  In  simi- 
ming  up  I  do  not  deem  it  necessary  to  give  a  history  of  each  individual 
herd  that  I  have  seen,  as  those  mentioned  are  tyj^es  of  them  all. 

As  to  treatment,  I  am  led  to  the  conclusion  that  the  use  of  disinfect- 
ants offers  the  best  field  for  success.  The  use  of  turpentine  for  the  cough 
acts  better  than  anything  I  have  tried,  and  when  given  early,  I  think, 
very  much  mitigates  the  severity  of  the  disease.  A  mild  laxative  like 
sulphur  also  acts  well,-  besides,  it  has  the  additional  advantage  of  being- 
destructive  to  low  forms  of  organisms.  Alkalies  during  the  attack  are 
certainly  beneficial.  Frequent  changing  of  the  location  of  the  herd  and 
stamping  out  every  sick  pig  will,  in  the  end,  save  money  to  the  owners. 

I  hope,  now  a  beginning  has  been  made,  that  Congressmen  will  see  the 
importance  and  real  necessity  of  following  up  this  small  beginning  until 
it  is  thoroughly  ascertained  what  must  be  done.  If  it  proves,  like  most 
contagious  diseases,  largely  uncontrollable  after  the  animal  has  once 
been  attacked,  and  must  have  its  own  run,  then  we  must  tiu-n  oui"  at- 
tention to  eradicating  the  plague  by  more  exi)cnsive  and  radical  means. 

Such  legislation  in  regard  to  transporting  diseased  auiuials,  or  the 


DISEASES    OF    SWIXE    AND   OTHER   ANIMALS.  165 

sale  of  tliem  by  owners,  or  the  killinfj  of  all  animals  that  have  been  ex- 
posed to  the  disease,  mnst  be  enacted  as  will  effectually  put  a  stop  to 
the  spread  of  it  over  this  country. 

I  am,  very  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant, 

EEUBEX  F.  DYER,  M.  D. 
Ottawa,  III.,  October  1,  1878. 


EEPOET  OF  DE.  ALBAN  S.  PAYI^. 

Hon.  Wm.  G.  Le  Due, 

Commissioner  of  Agriculture : 

Sir:  My  description  of  this  disease  (so-called  hojj-cholera)  will  be  con- 
fined to  its  history  as  it  invaded  that  beautiful  section  of  country  lying 
between  tlie  Blue  Eidge  and  tlie  Catoctin  chain  of  mountains,  in  Vir- 
ginia, diuing"  the  summers  of  18G9-'77-'78. 

GENERAL  CONSIDER ATIONS  ON  CONTAGION. 

Before  speaking  of  the  endemic  and  epidemic  disease  under  considera- 
tion, generally  known  as  hog-cholera,  although  a  palpable  misnomer,  I 
will  offer  a  few  remarks  upon  the  subject  of  contagion.  This  is  always 
a  question  of  paramount  importance,  not  only  to  the  investigator  of  dis- 
eases, but  to  the  people  at  large.  One  great  difficulty  in  arriving  at  a 
definite  conclusion  as  to  the  contagion  or  non-contagion  of  a  disease,  I 
am  persuaded,  arises  from  the  too  great  latitude  given  to  the  definition 
of  the  word  contagion  by  the  older  and  more  systematic  writers.  In  the 
sense  in  which  this  term  is  used  at  the  present  time  it  strikes  my 
mind  as  being  too  vague  and  indefinite.  The  same  objection  may 
be  urged  against  the  term  infection.  For  if  you  mean  to  signify 
by  the  term  contagion  a  disease  that  transmits  disease  from  one 
subject  to  another  by  du^ect  contact,  without  the  assistance  of  any 
susceptibility  or  predisposing  cause  on  the  part  of  the  patient, 
I  should  then  contend  that  very  few  epidemic  or  endemic  diseases  were 
so,  strictly  speaking.  But  if  you  mean  by  contagion  to  signify  a  disease 
from  which  exhalations  or  emanations  may  arise  during  its  progress, 
capable  of  exciting  a  similar  disease  in  those  exposed  to  the  intiueuce  of 
the  noxious  exhalations,  or  rather  deoxygenizing  emanations,  then  I 
will  say  that  most  of  these  epidemic  and  endemic  diseases  to  which  man 
and  the  domesticated  animals  are  equally  liable  are  more  or  less  conta- 
gious. For  here  you  have  an  exciting  cause  furnished  by  a  foul  deoxy- 
genized  atmosphere  and  a  predisposing  cause  furnished  by  a  weakened, 
impoverished  system  from  improper  food,  bad  water,  or  from  the  want 
of  proper  protection  from  inclement  weather,  or  fi-om  sudden  climatic 
alternations,  causes  sufficient  of  themselves,  under  certain  circumstances 
(which  we  call  epidemic  intluences),  to  produce  disease  in  man  or  domes- 
tic animals.  Infection  is  as  unfortunate  and  indefinite  a  term;  nor 
are  the  terms  "specific"  contagion  and  "contingent"  contagion,  as 
defined  at  the  present  day,  by  any  means  explicit.  In  my  humbly  oi)in- 
ion  fevers  are  a  unit,  varied  in  their  character  by  surrounding  cu'cimi- 
stances ;  that  is,  in  a  temperate  climate  a  remittent  bilious  fever  becomes 
yellow  fever  in  a  hot  climate  when  the  temperature  of  the  atmosphere  is 
at  its  acme  of  power.  The  theories  of  ozone,  "  disease  germs,"  micro- 
cocci, ^'c,  are  very  plausible  in  theory,  but  they  have  yet  to  be  ijroveu. 


166  DISEASES    OF   SWINE    AND    OTHER    ANIMALS. 

Contagious  diseases  are  produced  either  by  a  virus  capable  of  causing 
them  by  inoculation,  as  in  small-pox,  or  by  miasma  proceedmg  from  the 
sick,  as  in  the  plague,  measles,  and  scarlet  fever.  No  two  physicians 
agree  as  to  which  diseases  are  contagious  and  which  are  not.  The  con- 
tagia  of  the  plague  and  typhus,  especially  the  latter,  is  denied  by  many. 
It  seems  probable  that  a  disease  may  be  contagious  under  certain  cir- 
cumstances and  not  so  under  others.  That  is,  a  case  of  ephemeral  fever, 
fever  of  acclimation,  the  mildest  form  of  fever  known  to  the  medical 
profession,  arising  from  cold  superinduced  by  sudden  and  decided 
climatic  alternations,  may,  if  the  patient  is  kept  in  a  close,  foul  condi- 
tion, be  converted  into  a  disease  capable  of  i)roducing  emanations  which 
will  reproduce  a  similar  disease  in  those  exposed  to  them,  and  with 
great  virulence.  Ephemeral  or  camp  fever  is  almost  sure  to  manifest 
itself  in  cases  where  large  bodies  of  healthy  men  are  brought  into  camp 
sfrom  different  sections  of  the  country.  This  is  equalJy  apt  to  be  the 
case  when  you  bring  together  healthy  young  animals  from  dilferent 
parts  of  a  country,  even  if  from  different  parts  of  the  same  county.  We 
know  this  much;  but  how  much  this  materia  morM  weighs,  what  its 
color  is,  how  it  smells,  are  to  us  secrets  yet  hidden  from  our  view.  We 
know  that  if  a  man  has  fever  and  it  intermits  he  becomes  cold  and 
shakes;  we  say  he  has  " intermittent  fever,"  "chills  and  fever,"  "ague 
and  fever,"  and  we  know  if  he  has  a  long  continuance  of  this  kind  of 
fever,  one  of  the  organs  oi.  his  system  (the  spleen)  is  apt  to  become 
enlarged,  and  this  is  about  all  we  really  do  know  as  yet,  because  no  one 
has  seen,  weighed,  or  smelled  the  peculiar  miasma  which  causes  inter- 
mittent fever. 

I  noticed  two  facts  which  threw  important  light  upon  this  subject  of 
hog-cholera  in  this  Piedmont  country,  viz.,  that  recently  the  larger  por- 
tion of  the  sick  hogs  were  under  twelve  months  of  age  (shoats),  and  the 
larger  portion  of  them  were  taken  sick  while  eating  the  corn  after  cattle 
which  were  being  fattened  for  market.  The  i^opular  name  given  this 
disease  is,  as  I  have  before  said,  a  palpable  misnomer.  If  I  am  correct 
in  my  diagnosis — and  I  think  I  am — it  is  Botlieln^  or  Dutch  measles,  and 
should  beclassed  with  the  exanthemata,  along  with  erythema,  erysipe- 
las, rubeola  (measles),  roseola,  scarlatina,  nettle-rash,  and  the  artifi- 
cial exanthemata.  The  young  hogs  being  mostly  the  ones  affected, 
strengthens  the  hypothesis  of  its  being  an  eruptive  fever.  As  far  back 
as  1852 1  recorded  the  fact  that  I  considered  epidemic  tonsilitis  (Rotheln) 
as  the  most  frequent  epidemic  disease  to  which  Piedmont,  Va.,  was  lia- 
ble, and  that  this  arose  from  the  moist  and  variable  character  of  the 
climate.  I  have  since  seen  nothing  to  make  me  change  this  opinion, 
but  much  to  strengthen  and  confirm  me  in  this  theory.  Horses,  hogs, 
cattle,  and  sheep  are  as  susceptible  to  disease  from  exposure  to  cold, 
rainy  weather,  and  to  sudden  climatic  alternations,  as  the  human  family; 
probably  more  so.  They  suffer  from  exposure  to  cold  as.casilj-^,  and  are 
as  much  given  to  catarrh  or  cold  as  the  human  race. 

A  disease  pecidiarly  liable  to  bo  felt  by  the  young  of  both  the  human 
and  animal  race,  yet  no  age,  sex,  or  color  affords  any  certain  protection 
from  this  epidemic  disease,  called  Eotheln,  or  German  measles.  In  my 
opinion,  then,  this  so-called  cholera  is  no  cholera  at  all — has  not  a  single 
choleroid  symptom,  as  the  bowels  are  invariably  constipated  until  moved 
by  medicines,  or  give  way  under  the  last  throes  of  speedy  dissolution ; 
but  that  it  is  rather  a  fever  prevailing  in  an  endemic  ajul  epidemic  form, 
subject  to  all  the  natural  laws  governing  fevers,  from  its  inception  to 
its  termination,  in  restoration  or  in  death,  and  more  closely  resembling 
scarlatina  and  scarlet  fever  than  any  other  of  the  varieties  of  the  auginose 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER    ANIMALS.  167 

exautliemata,  and  is  now  kno^vn  to  some  of  the  medical  profession  as 
Rotlieln,  or  German  measles. 

I  will  now  proceed  to  give  you  a  sliort  history  of  the  so-called  hog- 
cholera  as  it  appeared  in  that  section  of  country  known  as  Piedmont,  Vir- 
ginia, during  the  fall  of  1877  and  during  the  spring  of  1878.  in  the  fall 
of  1877  hog-cholera,  so  called,  made  its  apppearance  in  that  section  of 
country  lying  south  and  east  of  the  Bull  Hun  Mountains,  and  the  losses 
by  death  reached  an  aggregate  of  85  per  cent.,  jnostly  young  animals,  as 
I  learned  from  Messrs.  John  and  Ludwell  Hutchison,  intelligent  farmers 
living  near  the  old  Braddock  road,  four  miles  below  the  village  of  Aldie. 
The  people  were  much  divided  in  opinion,  some  believing  the  improved 
stock  of  hogs  most  liable  to  the  disease,  others  that  they  proved  to  be 
more  exempt  from  its  fearful  ravages.  The  care  which  a  farmer  took 
with  his  hogs,  I  presume,  had  more  to  do  with  lessening  the  bill  of  mor- 
tality than  the  difference  in  breeds.  Hogs  feeding  after  cattle,  and  young 
hogs,  were  generally  the  first  to  show  symptoms  of  the  disease.  No 
remedy  so  far  as  they  knew  seemed  to  be  of  any  benefit.  Dr.  Ewell  re- 
commended calomel,  and  some  persons  thought  it  of  service.  So  far  as 
I  could  learn  no  case  occurred  north  or  west  of  Catoctin  Mountains  until 
October  of  1877.  The  section  of  country  where  it  occurred  as  early  as 
February,  1877,  is  at  an  average  altitude  of  400  feet  above  tide-water. 
On  the  13th  day  of  October,  1877,  J.  Milton  McVeigh  first  noticed  that 
one  of  his  hogs,  feeding  after  his  fat  cattle,  appeared  stupid,  dull,  droopy, 
mopy.  He  very  soon  noticed  others  appearing  to  be  affected  in  the  same 
way.  This  farm  is  located  just  above  the  little  village  of  Aldie  (the 
William  Berldey  farm),  at  an  average  altitude  of  550  feet  above  tide- 
water. He  had  on  his  farm  at  this  time  fifteen  home-raised  hogs,  but 
having  some  large  cattle  that  he  thought  would  justify  hiui  in  corn-feed- 
ing he  determined  to  purchase  some  hogs  to  follow  after  the  cattle  and 
eat  up  the  waste  corn.  Accordingly  he  bought,  about  the  1st  of  August, 
1878,  of  Mr.  Gox  twenty-two  fine,  healthy'shoats,  of  Mr.  C.  B.  Eogers 
twenty  healthy  shoats,  and  of  Jack  Simpson  ten  more.  These  fifty-two 
animals  were  turned  into  a  field  to  run  after  his  cattle.  The  field  was 
high  and  dry,  rolling,  and  at  an  altitude  of  000  feet  above  tide-water. 
The  hogs  had  good,  comfortable,  dry,  warm  shelter  to  go  to,  and  in  the 
field  there  was  an  abundance  of  fresh  running  water  from  a  large,  fine 
mountain-spring.  About  the  middle  of  November  the  disease  commenced 
in  earnest,  first  with  shoats  purchased  of  Mr.  Cox,  then  Avith  those  bought 
of  Mr.  Rogers,  and  lastly  with  those  procured  from  Mr.  Simpson.  He 
lost  fifteen  head  between  the  middle  of  November  and  the  .1st  of  De- 
cember. One  or  two  would  be  takeu  at  ai  time  and  die,  and  about 
the  time  he  would  flatter  himself  that  the  disease  had  subsided,  one  or 
two  mon;  would  be  taken.  This  continued  until  tlie  1st  of  February, 
1878,  and  during  this  time  he  lost  thirty-nine  out  of  the  fifty-two  shoats. 
After  this,  no  other  cases  occurred.  None  of  his  Jiovtc-raiscd  hogs  took 
the  disease  until  he  had  sold  his  cattle  and  dis])0sed  of  the  remaining 
shoats,  when,  sup])osing  the  disease  killed  out  by  frosts  and  the  cold 
vreatlier,  he  turned  a  fine  large  sow  and  eleven  pigs  into  this  field  where 
the  sick  shoats  had  run.  The  sow  escaped  the  disease,  but  the  ])igs  soon 
becanje  sick,  and  he  lost  seven  out  of  eleven  of  them.  About  the  1st  of 
January  following,  the  remainder  of  these  shoats  having  become  fat,  and 
being  ai)parently  healthy,  he  killed  five,  and  after  dressing  them  he  found 
the  skin  i)urplish,  red  to  iiale  black ;  little  pustules  or  pimples  covered  the 
shoulders,  and  by  pressure  pus  would  spin  out.  The  throat  gaA^e  unmis- 
takable evidence  of  disease,  and  the  lungs  were  in  a  condition  of  decay. 
The  lower  bowel's  were  full  of  black,  hard,  dry  balls  (scj^bala?)  the  color 


IGS  DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTPIER    ANIMALS. 

of  tav,  anil  very  dry  and  liard.  These  animals  had  never  been  in  the 
barnyard,  and  there  were  no  marshy  places  in  the  field  in  which  they 
ranged.  This  history,  as  it  occurred  on  Mr.  McVeig'li's  i)lace,  mihtates 
sti'ougly  towards  the  theory  of  ephemeral  fever  (fever  of  acclimation)  asthe 
exciting  cause.  The  weather  was  rainy,  warm,  alternating  with  damp, 
raw,  chilly  weather.  The  hogs  of  his  neighbors,  John  Carl,  William  Tif- 
fany, and  Samuel  Simpson,  living  in  a  southeasterly  direction,  were  dying 
at  the  same  time.  They  gave  signs  of  great  thirst,  would  eat  mud  and 
soft  soap  avariciously.  As  a  general  thing  they  had  a  cough,  and  occas- 
ionally, A^omi  ting  ;  appearance  of  eye  not  noticed.  E'.  C.  Brown's  hogs, 
of  Middleburg,  began  to  show  signs  of  disease ;  would  mope  about  and 
look  didl  and  stupid.  About  the  20th  of  June,  1878,  all  his  hogs  had  a 
cough  ',  bowels  very  much  constipated ;  discharges  from  calomel  sticky 
and  tarry,  black  as  tar  itself  5  great  thkst ;  would  eat  mud,  soft  soap, 
and  their  own  excrements.  All  had  more  or  less  eruption  upon  the 
skin ;  skin  had  scarlet  blush.  Hogs  had  jilenty  of  good  feed,  grass, 
grain,  slop.  He  tried  every  remedy,  almost  everything ;  thought  calo- 
mel the  only  thing  of  service  that  was  tried ;  lost  about  50  per  cent,  of 
his  hogs.  Shoats  proved  to  be  most  liable  to  the  disease.  The  hogs  of  Mr. 
A.  B.  Moore,  proprietor  of  Aldie  Mills,  commenced  to  show  symptoms  of 
disease  about  the  middle  of  June,  1878.  The  disease  was  not  as  fatal  with 
his  hogs  as  it  generally  was  with  those  of  his  neighbors.  Attributed  this 
fact  to  good  clean  shelters,  good  food,  mill-feed,  apples,  and  slop.  Gave 
no  medicines.  Altitude  of  his  place  400  feet  above  tide-water.  About  this 
time,  advancing  from  the  northeast  and  traveling  south  (in  direction  of  pre- 
vailing winds  and  fog),  it  began  to  be  felt  at  all  the  farm-houses  along  the 
road  leading  from  Middleburg,  in  Loudoun  county,  to  Salem,  in  Fauquier 
county,  playing  sad  havoc  with  the  young  hogs  of  A.  B.  Eector,  Mr.  Hath- 
oway,  John  Middleton,  Howell  Brothers,  Maj..T.  B.  Hutchison,  &c.  Mr. 
A.  B.  Eector  thought  the  plant  known  in  some  neighborhoods  as  barrow- 
root,  in  others  as  bui'vine,  in  strong  infusion,  was  beneficial.  This  region 
of  country  is  mostly  COO  feet  above  tide- water.  Here  also  the  hogs  run- 
ning after  cattle  were  those  most  affected.  About  this  time  the  disease 
passed  up  the  pike  leading  from  Aldie  to  TJpperville  and  Paris,  never 
halting  until  it  reached  near  to  the  summit  of  the  Blue  Eidge,  above  the 
village  of  Paris,  in  Fauquier  county,  at  an  altitude  of  1,100  feet  above 
tide-water.  From  Salem  it  passed  up  the  main  road,  leading  from  Salem 
to  Markham,  Mr.  T.  A  Eector's  hogs  being  among  the  first  affected. 
His  nearest  neighbor,  Mr.  Wilford  Utterback,  li\dng  between  Mr.  Bector 
and  Salem,  was  unusually  fortunate  with  his  hogs.  He  did  not  lose 
many;  thinks  they  need  good  attention ;  knows  of  no  remedy.  Altitude 
of  Mr.  Eector's  and  Mr.  Utterback's  farms,  550  feet  above  tide-water. 
F.  W.  Maddox,  proprietor  of  Oak  Hill  fiirm,  lost  about  one  hundred  hogs 
Mr.  Charles  I^rown  lost  all  he  had,  except  five  shoats.  The  disease  was 
very  fatal  at  Maj.  S.  B.  Barley's  farm,  near  Delaplane  Station.  At  A. 
J.  Chunn's,  John  E.  Strother's  and  others,  on  the  west  side  of  the  Little 
Cobbler  Mountain,  the  disease  was  very  fatal.  These  farms  all  lie  at 
an  average  altitude  of  GOO  feet  above  tide- water.  No  reuicdy  seemed  o*' 
any  avail  in  stopping  its  ravages  on  any  of  these  farms.  Above  Mark- 
ham,  at  Mr.  Georg'e  Strother's,  Mr.  Conner's,  and  jNIr.  Charles  Trussel's,  the 
disease  was  quite  fatal.  At  Mrs.  I\ilmer's,  above  I  Petersburg,  at  an  altitude 
of  1,150  feet,  it  prevailed  with  violence.  The  altitude  otMr.  Strother's. 
My.  Trussel's,  and  Mv.  A.  Conner's  is  about  550  feet  above  tide-water. 
Mr.  Trussel's  hogs  were  led  upon  mill-stuff,  corn,  and  slop.  He  lost  six- 
teen out  of  twenty.  Mr.  A.  Conner  lost  eighteen  head  out  of  twenty. 
Young  hogs  were  the  ones  that  suffered  most.    Mr.  Charles  Trussel 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER    ANIMALS.  169 

tliouglit  liis  liogs  had  some  kind  of  a  fever.  He  tried  no  remedies.  I  tliinli 
I  can  safely  set  down  tlie  loss  by  disease  this  season  in  hogs  in  fliis  rich 
X>roductive  country  at  75  per  cent.  In  my  travels  through  this  section 
of  the  State  I  saw  many  hogs,  partially  recovered,  hut  still  in  a  low 
state  of  health,  that  had  lost  their  hair  and  their  hoofs.  The  tegimient- 
ary  tissue  (skin)  looked  as  if  it  came  off  in  fine  bran  patches,  instead  of 
coming  off  in  large  flakes.  This  I  considered  unmistakable  evidence  of 
tegumentary  excitement.  The  internal  mucous  membrane  being  a  con- 
tinuation of  the  external  tegumentary  tissue  (sldn),  we  may  reasonably 
expect  to  find  the  internal  mucous  membrane  likewise  in  a  state  of 
phlegmhymenitis.  Add  to  this  symptom  the  significant  fact  of  such 
gTeat  thirst,  and  we  raise  a  strong  presumption  that  the  disease  is  a  fever, 
and  one  of  the  eruptive  fevers,  beyond  peradventure.  The  instinct  of 
the  hog  tells  him  what  is  cooling  to  him,  therefore  you  find  him  eating 
mud,  soft  soap,  his  own  excrements,  rotten  wood,  ashes,  and  the  like. 
I  met  no  intelligent  man  who  did  not  believe  that  either  the  hog's  lungs 
or  his  throat  were  affected. 

Mrs.  Simpson's  hogs,  running  in  the  common  just  below  the  village  of 
Aldie,  within  fifty  yards  of  Ish's  tan-yard,  w^re  among  the  first  to  take 
the  disease.  Ish's  hogs  ran  regularly  in  the  common,  yet  none  of  them 
took  the  disease,  while  almost  every  one  of  Mrs.  Simpson's  hogs  died. 
Ish  gave  his  hogs  chamber-lye  in  their  slop.  Mrs.  Simpson  did  not  use 
this  remedy  with  her  hogs.  J.  Milton  McVeigh  tried  the  same  remedy, 
but  without  apparent  effect.  B.  F.  Carter,  sr.,  gave  his  hogs  coal-oil, 
and  lost  none.  B.  F.  Carter,  jr.,  gave  his  hogs  the  oil  in  same  quantity 
and  lost  all.  D.  Mount  and  Daniel  Lee  used  asafetida  one  year,  with 
supposed  good  effect ;  another  year  it  had  no  effect  at  all.  Thomas  A. 
Kector  gave  his  hogs  soap-suds  and  soda  in  their  slop  one  year,  accord- 
ing to  advice  of  the  writer,  with  marked  success;  persuaded  by  others 
to  give  turj^entine  and  sulphur  in  the  present  epidemic,  his  loss  was 
large.  I  found  many  persons  who  had  come  to  the  conclusion  that  diu*- 
ing  some  period  of  the  disease  the  hog's  throat  was  sore,  and  that  the 
disease  was  the  putrid  sore  throat,  which  was  so  fatal  to  swine  some 
forty  years  ago  in  this  Piedmont  region  of  Virginia.  I  find  most  of 
them  agree  that  there  is  swelling  about  the  face  and  eyes,  eruption  on 
the  skin,  great  thirst,  often  cough,  occasional  vomiting,  constipated 
bowels,  a  thimiping  in  the  side  or  sides,  lower  bowels  full  of  hard,  dry 
balls  of  fecal  matter,  with  a  rapid  loss  of  flesh.  Other  farmers  seem  to 
notice  sequelte  of  the  disease  more,  and  speak  of  swelling  of  the  fore- 
legs ;  that  they  shed  their  hair  and  hoofs ;  skin  peels  off",  and  new  skin 
becomes  scurfy. 

I  gave  for  publication  a  short  history  of  the  so-called  hog-cholera  as 
it  prevailed  in  this  section  of  Virginia  in  1808  or  18G9.  I  have  no  notes 
left,  and  I  am  not  morally  certain  in  which  year  the  disease  prevailed. 
I  remember,  however,  to  have  remarked  that  the  first  indication  of  sick- 
ness in  the  hog  noticed  by  me  was  closing  the  eye  in  the  bright  sunshine 
of  mornmg.  Xow,  this  symj^tom  may  have  been  from  swelling  of  the 
face,  but  I  then  attributed  it  to  contraction  of  the  i)upil  of  the  eye  and 
from  intolerance  of  light.  The  next  one  had  a  ticking  in  the  side,  and 
then  a  rapid  loss  of  flesh,  so  much  so  that  a  large  fat  hog  would  become 
so  thin  in  a  few  days  that  you  could  almost  read  a  newspaper  through 
him.  I  will  remark  that  the  only  symptom  at  all  like  cholera  is  this 
rapid  loss  of  flesh.  But  then  there  is  no  ]mrgiug,  no  loss  of  tluid  by 
urination,  but  it  seems  rather  that  the  heat  in  the  internal  organs  of  the 
hog  is  so  intense  that  all  the  fluids  in  his  system  are  diied  up.  To  sat- 
isfy myself  on  this  point  I  jilaced  them  in  pens,  with  clean,  dry  plank 
for  flooring,  overnight,  and  in.  the  morning  the  largo  hogs  would  be 


170  DISEASES    OF   SWINE    AND   OTHER    ANIMALS. 

almost  liviufj  skeletons;  but  yon  never  could  discern  any  urinary  or 
other  diseharjies  on  the  clean  dry  floor  of  their  pens.  I  made  some 
2)08t-mortcm  examinations,  and  generally  found  inflammation  in  various 
stages  in  the  posterior  portion  of  the  lungs,  and  the  glands  and  throat 
in  a  gangTenons  condition — blood  thick  and  black  as  tar  and  disinclined 
to  flow;  indeed,  in  some  cases  it  was  black,  hard,  and  as  dry  as  a  chip. 
Any  one  Avho  carefully  reads  the  reports  of  the  Department  of  Agricul- 
tui'e  for  1877  will  perceive  that  some  of  the  writers  describe  the  disease 
as  attended  by  a  fever;  others,  agaui,  speak  of  the  peculiar  eruption 
attending  it.  ISTow,  I  submit  that  if  there  is  a  fever  accompanying  hog- 
cholera,  and  an  eruption  also,  it  is  prima-facie  evidence  that  it  is  a  dis- 
ease which  rightfully  belongs  to  that  class  of  maladies  known  as  erup- 
tive fevers,  and  it  only  remains  for  us  to  establish  to  which  species  of  the 
exanthemata  it  belongs  for  us  to  place  its  treatment  on  solid  and  well- 
established  grounds. 

The  description  I  gave  in  1872  and  the  account  given  by  Dr.  Gillespie 
in  1877,  goes  very  far  to  identify  rotlieln  with  the  hog  disease  that  j)Te- 
vailed  in  Piedmont  region  of  Virginia  in  1877-r-'78.  Fortunately  the  remedy 
I  shall  recommend  as  a  preventive,  as  well  as  a  curative,  agent  during 
its  prevalence  is  equally  beneficial  in  scarlet  fever,  diphtheria,  and  ery- 
sipelas in  some  forms.  It  is  a  trite  saying  but  a  true  one  that  an  ounce 
of  preve7ition  is  worth  a  pound  of  cure.  If  this  is  true  in  regard  to  dis- 
eases in  the  human  family,  it  becomes  eminently  more  so  in  the  diseases 
incident  to  domestic  animals- 

Etiology. — The  causes  of  disease  are,  unfortunately,  frequently  ol)scure, 
although  they  are  sometimes  evident  enough.  The  causes  of  disease 
resolve  into  several  varieties.  As  writers  .divide  them  differently,  a  short 
explanation  may  not  be  out  of  place.  As  a  general  thing  the  predis- 
posing and  occasional  causes  ai-e  the  only  ones  on  which  much  stress  is 
laid  by  medical  writers.  Causes  accessory  are  those  which  have  only  a 
secondary  influence  in  the  production  of  disease,  as  the  want  of  proper 
shelter  for  domestic  animals  in  inclement  weather  may  be  indu'ectly  the 
means  of  producing  disease  among  them.  Accidental  causes  are  those 
which  act  only  on  certain  given  conditions  and  which  do  not  always 
produce  the  same  disease.  Cold  may  be  an  accidental  cause  of  acute 
pneumonia,  inflammatory  rheumatism,  &c.  Proximate  cause  is  the  dis- 
ease itself;  superabundance  of  blood  is  the  cause  of  plethora,  &c. ;  exter- 
nal causes  are  such  as  act  externally  to  the  patient,  as  cold,  &c. ;  these 
causes  are  such  as  determine  the  forjn  of  the  disease ;  internal  causes 
are  those  which  arise  within  the  body;  mechanical  causes  are  those 
which  act  mechanicaUy  upon  the  windpipe  in  producing  suffocation; 
negative  causes  comprise  all  those  things  the  i^iivation  of  which  may 
derange  the  functions,  as  want  of  food,  water,  ike.  They  are  opposed 
to  positive  causes  which  of  themselves  directly  induce  disease,  as  the 
use  of  crude,  rotten,  indigestible  food,  &c;  occasional  or  exciting 
causes  (actual  causes)  are  those  which  immediately  i)roduce  the  disease. 
Occult,  hidden,  or  obscure  causes,  any  causes  with  which  we  are  unac- 
quainted; also  certain  inappreciable  conditions  of  the  atmosphere — 
if  I  may  use  such  a  word,  "  distemperatiu'c" — which  we  believe  gives 
rise  to  endemic  and  epidemic  diseases.  Physiological  causes  are  those 
which  act  only  on  living  matter,  as  narcotics ;  predisposing  or  remote 
causes  are  those  which  render  the  body  liable  to  disease,  as  jn^evious 
low,  depressed  condition  of  system,  bad  health,  «&c. ;  principal  causes 
are  those  which  exert,  the  chief  influence  in  the  production  of  disease  as 
distinguished  from  the  accessor^"  causes  ;  specific  or  asserted  causes  are 
those  which  always  produce  a  determinate  disease,  contagia,  for  ex 
amx)le. 


DISEASES   OF   SWINE   AND   OTHER   ANIMALS.  171 

The  deaths,  in  many  instances,  in  this  hog-disease  arose  from  a  me- 
chanical canse.  Throwing  him  down  on  liis  back  to  "  drench  him"  with 
some  remedy  prodnced  snffocatioii,  the  wind-pipe  or  the  swollen  tonsils 
were  tilted  back  by  pressure  upon  the  epiglottis,  and  the  glottis  being 
thns  mechanically  closed  no  air  could  penetrate  the  lungs,  and  the  re- 
sult was  death.  \\Tien  drenching  is  resorted  to,  the  animal  should  be 
made  to  stand  up  on  its  hind  feet,  and  sudden  deaths  will  not  so  often 
occur  fi'om  the  administration  of  such  remedies.  The  treatment  of 
rotlieln  and  epidemic  diseases  generally  resolves  itself  into  prophylac- 
tic (preventive)  and  curative.  Anion  g  the  most  valuable  remedial  agents 
to  prevent  epidemic  diseases  among  domestic  animals,  especially  the 
hog,  may  bo  enumerated  a  good,  clean,  drv^  bed  of  leaves  or  straw  often 
renewed,  protected  by  a  good  shelter  and  with  a  iilauk  floor;  a  good 
supply  of  pure  running  water  to  drink ;  plenty  of  good,  strong,  gener- 
ous food,  made  up  of  corn,  buckwheat,  or  oats,  vegetables,  fruits,  and 
slop.  Give  them  regularly  a  little  dry  salt,  all  the  "  soapsuds  "  you  can, 
and  let  them  have  a  bank  of  hickory  ashes  to  run  to.  By  this  means 
the  hog  would  be  better  able  to  withstand  the  sudden  cUmatic  alter- 
nations of  from  heat  to  cold,  for  these  climatic  alternations  are,  in  my 
opinion,  the  most  prohfic  source  of  all  epidemic  diseases  to  which  the 
human  race  as  well  as  domestic  animals  are  liable.  It  is  an  admitted 
fact,  I  belie\T,  that  domestic  animals,  in  fact  all  animals,  breathe  more 
through  the  pores  of  the  skin  than  tlie  human  family  do.  By  this  the 
internal  organs  are  relieved  of  a  considerable  burden.  Hence  arises  the 
importance  of  keeping  the  pores  of  the  skin  open  and  in  a  healthy  work- 
ing condition.  To  effectually  do  this  you  must  provide  your  hogs  with 
frequent  new  beds ;  bui*n  up  the  old  ones,  which,  when  worn  down  to 
dust,  become  moistened  and  the  whole  tegumentary  tissue  of  the  liog  is 
agglutinated,  as  it  were,  by  a  paste-like  substance,  and  is  rendered 
totally  unfit  to  perform  the  functions  necessary  in  the  animal  economy. 
We  can  see  Avhy  this  should  strongly  predispose  to  disease.  To  further 
prevent  this  undesirable  condition  of  the  hog's  skin,  I  would  recommend 
washing  with  strong  soapsuds  and  then  scrubbing  them  dry  with  a 
clean  corn-cob  until  their  skin  presented  a  red,  healthy  glow.  See  that 
the  pores  in  the  fore  legs  are  open  {tlie  little  safety-valves) ;  give  them 
plenty  of  chlorate  of  potash  of  the  strength  of  two  drams  to  a  pint  of 
water,  and  the  chances  of  disease  will  be  greatly  lessened.  Timothy, 
orchard,  and  other  grasses  incline  them  to  constipation,  which  cannot  be 
relieved  except  by  the  strongest  remedial  agents.  Green  plantain  and 
purslane  are  good  for  hogs. 

For  a  long  time  a  great  many  German  j)hysicians,  and  a  number  of 
the  profession  in  our  own  country  to-day,  believe  that  the  extract  of 
belladonna  (deadly  nightshade)  given  beforehand  will  prevent  children 
from  catching  scarlet  fever.  Now,  as  rotlieln  is  a  kindred  eruptive 
fever,  might  not  some  herb  be  found  that  would  prove  a  preventive  in 
this  disease  1  I  am  more  inclined  to  reconnnend  Verutrum  viridc  (Ameri- 
can hellebore)  as  a  prophylactic  in  this  disease,  because  I  am  satisfied 
that  venesection  (bleeding)  in  the  early  stages  of  the  malady  is  demand- 
ed. I  remember  that  all  hogs  not  castrated,  and  those  castrated  early 
in  the  disease  of  1868  or  18G0,  recovered,  and  not  only  recovered,  but  mad 
good  recoveries.  So  did  all  the  hogs  1  saw  in  those  years  early  enough 
to  get  blood  from  them.  After  the  first  and  second  stage  of  the  disease 
in  tliose  years  the  blood  was  very  dark,  black,  thick,  and  could  not  be 
made  to  ilow.  From  this  condition  of  the  blood,  and  from  the  low  tem- 
perature I  found  in  many  hogs,  I  suspected  congestive  chills,  or  more 
probably  dumb  chills,  of  a  very  severe  character.  I  am  still  disposed  to 
cling  to  this  opinion.    In  all  those  cases  where  the  hog  is  mopy  and 


172  DISEASES    OP    SWINE    AND    OTHER   ANIMALS. 

chilly  lookiiio-,  I  would,  after  the  first  stage  of  lowering  the  pulse  has 
passed,  recomiueud  a  teacupful  of  a  strong  infusion  of  the  leaves  of  dog- 
wood or  the  same  quantity  of  a  strong*  cold  infusion  of  boneset.  In 
either  case  add  a  teaspoonfnl  of  powdered  ginger  or  thirty  drops  of  the 
oil  of  black  pepper,  to  be  given  morning,  noon,  and  night  regularly. 
Chlorate  of  potash,  two  drams  to  a  pint  of  water,  for  drink  at  will. 

I  think  the  hog  is  peculiarly  susceptible  to  the  influence  of  malaria, 
therefore  they  had  better  be  kept  in  the  woods,  or  in  a  pen,  or  on  high 
and  dry  places  where  there  is  not  much  grass,  and  fed  on  corn,  oats,  and 
buckwheat,  with  a  proportionate  admixture  of  fruits,  vegetables,  and 
slops.  Soapsuds,  all  the  preparations  of  potash,  hickory  ashes,  soda, 
saleratus,  «&c.,  are  anti-febrile,  and  will  be  found  very  beneficial  when 
given  in  slops.  In  my  opinion  the  throat  and  the  adjacent  i^arts,  the 
upper  and  the  posterior  portions  of  the  lungs,  are  the  only  really  vul- 
nerable portions  in  the  animal  economy  of  the  hog.  Protect  these  and 
you  thereby  protect  the  whole  hog.  I  have  no  doubt  that  in  one  epi- 
demic in  this  hog  disease  you  may  have  it  so  dressed  in  the  livery  of 
pneumonia  that  the  most  accurate  observer  might  diag-nose  the  disease 
to  be  primarily  pneumonia.  In  another  case  you  may  have  an  exudation 
of  membrane,  thereby  simulating  very  closely  diphtheria.  Again,  you 
may  have  rofheln,  but  the  disease  si)reading  to  the  parenchymatus  por- 
tion of  the  lung  and  on  to  the  i)leura,  producing  rotheln  complicated  with 
pleuro-pneumouia,  and  so  on.  To  show  that  the  stomach  of  the  hog  is 
not  very  susceptible  to  the  action  of  poison,  I  will  state  a  fact  known  to 
almost  every  one  in  this  region  of  country,  that  the  hog  can  feed  sump- 
tuously on  the  rattlesnake,  moccasin,  and  the  poisonous  copperhead  with 
perfect  imi)unity.  Again,  unless  the  snake  bites  the  hog  about  the 
throat,  and  on  the  jugular  vein  and  carotid  artery,  there  is  no  harm  done, 
but  if  over  either  of  these  blood-vessels  the  bite  is  speedily  fatal.  The 
internal  remedy  upon  which  I  most  rely,  both  as  a  preventive  and  cura- 
tive agent,  is  that  invaluable  remedial  agent,  chlorate  of  potash.  Dr. 
L.  P.  Dodge,  in  Georgia  Medical  Companion,  December  number,  1873, 
page  717,  says : 

The  thorapcutical  effects  of  this  agent  are  obtained  by  direct  application  and  by 
absorption.  "When  taken  into  tlie  stomacli  it  imparts  a  cooling  sensation  to  the  month 
and  throat ;  the  circulation  is  somewhat  depressed.  Hence  it  has  been  classed  by  au- 
thors as  refrigerant,  and  from  increased  action  of  kidneys  diuretic.  By  some  it 
has  been  supposed  to  exert  hepatic  action.  Without  doubt  it  does,  but  to  what  ex- 
tent we  are  not  ijrepared  to  state.  When  applied  locally  to  ulcerated  surfaces  of  the 
mucous  membrane,  as  in  ulcerated  stromatitis  and  many  other  diseases  of  the  mucous 
membrane,  and  also  to  iilcers  of  the  integiiments,  it  has  a  stimulating  action,  as  shown 
by  increased  sensation  of  the  jiarts  and  excited  vascular  action,  which  becomes  alter- 
ative, and,  therefore,  salutary.  Its  most  decided  effects  are  obtained  when  taken  into 
the  system.  Chlorate  of  potash,  we  think,  has  a  specific  action  on  the  mucous  mem- 
brane— the  glandular  and  cutaneous  systems.  In  scarlatina  it  is  universally  recog- 
nized as  the  best  remedy.  In  diseases  of  the  mouth  and  throat,  whether  ulcerative 
or  inflammatory,  chlorate  of  potash  has  a  salutary  effect.  In  diphtheria  it  is  one  of  the 
most  reliable  remedies  for  lesions  of  the  throat.  In  no  disease  is  its  alterative  action 
better  shown.  Given  to  an  adult  in  tablespoonful  doses  of  the  saturated  solution 
every  hour  for  twenty-four  honra,  and  there  will  be  a  marked  change  in  the  general 
appearance  of  the  diseaseil  ])arts.  The  exudation  will  bo  diminished,  the  fever  re- 
moved, the  surface  paler,  the  swelling  diminished,  the  vascular  action  less,  the  sensa- 
tion ameliorated  ;  the  skin  becomes  cool",  the  puLso  less  frequent;  in  fact,  .a large  per 
cent,  of  the  incipient  foi'm  of  diphtheria  reqiiiresiio  other  i-euiedy. 

You  can,  then,  safely  give  the  hog  one  good  dose  of  calomel  in  this 
disease,  and  then  rely  with  an  abiding  confidence  on  the  chlorate  of 
potash. 

Respectfully  submitted. 

ALBAN  S.  PAYNE,  M.  D. 

Markhaim,  Va.,  November  25,  1878.. 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER   ANBiALSV      »    ,     173 


3    AND    OTHER   ANIMALS/     /    .     173 

__  LiTx^  ^y 


EEPORT  OF  DK.  J.  N.  McjS'UT 


Hou.  Wm.  G.  Le  Due,  \\     Ca  f  ^  '  f  y 

missioner  of  Agriculture  :  \  ..    ^    ^ 

ave  the  honor  to  report  that,  in  obedience  to  iiistruci 
tmeut,  I  have  devoted  the  past  two  months  to  the 

tion  of  diseases  of  swine.    Though  my  labor  has  been  confined  to  one 


Commissioner  of  Agriculture  :  \  '  r  (  )  1 1 

Sir  :  I  have  the  honor  to  report  that,  in  obedience  to  instructions  ttobaX  /  i 
youi*  department,  I  have  devoted  the  past  two  months  to  the  investiga-       "  *^« 


county  (Jefferson),  I  had  abundance  of  material,  and  have  examined 
several  hundred  diseased  hogs,  and  made  thirty  liost  mortem  examina- 
tions. 

While  the  results  of  my  exi)eriments  and  examinations  may  not  be  as 
satisfactory  as  could  be  wished,  I  am  cominced,  first,  of  the  nature  of 
the  disease,  and,  secondly,  that  if  it  cannot  be  cured  in  all  cases,  it  can 
by  proper  hygienic  measures  be  with  much  certainty  prevented. 

I  have  aimed  to  have  the  results  of  my  examinations  as  practical  as 
possible,  and  will  endeavor  to  present  them  devoid  of  any  scientific 
theories. 

The  disease  has,  in  this  county,  as  in  other  portions  of  the  State,  pre- 
vailed in  different  localities  for  a  niunber  of  years.  It  usually  begins 
in  early  spring-,  and  increases  in  extent  and  severity  until  the  late  sum- 
mer and  fall  months,  disappearing-  toward  the  approach  of  winter,  only 
to  appear  in  another  locaUty  with  the  return  of  spring-.  Although  in 
different  seasons  and  locahties  it  presents  different  symptoms,  it  is  evi- 
dently the  same  fatal  enemy  to  the  pig  raiser,  only  in  another  garb. 
Unfortunately,  as  the  name  of  a  disease  should  convey  some  idea  of  its 
nature,  this  dreaded  scourge  is  called  "hog-cholera,"  why  we  know  not, 
unless  from  its  rapid  and  almost  certain  fatality. 

While  the  pathological  conditions  found  in  my  examinations  were 
many  arnd  varied,  yet  the  main  lesions  pointed  to  the  intestinal  mucous 
membrane  and  lungs,  with  sufficient  uniformity  to  clearly  indicate  the 
nature  of  the  disease ;  and  as  it  is  clearly  shown  that  the  disease,  while 
contagious,  is  not  communicable  to  other  animals  nor  to  man,  it  is  evi- 
dently a  specific  contagious  disease  sui  generis — typhoid  fever  of  swine. 
The  disease  occasionally  begins  suddenly  with  symptoms  of  a  chill,  the 
pig  standing  drawn  up  and  shivering  on  the  sunny  side  of  a  barn  or  fence. 
But  the  disease  generally  begins  more  insidiously,  and  the  first  thing 
noticed  is,  in  a  previously  healthy  pig,  a  dull  appearance  with  a  T\"i'inkled, 
drawn  look  about  the  head  and  neck.  It  stands  with  back  hiunped, 
head  and  shoulders  drooping,  eyes  listless  and  watery;  loss  of  ap])etite, 
or  i)erhaps  eats  for  a  few  moments  and  then  stands  over  its  fooil  with 
an  appearance  of  loathing- ;  sometimes  it  show  a  disposition  to  nausea, 
great  and  constant  tldi'st,  increased  temi)eratui-e,  first  about  breast  and 
•  belly,  and  after  one  or  two  days  extending  over  body  and  limbs.  Fever 
at  first  of  a  remittent  character ;  temperature  in  rectum  102'^-10I°  F., 
in  morning ;  in  the  evening  rises  to  10GO-109°  F.  Has  hacking  cough, 
which  is  increased  on  exertion ;  sometimes  attended  with  frothy  (white 
or  yellowish)  and  in  last  stage  offensive  discharge  from  the  nose. 
Breathing  rapid  and  labored,  with  drawing  in  of  the  flanks;  panting. 
Bowels  usually,  at  first,  constipated ;  in  some  continue  so ;  in  others 
become  lax  after  a  few  days,  to  bo  i'rcquently  followed,  especially  in  pro- 
tracted cases,  by  very  dark  fetid  diarrhea.  Kidneys  usually  act  well, 
though  urine  is  generally  scanty  and  liigh  colored.  In  very  nuilignant 
cases  it  is  suppressed.  As  the  disease  i)rogressos  the  ])atient  shows  a 
disi)Osition  to  got  away  from  tlic  lierd ;  lies  on  its  belly  under  straw, 
brush,  or  any  place  for  a  shade ;  is  stirred  up  with  difficulty ;  walks  with 


174  DISEASES  OF  swI^^:  and  other  aijimals. 

a  staggering-,  painful  gait.  Some,  if  they  attempt  to  run,  go  sidewise, 
and  carry  their  head  to  one  side.  In  white  hogs,  rose-colored  spots  ap- 
jiear  on  belly  and  inside  of  arms  and  breast,  eftaceable  by  pressure,  but 
retm-n  immediately.  On  dark  hogs,  the  spots  are  of  a  petechia  or  hemor- 
rhagic character,  with  elevation  of  tlie  cuticle,  especially  behind  the 
shoulders  and  on  the  neck  and  back  of  the  ears.  In  one  case,  sick  three 
weeks,  I  found  sloughs  one  inch  or  more  in  diameter,  thickly  scattered 
over  belly,  neck,  and  snout.  Large  abscesses  are  occasionally  seen  in 
parotid  glands  (behind  the  ears),  and  in  a  few  malignant  cases  the  legs 
swell  until  the  skin  bursts,  discharging  a  thick,  yellow  senim.  In  some 
cases  the  hoofs  fall  off".  If  the  case  does  not  end  fatally,  as  it  often  does 
in  a  few  days,  the  sjinptoms  increase  in  severity.  The  animals  rai)idly 
lose  Hesh,  get  lousy,  refuse  to  eat  or  take  note  of  their  surroundings ; 
if  possible  to  arouse  them,  they  immediately  relapse  into  a  stupor. 
Some  pass  off'  in  this  Avay ;  in  others,  convulsions  close  the  scene. 
When  one  occasionally  gets  well,  it  is  after  a  very  protracted  convales- 
cence. Abscesses,  ulcers,  &c.,  form  on  different  parts  of  the  body.  The 
hair  all  falls  off,  and  it  seldom  makes  much  hog  anyway. 

Mj  subjects  for  post  mortem  examinations  were  taken,  some  of  them 
a  feAV  hours  after  death,  and  others  were  killed  during  various  stages  of 
the  disease,  from  the  first  day  to  the  third,  and  in  the  fom-th  week,  by 
bleeding.  The  subjects  that  had  died  were  usually  very  much  emaciated, 
lousy,  offensive ;  snout  and  ears  a  dark  purple;  eyes  shrunken,  some- 
times ulcerated,  and  body  covered  with  dark  spots  of  extravasated 
blood. 

The  principal  lesions  found  were  in  the  alimentary  mucous  membrane 
and  in  the  organs  of  the  chest.  The  tongue  I  seldom  found  coated,  though 
usually  red  and  often  ulcerated,  especially  towards  the  base,  extending 
into  throat  and  down  the  oesophagus.  The  stomach  was  usually  found 
distended  with  undigested  acid,  and  sometimes  offensive  iugesta  and 
flatus.  The  ileum  (small  bowel)  and  colon  (large  bowel)  filled  with  hard 
dry  feces  or  with  dark  liquid,  fetid  discharges,  and  distended  with  gas. 
The  mucous  membrane  of  stomach  and  intestines,  differing  with  the  stage 
of  the  disease  at  which  death  had  occuiTed,  presented  the  various  stages 
of  inflammation  and  its  sequela,  from  a  faint  pink  blush  to  a  dark  red 
thickened  condition.  This  was  the  case  with  the  whole  siuface  of  the 
stomach  and  of  the  ileum  or  colon,  or  more  or  less  extensive  portions  of 
each.  In  some  cases  the  dark  thickened  membrane  could  be  easily 
stripped  from  the  sub-mucous  coat.  Ulcers  in  the  glands  of  the  small 
intestine  and  csecum  were  frequent.  Peyer's  glands  in  two  or  three 
cases  were  very  much  enlarged  and  thickened,  and  covered  with  hard, 
dark  scabs.  In  several  cases  the  ileum  was  so  contracted  in  several 
places  that  they  looked  as  if  they  had  been  scorched. 

The  peritoneum  was  generally  more  or  less  inflamed,  and  in  two  cases 
I  found  in  one  two  and  in  the  other  four  quarts  of  straw-colored  serum 
in  the  abdominal  cavity ;  a  portion  of  which,  in  the  largest,  was  coagu- 
lated, apparently  by  the  groat  heat  of  the  bowels.  (The  temperature 
was  1090  F.) 

The  lungs  I  found,  with  two  exceptions,  in  diff'erent  degrees  of  inflam- 
mation, varying  with  the  period  of  the  disease,  which  constitute  pneu- 
monia. This  was  the  case  either  in  the  first  stage  (that  of  congestion), 
the  second  stage,  (no  hepatization),  or  third  stage  (gray  hepatization) ; 
though,  as  is  usual  in  diseases  of  a  low  and  feeble  character,  these 
stages  were  not  always  well  marked,  but  often  presented  more  the  con- 
dition called  splenization,  caused  by  the  blood  not  yielding  sufficient 
plastic  matter  to  form  the  firm,  resisting  character  of  hepatization. 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE   AND    OTHER   ANIMALS.  175 

The  aiiioiint  of  lung  involved,  of  course,  varies  in  each  case ;  iu  some  one 
lobe,  usually  the  upper  if  the  left  lung,  and  lower  if  the  right;  in  others, 
again,  all  of  one  lung,  and  in  one  case  I  found  the  whole  of  both  lungs 
involved,  the  left  in  the  third  and  right  in  the  second  stage.  In  young 
pigs  I  found  what  is  known  as  lobular  pneumonia,  that  is,  diseased  lob- 
ules, of  which  each  lobe  is  composed,  were  mixed  indiscriminately  Avith 
healthy  lobules,  giAing  this  lung  a  mottled  appearance.  In  onecase  I 
found  the  disease  in  the  upper  lobe  of  the  right  lung.  The  inflammation 
was  conlined  to  the  air  vesicles,  and  constituted  "  vesicular  pneumonia." 
In  this  case  I  found  tubercles  scattered  through  the  diseased  lung,  and 
iu  one  the  ui)per  lobe  of  the  left  lung  was  one  mass  of  tubercles.  All  of 
the  cases  Avere  compUcated,  to  a  greater  or  less  extent,  either  with 
inllammatiou  of  the  pleura  (the  covering  of  the  lung),  or  of  the  bronchi 
(air-passages).  In  some  cases  the  bronchial  tubes  were  inflamed  and 
tilled  with  a  frothy  and  occasionally  a  bloody  mucus,  in  others  ulcerated 
and  secreting  a  yellow,  otfensive  pus;  the  ulceration  often  extending 
into  the  larynx,  and  even  into  the  nasal  passages.  In  six  or  eight  cases 
the  pleirra,  especially  the  right,  presented  more  or  less  extensive  patches 
of  inflammation,  with  adhesions  between  the  pnlmonarj-  and  the  costal 
portions,  that  is,  between  the  portion  of  the  pleura  and  that  lining  the 
chest. 

The  heart  was,  in  protracted  cases,  pale  and  soft,  and  in  one  case  in- 
flammation of  the  pericardium  (covering  of  the  heart)  with  etfusion  into 
the  pericardial  sack  was  observed. 

The  liver  was,  in  most  cases,  more  or  less  congested,  and  in  one  case 
very  much  enlarged  and  fiUed  with  patches  of  inflammation.  The  gall- 
bladder was  usually  filled,  sometimes  distended,  with  dark-green,  thick 
bile. 

The  pleura  was  in  aU  cases  enlarged,  and  in  one  case  very  dark,  almost 
black,  and  so  friable  that  it  would  not  sustain  its  own  weight.  The  kid- 
neys were  usually  pale  and  sometimes  soft,  and  in  the  two  cases  where 
there  was  so  much  oedema  of  the  lungs  and  suppression  of  the  mine; 
the  malpighian  bodies  were  of  a  dark-red  color,  and  the  lining  of  the 
pelvis  (inside  of  kidney)  was  very  much  inflamed  and  covered  with 
extra vasated  blood. 

With  a  few  exceptions  the  mesenteric,  ingninal,  and  other  lymphatic 
glands,  especially  bronchial  and  cervical,  were  in  various  stages  of  in- 
flammation and  enlargement,  and  in  some  cases  of  a  peculiar  dark-red 
color. 

The  brain  proper  and  the  spinal  cord  I  found  usually  in  a  normal  con- 
dition. In  one  case  there  was  eflusion  into  the  ventricles.  The  men- 
inges of  the  brain  and  spine  were,  in  ijrotracted  cases,  congested  or 
inflamed,  and  in  two  cases  the  dura  mater  (lining  of  the  skull)  was  thick- 
ened and  easily  separated  from  the  skull. 

The  cause  of  the  disease  has  been  variously  ascribed  to  feeding,  crowd- 
ing, overdriving,  filthy  pens,  ringing,  &c.  From  information  obtained 
from  hog-raisers,  from  our  own  observation,  and  reasoning  from  analogy, 
I  am  satisfied  that  the  real  cause  of  the  disease  is  the  present  manner 
of  breeding,  raising,  and  feeding  the  pigs,  and  as  a  result  of  my  obser- 
vation and  treatment  I  found  the  same  remedies  as  used  in  remittents  in 
the  human  subject  as  the  most  eftectual.  I  am  satisfied  that  the  disease 
is  at  least  developed  by  malaria,  and  relieved,  if  at  all,  by  the  same 
treatment  as  malarial  diseases  in  man.  Instead  of  raising  ])igs  frojn  a 
sow  eight  or  ten  months  old,  and  cramming  them  with  slops  and  dry 
corn  iu  order  to  make  three-hundred-pouud  porkers  of  them  in  twelve 
months,  select  good  healthy  sows  fi-om  eighteen  to  twenty-four  mouths 


176  DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER   ANIMALS. 

old ;  allow  tliem  to  have  but  one  litter  each  year ;  let  the  pigs  grow  up 
uatiu'ally ;  feed  them  but  little,  and  give  them  no  dry  corn ;  let  them 
have  plenty  of  water  and  clay  to  drink  and  bathe  in,  and  give  them 
a  chance  to  root  for  a  living,  and  to  that  end  furnish  them  good 
pasturage  on  soft,  moist,  and,  if  possible,  shady  soil,  where  various  roots 
are  plenty;  in  fact,  let  them  "root,  hog,  or  die,"  and  wallow  to  their 
hearts'  content.  The  roots  they  may  get  are  their  natiu-al  food,  and  by 
frequent  bathing  in  muddy  pools  they  keei)  th:e  skin  in  a  lively,  healthy 
condition,  free  from  dandruft"  and  vermin,  A  hog  looks  tilthy  enough 
when  he  first  comes  out  of  his  cool  bath  in  a  mud-hole ;  but  see  him  after 
he  has  dried  the  clay  in  the  sun  and  rubbed  it  off  on  some  convenient 
stump  or  fence-corner,  and  he  is  a  nice,  clean,  and  very  presentable  ani- 
mal. After  he  has  attained  his  natural  growth  in  this  manner,  say  from 
eighteen  months  to  two  years,  he  can  be  fattened  on  corn,  if  you  will, 
without  fear  of  disease.  That  the  disease  once  started  is  easily  communi- 
cated by  contagion  and  infection  I  have  easily  Ibund  by  tracing  its  rav- 
ages in  regiijns  of  my  inquiries.  Starting  from  a  diseased  hog  brought 
into  the  neighborhood,  it  next  showed  itself  in  the  herd  of  the  only 
neighbor  who  let  his  hogs  run  at  large,  and  whose  hogs  visited  an  in- 
fected farm.  Thence  it  was  conveyed  by  the  hogs  of  the  second  party 
dying  alongside  of  a  large  pasture  filled  with  well-fed,  well-watered  hogs. 
Then  other  neighbors'  hogs  broke  into  this  pasture  and  mingled  with  the 
sick  hogs,  and  soon  went  home  to  die  of  the  disease  and  infect  others. 
Others,  again,  separated  by  a  large  creek,  crossed  to  the  infected  neigh- 
borhood and  were  soon  numbered  with  the  dead.  Diuing  a  dry,  south 
wind,  lasting  several  days,  hogs  one  mile  to  the  north,  separated  by  the 
same  creek,  developed  the  disease.  Thence  it  was  traced  in  the  same 
manner,  carried  either  by  straying  hogs  or  dry  winds,  and  in  the  case  of 
winds  always  in  the  direction  of  the  wind,  and  then  often  jumping  two 
or  three  farms  for  favorable  material. 

Treatment. — Uuclier  this  head  I  will  necessarily  be  very  brief,  for  unless 
the  case  is  taken  early  in  the  disease,  i.  e.,  unless  the  pig-raiser  under- 
stands the  early  symptoms  of  the  disease  and  adopts  what  might  be 
called  the  heroic  treatment  at  once,  little,  if  anything,  can  be  done  by 
medication. 

After  fully  satisfying  myself  as  to  the  nature  of  the  disease,  I  found 
by  taking  the  case  in  its  incipiency  and  giving  a  good  cathartic  (calomel 
5  to  20  grains,  and  podophyllin  ^  to  2  grains,  according  to  age)  in  boiled 
X)otatoes  at  night,  to  be  followed  each  morning  for  two  or  three  days  by 
sulphate  cinchoneidia  10  to  40  grains,  according  to  age,  in  slops,  and  after 
and  during  this  treatment  give  spirits  turpentine  (5  to  20  drops),  or  car- 
bolic acid  in  slops  (1  to  o  drops)  every  four  hours,  resulted  in  a  cure  in 
80  to  90  -par  cent,  of  cases  treated.  In  addition  I  would  follow  sugges- 
tions recommended  in  prevention  of  the  disease,  viz.,  isolate  the  sick ; 
keep  them  in  pastures  with  free  access  to  water  and  clay.  Clay  is  one 
of  our  best  antiseptics,  and  the  hog  knows  it,  and  will  when  thirsty,  if 
he  can,  mix  it  with  the  water  before  he  drinks.  Give  them  but  little,  if 
anything,  to  eat,  and,  if  ;niy,  such  vegetables  as  turnips,  parsnips, 
artichokes,  and  other  food  of  this  chiss.  By  no  means  feed  corn,  espe- 
cially dry  corn.  I  really  think  t'hat  if  the  suggestions  as  to  the  manner 
of  breeding,  feeding,  and  caring  for  the  pig  here  offered  Avero  followed 
out  tliere  wH)uld  be  but  little,  if  any,  ]ieed  for  treatment. 

Before  closing  I  Avish  to  acknowledge  my  indebtedness  to  Maj.  James 
S.  Mellen,  of  Saint  Louis,  for  many  and  valuable  suggestions. 
I  am  yours,  very  respectfully,  is:c., 

J.  X.  McNUTT,  If.  JD. 

Pi:v]:Lv,  jMo.,  Ocfohcr  14,  1878. 


DISEASES    OF   SWINE   AND    OTHER   ANIMALS.  177 


EEPOET  OF  DR.  C.  M.  HINES. 

Hon.  Wm.  G.  LeDuc, 

Commissioner  of  Agriculture  : 

Sir  :  Having  been  honored  with  an  appointment  as  an  inspector  of 
diseases  of  domesticated  animals,  under  the  direction  of  the  Department 
of  Agricidture,  I  accepted  the  same  on  the  first  day  of  August,  and  at 
once  took  the  necessary  steps  to  find  a  field  for  an  investigation,  which 
had  reference  more  particularly  to  the  diseases  of  swine. 

After  diligent  inqiiiiy  I  found  the  disease  was  not  sufiiciently  exten- 
sive in  the  State  of  Kansas  for  any  extended  inquu-y  into  the  cause 
and  remedy  for  "  hog-cho.era,"  or  the  infectious  fever  of  hogs.  Under 
instructions  from  the  department  I  therefore  proceeded  to  Cass  county, 
Nebraska,  where  it  was  said  to  x^rovail  as  an  ei)idemic  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  Eight-Mile  Grove. 

Upon  my  arrival  at  Plattsmouth,  the  county  seat  of  Cass  county,  I 
was  informed  that  no  "hog-cholera"  had  prevailed  in  that  region  for 
nearly  three  months  prior  to  my  arrival. 

After  a  detention  of  several  days  in  the  vain  effort  of  finding  a  proper 
conveyance  into  the  country,  I  at  last  succeeded,  being  aided  by  Mr. 
James  Hall,  of  Eight-Mile  Grove.  I  was  assured  that  I  would  find  but 
little  of  the  disease,  as  I  was  too  early  in  the  season,  it  being  more 
prevalent  in  cold  weather. 

As  the  time  for  investigation  was  limited,  I  determined  to  make  as 
much  of  it  as  possible.  Passing  through  Cass  county  I  found  several 
small  herds  under  treatment  by  a  veterinary  surgeon,  and  in  nearly 
every  case  I  found  they  were  being  "doctored"  by  the  owner,  or  some 
one  professing  to  cure  the  disease.  Also,  other  owners,  rejecting  all 
interference,  were  apathetic,  and  seemed  to  consider  it  something  beyond 
human  ken,  and  as  one  expressed  it,  left  them  to  "worry  through."  In- 
deed, one  farmer  said  that  he  intended  as  soon  as  he  was  sure  the  disease 
was  in  the  herd,  to  "ship  all  those  large  enough  for  the  market" — an 
example  followed  by  many  others,  making  widespread  havoc.  From 
Cass  county  I  proceeded  through  -Otoe,  to  the  borders  of  Johnson 
county,  i)assing  over  a  large  portion  of  both  counties,  returning  again 
to  Plattsmouth  when  the  time  for  the  investigation  had  nearly  expired. 

In  arri\ring  at  the  conclusions  to  be  found  in  this  article,  I  must  be 
permitted  the  privilege  of  argument,  in  order  to  show  my  reasons  for  the 
same,  and,  fii'st,  I  would  observe  that  the  disease  known  as  "hog 
cholera,"  or  "infectious  fever  of  hogs,"  is  not,  as  I  think,  so  difficult  of 
solution,  nor  has  it  a  protean  character.  1  consider  it  one  disease  from 
two  causes  having  two  effects. 

The  hog  is  said  to  be  improved  by  "crossing,"  and  persons  ignorant 
scientifically  of  its  eflects,  and  how  far  it  may  be  carried  with  propriety, 
write  and  speak  learnedly  of  the  matter.  They  attempt  to  imi)rovc  uj)on 
nature,  and  it  has  been  carried  to  such  an  extent  as  to  almost  obliterate 
aU  traces  of  original  breeds.  They  attempt  also  to  make  a  distinct, 
separate,  and,  as  they  suppose,  2)ermanent  stock  that  will  reproduce 
itself.  Although  all  hogs  may  belong  to  the  one  great  family,  there  is 
a  law  in  nature  that,  where  a  great  divergence  has  taken  place  from  any 
Ijarent  stock,  a  tendency  to  revert  must  prevail,  or  the  creatiu-o  must 
suffer  from  the  lex  talionis  naturte.  "  So  true  is  it  that  nature  has 
caprices  wliich  art  cannot  imitate." 

Persons,  otherwise  good.  fa?;rti?i'S>..who  h-avc  iiuyi'oyed,  thpir  stp(;k^  '^s^ 
12  sw  '  '  ' 


178  DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AKD    OTHEE   ANIMALS. 

they  suppose,  by  crossing  or  continaal  breeding  in  tlie  same  stock,  do  so 
until  tliey  are  really  ignorant  of  how  close  they  are  breeding,  and  of  its 
evil  effects,  for  (as  in  the  human  being)  the  penalty  for  this  violation  of 
the  law  of  nature  is  loss  of  vitality,  less  power  of  resisting  diseases,  and 
sci'ofulous  degeneracy. 

I  have  seen  pigs  not  a  month  old  which  were  totally  blmd,  with  large 
sores  on  the  jaws,  and  hogs  of  eight  or  ten  months  with  great  sloughing 
sores  on  the  body,  and  I  have  been  told  by  rehable  gentlemen  thatsome 
lose  the  ilesh  trom  the  jaws,  leaving  the  bone  exposed.  In  tbe  okter 
hog  this  affection  may,  perhaps,  be  brought  about  by  feeding  exclusively 
upon  old  corn  that  had  been  exposed  to  the  elements,  but  "time  did  not 
allow  for  i)roof  of  this. 

Cholera  in  Kansas  and  Nebraska  seems  to  attack  preferably  the  Berk- 
shire, and  the  BerksMre  crossed  by  the  Poland-China,  which  appear  to 
be  the  kinds  preferred  iu  those  States.  The  "common  stock,"  and  those 
not  bred  so  close,  are  not  so  hable  to  the  disease  as  where  they  have 
been  continually  crossed  and  called  "  fuie-blooded."  I  have  been  told  by 
gentlemen  who  are  largely  engaged  hi  hog-raising  that  the  common  stock 
and  those  of  pure  breed  are  less  hable  to  the  disease — that  they  have 
been  in  adjoinhig  ranges  to  those  diseased,  and  have  escai)cd  the  infec- 
tion.   I  have  no  doubt  of  this  fact. 

TEEATMENT  OF  THE  HOG,  HIS  FOOD,  QUAETEES,  ETC. 

Of  food. — As  Dr.  Detmers,  of  Missoui"i,  in  a  report  upon  tliis  same 
subject  says,  "  Because  he  is  a  hog,  must  he  be  treated  hoggishly  ?  "  Poor 
hog!  Man  seems  to  think  he  "has  no  stomach  that  he  need  respect." 
With  what  do  they  not  dose  him  (iu  heu  of  what  he  would  find  for  him- 
self, were  he  at  liberty?)  8tone  coal,  cliarcoal,  ashes,  concentrated  lye! 
Give  him  sour  food,  and  afterward  an  alkaU  to  correct  acidity  of  stom- 
ach !  AU  very  good  when  inteUigently  administered,  no  doubt.  But, 
does  not  the  hog  need  an  acid  sometimes  as  well "? 

The  almost  universal  food  for  swine  in  these  States  is  corn,  nothing 
hut  corn.  K,  perchance,  they  get  any  green  food  it  is  green  com  cut 
and  thrown  to  them. 

Corn  is  raised  in  such  abundance  and  the  price  is  so  low,  in  order  that 
there  may  be  a  retiu-n  for  the  labor  of  the  farmer  it  must  be  converted 
into  either  beef  or  pork ;  and  as,  according  to  general  behef  and  practice, 
a  hog  reqmres  less  care  than  other  domestic  animals,  and  can  st^ind  any- 
thing, he  is  the  favorite  instrument  through  which  to  reahze  gain,  and 
every  farmer  has  his  herd  of  hogs,  large  or  smaU. 

Of  quarters. — The  laws  of  the  States  of  Kansas  and  Nebraska  prohibit 
the  running  at  large  of  domestic  animals,  and,  as  a  consequence,  the  hog 
is  confined  in  quarters  of  various  kinds  and  dimensions,  dependent  upon 
the  abihty,  inclination,  or  industry  of  the  farmer.  Thus  we  find  that  in 
a  prame  country  where  fencing  is  expensive  they  are  not  apt  to  have 
too  much  range. 

In  that  part  of  the  State  of  Nebraska  to  which  my  observations  ex- 
tended nearly  aU  tlie  farms  were  located  on  water-courses  of  variable 
size,  and  for  convenience  the  hog-pens  were  on  the  banks  of  the  streams, 
in  many  cases  at  an  incUnation  of  li-om  15°  to  25°.  The  iuclosures  were 
fuU  of  manure  of  peihaps  years'  standing,  mixed  with  earth  of  the  kind 
known  as  the  loess  deposits,  into  Avhich  the  hogs  rooted,  wallowed,  and 
when  sick  they  would  eat,  in  a  vain  effort  to  relieve  their  sufferings. 
(In  many  cases  scarcely  anything  else  was  found  iu  the  alimentary  canal.) 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER    ANIMALS.  179 

They  had  at  pleasure  the  privilege  of  indulging  in  a  bath  of  or  drinking 
the  semi-fluid  matter  in  the  streams  passing  through  their  inclosures, 
coiQposed  of  old  and  recent  manure,  with  au  admixture  of  the  black  soil 
and  material  of  a  like  character  conveyed  to  them  from  sties  titty  or  a 
hundred  miles  above.  They  might  also  at  their  pleasure,  after  such 
recreation,  bask  themselves  in  the  sunshine  (with  the  mercury  in  the 
nineties)  on  the  hill-side  the  livelong  day. 

Fed  with  corn  that  had  been  exposed  to  the  snows  and  rains  of  one 
and  sometimes  tico  years ;  heated  by  the  sun  in  summer,  cooled  by  the 
snows  of  winter,  washed  by  the  rains  of  spriiig,  and  fauned  at  pleasure 
by  rude  Boreas,  is  it  to  be  wondered  at  that  animals  so  treated,  and 
from  v.hich  so  much  is  expected,  should  become  diseased  and  die,  and 
that,  following  the  example  of  the  farmer  who  said  that  he  woidd  "  ship 
Ms  hogs  as  soon  as  he  was  satistied  disease  was  in  his  herd,"  the  "  hog- 
cholera"  should  continue,  being  spread  by  rail  over  a  great  extent  of 
country,  di'opping  some  here  and  some  there  f  True,  all  are  not  so  treated, 
and  where  they  are  treated  in  a  rational  manner  few  are  lost. 

If  the  same  attention  was  given  the  hog  that  is  bestowed  on  other 
domestic  animals  there  woidd  be  less  cause  for  complaint,  and  it  is  use- 
less to  attempt  to  remedy  the  matter  except  by  a  radical  change  in  the 
treatment  of  the  animal. 

Many  farmers  keep  their  corn  in  cribs  without  covering,  and  one  who 
was  losing  hogs  every  day  told  me  that  he  had  been  feeding  them  on 
corn  that  had  been  exposed  to  the  elements  for  two  years.  I  have  found 
that  in  proportion  to  the  care  taken  so  was  the  ratio  of  health  and  dis- 
ease, all  other  things  being  equal. 

The  causes,  then,  in  my  opinion,  which  develop  the  disease  known  as 
"  hog-cholera"  are  of  two  kinds.  First,  contimial  close  hreedi7ig,  which 
has  a  tendency  to  lessen  vitality,  produce  a  scrofidous  condition  of  body, 
with  less  power  of  resisting  disease ;  second,  want  of  proper  treatment, 
which  includes  Ibod,  quarters,  and  general  management. 

SYirPTOMS  OF  DISEASE  AND  MODES  OF  ATTACK. 

First  mode  of  attach. — Generally  the  hog  is  sick  a  considerable  time 
before  it  is  noticed,  and  he  is  not  cut  off  as  suddenly  as  many  suppose. 

The  hog's  external  depurating  apparatus  is  said  to  be  fixed  in  the 
posterior  portion  of  the  fore  leg  and  the  nose.  When  the  disease  sets 
in  the  discharge  fi'om  these  parts  ceases,  and  often  (especially  in  young 
pigs)  a  sweUing  of  the  fore  leg  may  be  noticed,  extending  to  the  shoul- 
der. The  nose  becomes  dry,  and  the  hog  now  has  the  fever.  His  bowels 
become  constipated,  and  when  moved  by  the  administration  of  a  cathartic 
his  discharges  are  of  scybala,  coated  with  mucous  or  epithelium.  His 
appetite  fails,  and  he  eats  what  is  unusual  for  him  in  a  state  of  health, 
such  as  dirt  and  herbage,  that,  when  weU,  he  vv^oidd  pass  by.  He  lies 
down,  or  leans  against  the  side  of  the  inclosm-e,  and  when  started  up 
moves  wearily.  Two  moist  streaks  may  be  seen,  one  from  each  eye; 
holds  his  head  down,  and  his  ears  faU;  when  lying  doA^^n  rises  ui>  and 
falls  down;  stumbles  along  as  though  he  had  rheumatism;  is  weak  in 
the  fore  legs ;  becomes  lousy,  and  if  he  does  not  die  by  the  disease  which 
fixes  itself  upon  the  brain  and  spinal  cord,  he  may  recover,  but  is  often 
left  entirely  bUnd.  If  recovery  or  deatli  does  not  take  place  in  this 
first  mode  of  attack,  he  passes  into  the  condition  of  those  imdcr  the 
second  mode  of  attack,  and  the  force  of  the  disease  is  exerted  upon  the 


k 


180  DISEASES   OF    SWINE   AND    OTHER   ANIMALS. 

mucous  membranes  of  the  alimieiitary  canal.  In  this  first  mode  of  attack 
the  disease  is  seated  in  the  serous  membranes. 

Second  mode  of  attack. — Begins  with  fever,  as  in  the  first  mode,  but, 
although  the  brain  is  affected,  the  force  of  the  disease  is  exerted  more 
directly  upon  the  stomach,  bowels,  and  lungs  (upon  the  mucous  mem- 
branes). The  hog  loses  his  appetite,  grows  rapidly  thin,  aud  instead  of 
the  discharge  from  the  eyes  it  is  from  the  bowels.  He  lurches  li'om  side 
to  side  as  he  moves  along,  is  weak  in  the  loins,  has  diarrhea,  often  vom- 
its, and  worms  are  sometimes  discharged  from  both  stomach  and  bowels. 
The  discharge  from  the  bowels  is  of  a  yellow  color,  seemingly  mixed 
with  pus.  In  this  mode  of  attack  aU  the  parasites  that  infest  the  hog, 
of  whatever  character,  seem  roused  to  unusual  activity,  and  the  hog, 
unable  to  partake  of  a  sufficient  amount  of  nourishment,  these  parasites, 
fixing  themselves  in  many  parts  of  the  body,  prey  upon  its  vitals  until 
it  succumbs. 

Cough  is  a  prominent  symptom,  sometimes  from  the  first ;  is  of  a  spas- 
modic character,  and  apparently  due  to  some  extent  to  nervous  irritation. 
In  some  cases,  at  every  fit  of  coughing  there  would  be  a  discharge  from 
the  bowels. 

Character  of  the  disease. — As  before  stated,  it  attacks  first  the  serous, 
secondly  the  mucous  membranes,  or  it  may  \)&  confined  to  either. 

In  the  first  mode  of  attack  the  fever  is  of  a  sthenic  character,  and 
presents  many  of  the  characteristics  of  measles  in  the  human  being. 
There  is  fever,  discharges  from  the  eyes,  sometimes  a  discharge  from  the 
nostrils,  and  discoloration  of  the  skin.  Cough,  which  is  an  attendant 
upon  measles  in  man,  is  generally  absent  in  the  hog  in  the  beginning  of 
this  disease.  I  prefer  to  consider  it  a  fever  developed  in  the  same  man- 
ner as  typhus  or  typhoid  fever  is  in  man ;  that  there  is  "  blood  poison- 
ing," and  that  the  disease  germs  are  intangible ;  that  it  has  no  symptom 
in  common  with  cholera  in  man,  save  the  dian-hea.  The  action  of  the 
infection  upon  the  blood  is  quite  the  opposite  to  that  of  cholera,  for  in 
the  disease  in  question  there  is  a  lack  of  fibrin  and  of  hiematin ;  it  is  pale, 
deficient  in  red  corpuscles,  and  does  not  "  cup,"  I  do  not  believe  that 
it  is  dependent  upon  any  particular  condition  of  the  atmosphere,  except 
that  portion  immediately  surrounding  the  diseased  animals.  I  think  there 
can  be  no  doubt  that  it  may  be  communicated  to  other  hogs,  and  more 
readily  to  those  of  a  like  breed,  and  living  under  like  conditions.  Being  (as 
I  think)  not  primarily  of  a  typhoid  character,  I  cannot  see  any  reason  why 
this  term  should  be  applied  to  the  disease.  The  truth  is,  I  believe,  that 
the  hog  is  sick  some  time  before  it  is  generally  noticed,  and  that  a  little 
attention  given  him  at  the  commencement  will  stop  it.  Is  this,  then,  of 
a  typhoid  character  "1  In  confirmation  of  this  I  will  state  a  little  circum- 
stance related  to  me  by  a  gentleman  in  this  neighborhood.  A  colored 
barber  called  upon  him  at  his  farm  one  day,  and  while  looking  at  a  fine 
hog,  which  the  owner  said  would  eat  but  little,  and  appeared  to  be  sick, 
the  barber  said  :  "  Your  hog  has  the  cholera.  I  will  cure  him";  and  im- 
mediately, to  the  great  amusement  of  the  gentleman,  caught  the  hog, 
opened  his  mouth,  made  two  incisions  in  the  papillae  at  the  root  of  the 
tongue,  aud  then  began  rubbing  the  fore-legs  of  the  animal  with  a  corn 
cob.  Telling  the  gentlemen  to  give  the  hog  a  dose  of  some  piu'gative 
medicine,  he  went  his  way.  In  a  few  hoiu-s  the  hog  began  to  eat  and 
recovered  in  a  short  time. 

Of  infection. — Hogs  of  the  same  class,  and  placed  under  like  circum- 
stances, are  more  liable  to  convey  the  infection  to  each  other  than  to 
those  differently  situated.    I  met  with  a  farmer  in  Nebraska  who  was 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER   ANIMALS.  181 

purchasing  diseased  hogs  at  a  low  figiire,  and  taking  them  on  his  farm 
for  treatment,  without  fear  of  communicating  the  disease  to  his  own 
herd.  He  had  some  knowledge  of  the  disease,  and  had  treated  his  own 
herd. 

Professor  Law  says,  as  quoted  by  the  commissioner  of  agricidture  of 
the  State  of  Virg-inia, '"  contagion  is  the  main  cause  of  the  disease."  We 
are  satisfied  that  we  understand  the  circumstances  under  which  one  may 
contract  the  chills  or  intermittent  fever,  but  I  presume  no  medical  man 
wiU  say  that  he  can  toucli  the  "  disease  germs,"  as  they  are  termed.  Con- 
tagion cannot  came  it,  but  may  aid  in  spreading  it. 

Prevention  of  the  disease. — In  my  opinion  the  surest  means  of  preven- 
tion are  those  of  a  hygienic  character.  Do  not  breed  close,  give  the 
animal  a  variety  of  food,  keep  his  range  clean,  and  protect  him  from 
extremes  of  heat  and  cold.  In  a  prairie  country,  where  domesticated 
animals  are  not  allowed  to  run  at  large,  I  would  recommend  that  ranges 
for  the  hog  should  be  inclosed  by  portable  fences  in  sections.  Posts 
should  be  placed  at  the  proper  distances  (they  might  be  of  iron  and 
driven)  and  the  sections  wired  together  or  fastenings  might  be  attached 
to  each  section  so  as  to  unite  at  once.  Constructed  in  this  manner  the 
range  may  be  changed  to  another  location  in  a  few  hours.  This  should 
be  done  once  or  twice  a  year  at  least,  and  preferably  in  the  spring  and 
the  beginning  of  winter.  Eaise  vegetables  especially  for  them.  If  pos- 
sible sow  oats,  and  let  them  have  the  range  of  the  field.  Give  them 
fresh  water  to  di-ink,  which  may  be  raised  by  a  windmill  and  conveyed 
through  pipes  to  the  range.  Instead  of  having  hogs  to  "follow"  the 
cattle,  as  a  matter  of  economy,  I  would  feed  them  separately,  and  have 
the  com  for  the  cattle  ground  in  a  horse-power  mUl. 

Eradication  of  the  disease. — This  might  be  effected  partly  through 
State  laws  prohibiting  the  transportation  through  the  States  of  hogs 
showing  evidence  of  disease,  attention  to  hygienic  laws,  and  a  greater 
admixture  of  the  breeds  known  as  "common  stock,"  gradually  brought 
about. 

Treatment  of  tlie  disease. — This  is  very  simple  if  attended  to  in  time, 
and  very  few  need  be  lost.  Simply  a  transfer  to  a  new  range  and  a 
change  of  food  at  the  beginning  of  the  disease  wiQ  save  a  great  many. 
Give  the  hog  a  purgative  of  soft  soap,  raw  linseed-oil,  or  any  simple 
purgative ;  afterward  warm  mashes  and  comfortable  dry  quarters.  Very 
often  this  is  aU  that  is  necessary  to  arrest  the  disease.  As  soon  as  his 
nose  becomes  moist  and  the  secretion  is  restored  in  his  fore-legs,  you 
may  count  upon  his  recovery.  A  farmer  told  me  that  his  herd  had  the 
"cholera,"  and  that  he  fed  the  bviag  with  the  carcasses  of  those  that 
died,  and  his  hogs  recovered.  Another  that,  having  more  fresh  beef 
than  he  wanted,  fed  the  surplus  to  his  herd,  and  they  recovered.  This 
food,  being  unusual,  acted  upon  their  bowels,  hence  their  recovery. 

In  investigating  this  disease  I  had  many  obstacles  to  contend  with. 
There  were  no  herds  to  be  found  within  a  reasonable  distance  (nor  be- 
yond that  I  was  aware  of)  which  had  not  been  dosed  with  something, 
and  none  so  isolated  as  to  be  entirely  free  from  contact  in  some  way  with 
other  herds.  As  a  consequence  I  made  no  use  of  the  clinical  thermom- 
eter, which  would  have  given  no  perfect  data  to  discourse  upon. 

The  first  herd  of  hogs  treated  numbered  forty-five  head,  situated  on 
high  and  dry  land;  but  the  range  was  dirty  from  the  accumulations  of 
old  manure,  they  having  been  fed  on  com  from  crib  exposed  to  the  ele- 
ments for  a  considerable  period.  Were  drinking  water  from  a  well.  All 
8ick.  No  other  hog  had  been  near  the  range  except  a  boar,  and  he  was 
said  to  be  well  5  neither  had  any  been  away  from  the  herd.    The  breed 


182  DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER   ANIMALS. 

was  Berkshire,  crossed  witii  Poland  China.  Owing  to  the  inland  situa- 
tion and  want  of  necessary  articles  at  the  place  the  troug-hs  were  not 
made  with  circular  holes,  but  were  constructed  in  the  following  manner: 

The  trough  was  di- 
vided longitudinally 
by  a  board  on  edge  so 
that  the  hogs  could 
feed  on  either  side 
withoiit  permitting 
the  admission  of  the 
feet,  thus :  They  were 
graded  1,  2,  3,  4,  according  to  age  and  condition.  The  herd  was  suffer- 
ing from  both  modes  of  attack,  as  heretofore  described.  They  were 
moved  from  their  range  and  placed  on  new  ground.  As  a  general  thing 
the  younger  hogs  suffered  the  most. 

Pen  No.  1  contained  the  oldest  hogs,  jifteen  in  number,  from  one  to 
three  years  old. 

Pen  No.  2  contained  fourteen  head,  from  eight  months  to  one  year 
old. 

Pen  No.  3  contained  eleven  head,  from  five  to  eight  months  old. 

Pen  No.  4  contained  five  head,  from  five  to  twelve  months  old,  and 
was  the  dead  'pen. 

No  food  was  allowed  for  the  space  of  twelve  hours.  Nos.  1  and  2 
were  given  salt  and  water,  which  they  were  comijclled  to  drink,  being 
without  food  or  water.  This  had  the  effect  of  causing  vomiting  and 
purging.  In  several  cases  worms  were  discharged  from  the  stomach 
and  bowels ;  principally  from  those  suffering  from  the  second  mode  of 
attack.  Some  had  to  be  pressed  forward  and  urged  to  drink.  After  the 
action  of  the  salt  the  tincture  chloride  of  iron  was  administered  in  water  in 
doses  of  twenty  drops  every  four  hours,  for  the  older,  and  fifteen  for  the 
younger  hogs.  A  mash  of  bran  was  made  (which  was  always  fed  while  fresh 
and  sweet),  and  they  were  allowed  to  partake  moderately  of  the  iron  half 
an  hour  after  the  first  dose.  They  were  fed  at  intervals  between  the  doses 
of  iron,  and  no  other  food  was  given  until  convalescence  began,  when  they 
were  allowed  some  com  in  connection  with  the  mash.  In  those  suffering 
from  the  disease  in  the  first  mode,  there  was  constipation  of  the  bowels, 
dry  noses,  and  watery  discharges  from  the  eyes.  When  the  bowels  were 
moved  (and  in  some  instances  they  were  very  torpid),  the  passages  would 
be  stercoraceous,  and  covered  with  a  white  substance  (apparently  epi- 
thelium), were  very  hard,  and  upon  examination  appeared  to  be  com- 
posed almost  entirely  of  earth.  These  began  to  improve  on  the  third, 
and  were  so  much  improved  on  the  sixth  day  that  they  were  allowed  a 
more  liberal  supply  of  food.  They  were  not  considered  out  of  danger 
until  the  eighth  or  tenth  day.  It  was  not  necessary  to  give  any  other 
purgative,  and  gxadually  the  discharges  fi'om  the  bowels  became  of  a 
proper  consistency. 

No.  3,  Most  of  these  had  dianhea.  Some  had  a  cough,  and  whenever 
a  fit  of  coughing  came  on  there  would  be  a  profuse  discharge  from  the 
bowels,  thin  and  of  a  yellow  color.  Occasionally  there  would  be  vomiting 
also,  showing  the  great  irritability  of  the  pneumo-gastric  nerves.  Worms 
would  also,  ',\\,  times,  be  ejected  from  the  stomach  or  bowels.  To  these 
were  ivdniiiiistered  from  one  and  a  half  to  two  fluid  ounces  of  raw  linseed- 
oil,  according  to  th(i  age  of  the  animal.  After  the  action  of  the  oil  the 
discharges  weiv  not  so  frequent,  arid  the  animals  seemed  more  lively. 
Twenty  droiis  orcailtolic  acid  were  then  administered  to  the  older,  and 
fifteen  to  the  younger  hogs  every  jbiu-  hours. 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE   AND    OTHER   ANIMALS.  183 

The  action  of  this  remedy  not  meeting  my  expectations,  I  had  recourse 
on  the  third  day  to  the  tincture  chloride  of  iron,  as  in  the  cases  of  is"os. 
1  and  2.  Fifteen  drops  were  given  to  the  older  and  twelve  drops  to  the 
younger  every  four  hours  with  marked  improvement.  The  food  given 
was  the  same  in  all  cases.  Convalescence  in  this  class  was  slower  than 
in  Xos.  1  and  2,  it  beginning  a  day  or  two  later,  and  the  recovery  was 
more  protxacted,  with  the  prospect,  in  some  cases,  that  a  montli  or  longer 
must  elapse  before  they  would  be  of  any  value. 

No.  4. — The  dead-pen. — In  this  i)en  were  live  hogs  of  different  ages, 
ranging  from  five  months  to  a  year  old.  They  were  selected  for  this  pen, 
as  there  was  but  little  hope  of  saving  them.  Two  were  sick  after  the 
first  mode  of  attack,  and  three  after  the  second  mode.  Linseed-oU 
was  administered  in  corn-meal  and  water.  They  had  to  be  urged  and 
brought  up  to  drink.  One  utterly  refused,  and  was  too  far  gone  to  under- 
go treatment.  He  died  in  a  few  horn's  in  convulsions,  as  in  the  first  mode. 
The  morning  after  two  more  were  found  dead,  and  the  nest  day  another 
died.  These  latter  were  after  the  second  mode.  One  after  the  first  m ode 
recovered.  The  tincture  chloride  of  ii'on  was  administered  to  these  also. 
As  they  began  to  improve,  which  was  in  from  six  to  ten  da-ys  from  be- 
ginning of  treatment,  they  were  fed  more  liberally  according  to  their 
condition.  The  pens  were  kept  clean,  the  manure  being  removed  at  once. 
Chloride  of  lune  was  used  as  a  disinfectant. 

The  loss  was  four  out  of  forty-five  hogs.  Together  with  the  foregoing 
treatment,  the  following  was  administered  every  four  hours,  between  the 
doses  of  iron:  Powdered  alum,  siss;  sulx)hur  sub.,  pij;  powdered 
saltpeter,  fiss;  flaxseed-meal,  fix.  These  were  mixed,  and  two  jDOunda 
of  the  mixture  was  added  to  every  barrel  of  mash  in  which  it  was  given. 

The  second  herd  treated  numbered  originally  123  head ;  several  had 
died,  reducing  it  to  114.  The  breed  was  Berkshire  crossed  with  Poland- 
China.  They  had  been  bred  very  close.  This  was  a  bad  lot  to  treat,  as 
they  had  been  dosed  with  "condition  powders,"  "concentrated  lye," 
and  several  other  articles.  They  had  been  fed  on  corn  exclusively. 
Their  range  was  located  on  a  hill-side,  and  a  sti^eam  of  water  x>assed 
through  it.  It  was  covered  to  a  consid.erable  depth  with  old  and  recent 
manure,  exposed  to  the  sun,  and  without  shelter  for  the  hogs.  The 
stream  was  thick  with  mud  and  manure,  where  the  hogs  could  waUow  at 
pleasure  and  bask  in  the  sun  aU  day.  There  were  other  ranges  above 
and  below ;  the  niunber  I  have  no  idea  of,  but  presume  that  every  farm 
located  near  this  stream  had  its  range  on  it,  as  it  was  common  so  to  do 
for  convenience.  l!^o  other  hogs  had  been  brought  there,  and  none  taken 
away  and  returned. 

The  herd  was  moved  to  new  ground  in  the  shade,  and  graded  accord- 
ing to  size  and  condition.    They  were  divided  into  five  classes. 

First  class. — This  consisted  of  eighteen  hogs,  the  ages  ranging  from  one 
to  three  years.  They  were  suffering  with  symptoms  belonging  to  the 
first  mode  of  attack;  had  no  cough.  The  bowels  of  some  had  been 
moved  by  remedies,  others  not.  Could  i^artake  of  some  food,  but  not 
heartily.    They  were  treated  together. 

Second  class. — Tliis  consisted  of  twenty-one  hogs,  ranging  from  one  to 
two  years,  and  were  suiiering  from  an  attack  after  the  second  mode. 
They  had  cough  and  diarrhea. 

Third  class. — This  consisted  of  thirty-nine  hogs,  ranging  from  five 
months  to  one  year  old,  suffering  from  an  attack  after  the  livst  mode. 

Fourth  class. — This  consisted  of  twenty-six  hogs,  ranging  irom  five 
months  to  one  year  old,  suffering  from  an  attack  after  the  second  mode. 

F'iJ'th  class; — dead-pen. — This  consisted  of  ten  hogs  of  different  ages. 


184  DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    CrilEll   AJ5MALS. 

Three  were  after  the  first  mode  and  seven  after  the  second  mode  of  at- 
tack. 

Believing  that  the  theory  of  blood-jwisoning  was  correct,  I  did  not  see 
any  reason  for  a  change  of  treatment  from  that  followed  in  the  case  of 
the  first  herd.  Those  suffering  from  the  disease  by  the  first  mode  of  at- 
tack were  first  given  salt  and  water  and  afterward  the  iron,  as  in  the  case 
of  the  first  herd.  Those  suffering  from  an  attack  in  the  second  mode 
received  a  dose  of  linseed-oil,  and  afterward  the  iron  and  i)owder  as  de- 
tailed in  the  case  of  the  first  herd.  Many  had  to  he  urged  and  forced  to 
drink.  Some  refused  altogether  to  partake  of  anything.  I  sum  up  the 
deaths  by  class : 

Of  class  1 None. 

Of  class  2 2 

Of  class  3 3 

Of  class  4 Ti 

Of  class  5 8 

Total  number  of  deaths 18 

Nine  had  died  before  treatment,  making  twenty-seven  in  all. 

Post-mortem  examinations. — In  iiiiikmg post-onortem  examinations,  I  was 
afforded  opportunities  in  Nebraska  (besides  those  under  my  own  obser- 
vation), by  Mr.  A.  J.  Eainey,  a  veterinary  surgeon,  who  had  a  large 
number  of  animals  under  treatment.  Also,  by  a  IMr.  Dudly,  an  enter- 
prising farmer  residing  in  the  neighborhood  of  Syracuse,  who  gave  me 
permission  to  examine  his  herd,  in  any  manner  I  saw  fit,  in  furtherance 
of  my  object. 

In  my  description  of  appearances  after  death,  I  shall  confine  myself 
to  one  or  two  dying  under  each  mode  of  attack. 

Sog  six  months  old. — The  blood. — This  had  the  appearance  of  water 
colored  yellow.  Fibrin  broken  up,  and  a  want  of  hematin.  Excess  of 
serum  and  salt.  Poured  upon  the  ground  it  was  absorbed,  leaving 
scarcely  a  perceptible  stain. 

The  brain. — Effusion  of  serum  in  cavity  of  skull,  and  softening  of  the 
brain.    Effusion  in  the  membrane  of  the  eye. 

The  lungs. — Effusion  of  serum  in  pleural  cavity.  Base  of  lungs  some- 
what congested,  apparently  of  a  passive  character. 

The  heart. — Normal  condition,  but  pale. 

The  stomach. — Normal  condition,  the  spleen  enlarged. 

The  liver. — There  was  but  little  bile  in  the  gall-bladder ;  the  organ 
was  darker  in  color,  with  petechial  spots.  Kidneys  pale.  No  ulceration 
of  intestines.    This  hog  died  from  the  first  mode  of  attack. 

Hog  six  months  old. — This  hog  had  recovered  from  an  attack  in  the 
first  mode.  Was  left  blind,  and  had  an  ulcer  on  one  of  his  feet.  He 
was  killed.  Was  apparently  free  of  disease  j  the  blood  was  of  the 
proper  consistency  and  color,  and  coagulated.  Blindness  was  the  effect 
of  the  disease. 

Examination  of  those  dying  from  second  mode  of  attaclc. — Hog  six  months 
old. — This  hog  was  very  thin,  nearly  all  the  fat  having  been  absorbed, 
Could  detect  no  disease  of  the  brain.  In  this  case  there  was  the  usual 
diarrhea,  cough,  &c.,  belonging  to  this  class.  Heart  normal  in  structure, 
but  pale.    No  effusion  in  jileural  cavity. 

Lungs. — These  presented  the  appearance  mentioned  by  writers  on  this 
disease  as  gray  hepatization. 

Stomach. — This  i)resented  evidences  of  disease.  Two  ulcerated  patches 
were  found,  nearly  healed,  circular  in  form,  and  eight  or  ten  inches  in 
diameter.  The  dead  mucous  membrane  was  still  adherent,  but  was 
easily  removed. 


DISEASES   OF   SWINE   AND    OTHER   ANIMALS. 


185 


The  liver  was  discolored ;  dark  patches  were  diffiised  over  its  surface. 
One  large  worm  [Ascaris  lumhricoides)  was  foimd  in  the  duodenum. 
There  was  a  large  ulcer,  about  an  inch  in  diameter,  in  the  ascending 
colon,  plainly  seen  on  the  external  surface  of  the  intestiue.  Its  edges 
were  very  hard,  and  the  inHammation  extended  some  distance  beyond. 
There  were  other  ulcerations  in  different  parts  of  the  intestines,  but  less 
extensive. 

The  spleen  was  of  natural  size,  but  darker  in  color. 

The  kidneys  presented  a  grayish  appearance,  very  pale,  and  having  an 
appearance  as  though  there  had  been  a  deposit  of  blaclc  pigment  in  their 
substance.  They  were  easily  broken  up,  the  internal  portion  or  beUy 
showing  evidences  of  suppuration. 

The  bladder. — This  organ  was  intensely  inflamed,  so  much  so  as  to 
diminish  its  capacity  to  one  fluid  ounce.  All  the  organs  in  the  course  of 
the  alimentary  canal  had  more  or  less  petechial  spots  on  them. 

Hog  five  months  old. — Killed  him.  He  was  very  much  emaciated. 
Was  apparently  recovering  from  the  disease,  but  very  slow  and  doubt- 
ful. Found  three  large  worms  in  the  stomach  and  one  in  the  duodenum. 
The  one  in  the  duodenum  had  his  head  inserted  in  the  gall  duct  up 
to  the  gall  bladder.  There  was  some  chronic  inflammation  at  the  upper 
portion  of  the  duodenum  where  the  worm  had  fixed  himself.  The  stom- 
ach of  the  hog  was  full  of  grass.  It  seemed  that  this  hog  would  have 
to  die  of  inanition,  the  presence  of  the  parasite  interfering  with  the  flow 
of  bile  into  the  alimentary  canal. 

Geology  of  the  district  of  country  where  these  examinations  were 
made :  Tlie  soil  is  of  what  is  termed  the  "  Loess  deposits,"  and  by  analy- 
sis by  Samuel  Aughey,  Ph.  D.,  contains — 

Insoluble  (siliceous  matter) 81.28     Soda 15 

Ferric  oxide 3.  86 

Alumnia .75 

Lime,  carbonate 6.07 

Lime,  pbospbate 3.  .58 


Magnesia,  carbonate 1.29 

Potassa  


,27 


Organic  matter..... 1.  07 

Moisture 

Loss  in  analysis 


1.09 
59 


100. 00 


Parasites. — Of  the  entozoa  that  infest  the  hog  I  have  seen  but  three 
kinds.  Two  of  those  are  familiar  to  most  persons,  and  are  found  in  man. 
The  third  is  a  smaller  parasite,  and  is  often  found  in  the  stomach  of  the 
hog,  and  which  is  said  at  times  to  destroy  the  pyloric  orifice  of  the 
stomach.  I  have  seen  but  one  of  this  species  j  it  was  white,  and  from 
eight  lines  to  an  inch  in  length. 

I  append  a  statement  by  some  farmers  in  Kansas,  who  are  successful 
hog-raisers,  as  to  their  treatment  of  hogs.  Mr.  Jacob  AUen,  of  Neosho 
county,  says:  "Last  year  my  hogs  had  the  fever,  or  'hog-cholera.' 
They  would  eat  dirt ;  dirt  was  found  in  lumps  in  their  stomachs ;  but 
few  worms,  and  those  in  intestines  and  kidneys.  No  trichina  under 
microscope.  Were  constipated.  I  lost  some  j  cured  the  others  by  the 
use  of  senna  and  jalap." 

Kev.  John  Schoemakers,  of  Osage  Mission :  "  Has  been  a  resident 
here  for  thirty  years,  and  states  that  he  is  of  opinion  that  the  disease 
comes  of  want  of  proper  management,  forcing  them  with  corn,  and  want 
of  a  variety  of  food."  He  states  that  they  have  a  large  number  of  hogs 
on  the  Mission  farm,  but  that  they  lose  none  by  cholera.  They  are  let 
run  in  a  large  field  that  has  been 'under  cultivation.  Does  not  confine 
them  to  pens. 

Mr.  David  Bloomer,  of  Neosho  county,  feeds  his  older  hogs  corn  in 
the  winter  and  spring.  Sows  oats  for  them  in  two  separate  fields,  and 
at  different  times.    When  the  oats  are  four-,  inches  high  he  turns  them 


186  DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHBIi   ANIMALS. 

into  the  field  first  sowed,  and  afterwards  into  tlie  second  field,  so  as  to 
keep  tliem  until  corn  is  ''  out  of  tlie  milk,"  AYlien  lie  cuts  and  feeds  them 
corn.  Feeds  his  pigs  on  oats  and  shorts  during  the  winter.  Lets  the 
sows  wean  the  pigs.  Breeds  his  sows  twice  a  year ;  first  htter  to  come 
about  the  20th  of  February,  next  litter  the  20th  September.  After  the 
green  oats  are  gone  he  turns  them  into  a  pasture  of  120  acres.  Tliey 
have  access  i*o  clear  running  water  and  to  shade  in  summer.  Has  cover 
for  pigs  in  winter,  but  none  for  old  hogs.  Does  not  "  shuck"  his  corn, 
and  keeps  it  always  under  cover.  Breed,  pure  Berkshire,  not  bred  close. 
Loses  no  liogs  by  cholera. 

In  conclusion  I  have  to  state  that  of  other  diseases  affecting  animals 
in  the  States  of  Kansas  and  Nebraska,  there  were  an  unusually  small 
number,  and  only  of  those  familiar  to  nearly  every  one. 

In  giving  a  name  to  the  disease  known  as  "  hog-cholera,"  I  have  no 
hesitation  in  saying  that  the  disease  in  the  latter  stages  has  all  the 
characteristics  of  gastro-enteric  fever  in  man. 
Very  re^ectfully,  your  obedient  servant, 

C.  M.  HINES,  M.  D. 

Osage  Mission,  EIans.,  October  29, 1878. 


PEEYALEKCE   OF  DISEASES  AMONG  DOMESTICATED  ANI- 
MALS. 

By  a  perusal  of  the  subjoined  correspondence  of  the  department,  it 
wiU  be  seen  that  there  has  been  no  abatement  of  diseases  among  domesti- 
cated animals  during  the  current  year.  Those  incident  to  swine  seem 
to  have  been  quite  as  prevalent  and  almost  as  fatal  and  destructive  to 
the  animals  attacked  as  they  were  during  the  year  1877.  The  per  cent, 
of  deaths  for  the  last-named  year  was  given  at  58.91,  while  this  year  it 
is  given  at  52.75.  Now  that  the  disease  which  has  been  so  destructive  to 
this  class  of  farm  animals  has  been  shown  by  recent  investigations  to  be 
highly  infectious  and  contagious,  proper  care  and  vigilance  on  the  part 
of  farmers  and  stock-growers  will  lessen  the  spread  of  the  plague,  and 
confine  it  to  such  limits  as  to  greatly  reduce  the  heavj^  annual  losses  of 
the  past  few  years. 

Many  diseases  of  a  malignant  and  contagious  character  have  pre- 
vailed among  other  classes  of  farm  animals  the  ijast  year,  which  will 
receive  the  attention  of  the  department  during  the  coming  season. 

AI.ABAMA. 

Bihh  County. — The  losses  from  cholera  among  liogs  are  annually  very  heavy.  At 
least  40  per  cent,  of  all  the  hogs  in  the  county  suffer  Irom  this  disease,  and  7,5  per  cent, 
of  those  attacked  die.  Cholei-a  is  also  prevalent  among  fowls,  and  large  numbers  of 
them  (lie. 

Clarke. — A  few  horses  annually  die  in  this  county  of  farcy,  a  fatal  contagions  disease, 
and  a  Jew  from  want  of  care  and  proper  attention,  the  latter  mostly  owned  by  negroes. 
There  seems  to  he  no  disease  among  stock-cattle.  Both  hogs  and  chickens  die  of 
cholera. 

CuUma)i. — There  is  some  murrain  among  cattle,  and  considerable  cholera  among  the 
hogs  an<l  chickens  in  this  county.    There  is  but  little  stock  raised  in  the  couutj'. 

EHcanih'ia. — The  only  class  of  farm  stock  atfccted  by  contagions  diseases  in  this  comity 
is  that  of  swine.     These  diseases  have  been  a  great  drawback  to  hog-raising. 

Jefferson. — Horses  suffer  severely  from  distemper.  Cattle  are  occasionally  affected 
with  black  tojigne  and  murrain,  but  at  this  time  are  unusually  healthy.  Hogs  are 
seriously  affectcjl  with  cholera,  quinsy,  and  other  unknown  diseases.  The  losses  have 
been  veiy  heavy  this  season.     Cholera  and  roiipe  prevail  among  fowls. 


I 


DISEASES    OF    SWIXE   AND    OTHER   ANIMALS.  187 

Lauderdale. — We  have  bad  no  infectious  or  contagious  diseases  amongliorses  or  cattle 
in  ttis  county.  Tbcy  sufter  terribly,  however,  during  the  wiuter  for  lack  of  food  and 
proper  attention.  At  least  five  hundred  horses  and  mules,  and  a  greater  number  of 
cafct^c,  are  aunually  lost  fi'om  this  cause.  Hog-cholera  i^revails  here  every  year,  and 
the  loeacs  are  sometimes  enormous.  I  estimate  that  between  7,000  and  8,000  head 
have  been  lost  during  the  past  year.  The  condition  of  farm  stock  generally  is  low — 
worse  than  at  any  time  since  the  war. 

Madison. — ^Xo  infectious  or  contagious  diseases  prevail  among  farm  animals  in  this 
county.  Hogs  frequently  die  of  so-called  cholera.  Fowls  are  aliiicted  with  the  same 
malady.  The  general  condition  of  farm  animals  as  corai^ared  with  previous  years  is 
good. 

Monroe. — A  few  hogs  only  have  been  lost  by  disease  in  this  county  this  year. 

Saint  Clair. — Stock  in  this  county  is  in  very  good  health  and  condition.  I  hear  of 
no  infectious  or  contagious  diseases. 

Walker. — ^Horses  are  seriously  affected  and  frequently  die  of  epizootic  distemper.  A 
good  many  cattle  ai-e  lost  by  murrain  and  black  tongue,  and  many  hogs  die  of  cholera. 
Fowls  die  of  cholera  and  a  disease  which  affects  their  throats.  There  are  but  few 
6he«p  raised  in  this  county;  but  this  industry  is  on  the  increase. 

ARKAJfSAS. 

Baxter  Count}!. — ^Tho  graded  calves  of  this  county  have  this  year  suffered  scverly  by  a 
disease  called  black-leg.  The  first  symptom  is  a  lameness,  and  they  usually  die  Avithin 
from  twenty-four  to  thirty-six  hours.  No  remedy  has  been  found.  About  one-fifth  of 
the  calves  have  been  attacked,  and  nine-tenths  of  those  attacked  have  died. 

Boone. — The  only  diseases  of  any  moment  that  have  prevailed  among  farm  animals 
the  past  year  are  those  incident  to  swine.     The  losses  have  not  been  very  heavy. 

Bradley. — Horses,  cattle,  and  sheep  are  free  from  disease.  About  10  per  cent,  of  aU 
the  hogs  in  the  county  have  died  dming  the  past  year  from  eating  cotton-seeds  and 
lying  in  the  dust.     Cotton  is  the  only  product  that  is  raised  here  for  the  market. 

Fulton, — Hogs  in  a  few  localities  of  this  county  have  been  fatally  affected  with 
cholera. 

Grant. — Chicken-cholera  is  prevailing  here  to  an  alarming  extent.  The  hog-cholera 
has  somewhat  aliated.  There  are  no  diseases  existing  among  horses,  sheep,  or  cattle, 
of  a  serious  nature. 

Marion. — Horses  and  sheep  are  very  healthy,  and  cattle  moderately  so.  Many  of 
the  latter  have  died  this  season  of  black-leg.  Many  fowls  are  annually  lost  by  a  dis- 
ease commonly  known  as  cholera.  A  great  many  hogs  have  been  lost  this  season  in 
this  county  by  an  unknown  disease.  It  is  not  cholera,  but  more  resembles  yellow  fever 
in  man. 

Monroe. — Cholera  among  hogs  and  fowls  prevails  here  every  year,  and  usually 
proves  very  fatal.     All  other  kinds  of  farm  stock  are  healthy  this  year. 

Montgomery. — Horses,  cattle,  and  sheep  are  proverbially  healthy,  at  least  the  excep- 
tion is  so  small  that  it  is  not  worthy  of  note.  Until  this  summer  hogs  have  been 
healthy,  but  cholera  is  prevailing  extensively  among  them  at  this  time. 

Perry. — The  health  and  condition  of  farm  animals  is  generally  good.  Diseases 
among  ho^s  continue  to  jircvail  at  irregular  intervals. 

Pojie. — Occasionaly  a  horse  dies  here  from  bots  and  blind  staggers,  and  sometimes 
from  bad  treatment.  Fine  cattle  brought  here  from  other  States  frequently  die  of 
murrain.  Hogs  sutler  tciTibly  from  what  is  called  cholera.  In  some  localities  it  kills 
almost  every  animal.  Fowls  also  suffer  from  cholera.  Sheep  die  of  rot  and  bad  man- 
agement. 

Seiier.-^A]\  classes  of  farm  stock  are  healthy  save  that  of  swine,  and  a  good  many  of 
these  animals  are  dying  in  the  northern  part  of  the  county  of  cholera. 

Saint  Francis. — A  ncv,- disease  has  appeared  in  this  neighborhood  among  cattle;  it 
first  api^carcd  among  sucking  calves,  but  has  lately  carried  off  several  grown  cattle. 
The  symptoms  are  a  trembling  appearance  and  gradual  prostration,  which  ends  in 
death  in  from  three  to  seven  days. 

Stone. — All  classes  of  iVnm  animals  have  been  unusually  healthy  during  the  past 
year  in  this  county. 

White. — At  least  one-third  of  the  hogs  in  this  county  have  been  afflicted  with  disease 
during  the  past  year,  and  of  this  number  eighty-five  per  cent,  have  died. 

CAIJFORNOA.. 

Cahtveras  County. — We  have  never  had  any  infectious  or  contagious  diseases  among 
any  class  of  farm  .animals.  Every  year  we  lose  a  greater  or  less  number  of  ;inimals  by 
starvation.  Last  winter  probably  ten  per  cent,  of  all  the  cattle  and  sheep  in  this 
county  died  from  this  cause  alone.  In  16G2  fully  three-fourths  of  all  the  cattlo  died  for 
the  want  of  feed. 


188  DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER   ANIMALS. 

Confra  Cosfa. — Hojja  hero  are  subject  to  cholera  and  pneTimonia.  These  diseasea  are 
brought  on  liy  lack  of  proper  care  and  attention. 

Lassen. — There  are  no  infectious  or  contagious  diseases  prevalent  among  domesti- 
cated animals  in  this  county. 

San  Bernardino. — This  portion  of  California  has  always  been  remarkably  healthy  for 
all  classes  of  farm  animals.  No  contagious  disease  has  ever  prevailed  here  except 
scab  among  sheep,  and  this  disease  never  destroys  the  animals. 

San  Diego. — The  only  disease  existing  among  cattle  is  murrain ;  this  disease  is  very 
fatal,  especially  in  dry  seasons.  Hog-cholera  is  not  known  here,  A  good  many  sheep 
are  killed  by  eating  poison-weed  after  our  spring  grasses  are  dried  up.  We  lose  a  good 
many  fowls  from  a  tUsease  known  as  swelled  head. 

Shasta. — Horses  in  this  divstrict  are  annually  afdicted  with  an  epizootic  distemper;  if 
properly  cared  for  but  few  of  them  die.  Cattle  and  hogs  are  healthy.  Sheep  are 
affected  with  scab,  but  when  washed  and  properly  treated  but  few  are  lost.  Our  State 
is  turning  some  attention  to  the  Angora  goat.  I  think  the  raising  of  these  animals 
will  eventually  make  the  best  business  of  the  State,  California  contains  a  vast  extent 
of  country  adapted  to  the  roving  of  this  animal  which  is  lit  for  nothing  else.  It  sub- 
sists entirely  on  brush,  and  seldom,  if  ever,  grazes. 

Tuolumne. — Farm  animals  of  all  kinds  are  in  a  healthy  condition.  The  weather  is 
mild,  and  feed  is  starting. 

Tuia. — A  kind  of  epizootic  disease  is  seriously  affecting  horses  in  this  county.  Dis- 
eases among  cattle  are  generally  caused  by  want  of  proper  care  in  winter.  Cholera 
prevails  among  hogs  and  fowls.  Sheep  become  diseased  for  want  of  proper  care,  and 
keeping  too  many  together, 

COLORADO, 

Bent  County. — Neither  horses  nor  cattle  are  affected  with  infectious  or  contagious 
diseases  here.  Cattle-raisers  estimate  their  annual  losses  at  about  5  per  cent.  A  few 
Bheep  are  lost  by  a  disease  known  as  scab.  Stock  is  in  extraordinary  good  condition 
at  this  writing. 

Gnnnison. — This  is  a  new  county,  and  there  are  not  over  one  thousand  horses  in  it. 
About  half  of  these  have  suffered  this  year  with  epizootic  distemper,  but  none  have 
died.  There  are  no  hogs  or  sheep  in  this  county.  There  are  a  few  fowls,  but  they  are 
entirely  free  from  disease, 

San  Juan. — There  are  no  domestic  animals  raised  in  this  coiinty,  and  none  are  win- 
tered here.  During  the  early  summer  there  are  quite  a  number  of  animals  poisoned 
by  eating  a  weed  which  the  Mexicans  call  "  Loco."  The  botanic  name  of  this  weed 
is  unknown  to  the  writer. 

DAKOTA  TERRITORY. 

Brule  County. — There  is  bi;t  little  stock  in  this  county.  No  disease  of  a  seriotis 
character  prevails. 

Lake. — A  few  horses  have  died  of  distemper  this  5'ear,  and  a  few  calves  and  cattle 
have  been  lost  by  the  disease  known  as  black-leg.  Fowls  are  affected  with  rough, 
scabby  legs,  and  perhaps  10  per  cent,  of  them  die  from  this  disease  very  suddenly  and 
while  in  good  condition, 

Pembina. — This  is  a  very  new  county,  and  contains  but  a  few  farmers  and  little  stock. 
What  little  we  have  is  healthy,  and  free  from  all  infectious  or  contagious  diseases, 

Traill. — A  contagious  but  not  very  fatal  distemper  exists  among  horses  in  this  county. 
The  symptoms  are  a  discharge  from  the  nostrils,  and  swelling  of  the  throat  to  such 
an  extent  as  to  prevent  even  the  swallowing  of  water  for  three  or  four  days  at  a  time. 
Pants  when  driven  severely,  and  his  tongue  hangs  out  of  hia  mouth. 

DELAWARE, 

New  Castle  County. — Chicken  cholera  prevails  this  se.ison.  The  best  preventive  is  a 
tea  made  of  smartweed,  and  placed  easy  of  access  to  the  fowls.  Condition  of  farm 
animals,  "good  and  improving,"  Wo  believe  the  best  stock  and  the  best  care  will 
insure  most  satisfactory  and  profitable  results, 

FLORIDA, 

Calhoun  County. — Cattle  are  generally  affected  with  black  tongue,  hollow  horn,  and 
murrain.  Horses  sullcr  to  a  considerable  extent  with  staggers  and  scurvy ;  and  many 
hogs  are  annually  lost  by  cholera  and  staggers, 

Columbia. — ^Native  horses  are  generally  much  more  healthy  than  those  brought  iji 
from  Northern  States.  Cattle  have  been  generally  healthy,  except  in  a  fow  localities, 
and  in  these  the  losses  liavo  been  quite  heavy.  About  one-third  of  the  hogs  in  the 
county  have  died  from  cholera,  and  the  thumps;  the  greatest  fatality  ever  known  has 
occuxred  among  fowls  this  year. 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER   ANIMALS.  189 

Duval. — There  is  uo  disease  of  any  kind  existing  among  farm  animals  here,  except  a 
disease  known  as  salt  sickness,  which  aliects  cattle  only.  Diseases  ati'ecting  fowls  are 
attributable  to  lice,  and  are  contagions  because  they  are  infected  by  contact.  They 
receive  no  care.  The  breed  is  wild ;  they  are  rarely  fed,  and  the  only  w'onder  is  that 
they  do  not  all  die. 

Lafayette. — There  are  but  few  horses  in  this  county,  perhaps  not  over  fifty  head,  and 
but  little  attention  is  paid  to  raising  or  caring  for  them.  There  are  about  3,000  cattle 
in  the  county.  They  depend  entirely  on  wood  range  for  subsistence,  and  are  generally 
in  bad  condition.  Hogs  subsist  on  mast,  and  do  very  well.  No  sheep  are  raised  here. 
During  the  summer  fowls  aro  afflicted  with  cholera. 

Levy. — Staggers  among  horses  is  very  fatal,  especially  among  young  animals.  Epi- 
zootic distemper  is  the  most  fatal  infectious  disease  among  this  class  of  animals.  Cattle 
are  atfected  with  what  is  known  as  "  salts"  ;  called  this,  perhaps,  for  want  of  a  better 
name.     Hogs  are  subject  to  cholera,  sheep  to  black  tongue,  and  fowls  to  "sore-head." 

Madison. — Distemper  and  glanders  are  the  only  contagious  diseases  iirevailing  among 
horses  in  this  coiinty.  Cholera  has  been  very  destructive  among  hogs.  A  few  cases 
of  thumps  have  been  reported  among  the  same  class  of  animals.  Many  fowls  have 
died  of  cholera  and  sore-head. 

Folk. — The  losses  of  cattle  in  this  coujity,  fi'om  YUrious  causes,  amount  to  about  5 
per  cent,  of  the  whole  number.  But  few  horses  are  raised  here,  and  sheep  are  just 
being  introduced.     Fowls  do  not  do  well ;  the  climate  seems  to  be  too  warm  for  them. 

Saint  John's. — No  sort  of  attention  is  paid  to  the  raising  of  hogs  or  sheep  in  this 
county.  I  have  not  learned  of  a  single  person  having  an  improved  breed  of  pigs.  All 
depend  on  the  "razor-back"  or  "land  pike."  But  little  disease  prevails  among  any 
class  of  stock. 

Santa  Eosa. — Very  few  cattle  die  fi-om  disease  here,  but  a  great  many  die  from  want 
of  proper  care  in  the  winter,  and  food  in  the  spring.  Some  few  sheep  die  of  rot  or  grub. 
Hogs  are  sometimes  afdicted  with  fatal  diseases. 

Sumter. — Pink  root  or  foot  disease  is  quite  common  among  white  hogs,  but  does  not 
affect  black  ones.  Salt-sick  is  a  disease  common  among  cattle.  We  have  no  remedy, 
but  some  recover. 

Suwannee. — Out  of  60  head  of  horses  recently  brought  here  from  Texas,  36  died,  with 
no  apparent  well  marked  symptoms  of  disease.  No  other  horses  were  so  affected. 
Hogs  are  afflicted  with  so-called  cholera,  and  chickens  ■uith  what  is  here  known  as 
sore-head.  The  head  of  the  fowl  becomes  very  sore,  and  so  much  swollen  that  the 
tongue  hangs  out  of  the  mouth,  the  eyes  swell  shut,  and  they  soon  die. 

Volusia. — Horses  and  mules  are  seldom  attacked  by  any  disease  exceiit  blind  stag' 
gers  and  sand  disease.  About  60  per  cent,  of  the  lirst  and  20  per  cent,  of  the  latter, 
attacked  by  these  diseases,  die.  Cattle  are  affected  with  salt-sick  and  hollow-horn. 
The  greater  loss  is  fi-om  the  former.  Hogs  and  chickens  are  sometimes  affected  with 
cholera  and  other  diseases. 

Wakulla. — Horses,  colts,  and  mules  die  of  staggers,  grubs,  and  colic;  cattle  of  hol- 
low-horn and  hollow-tail,  and  hogs  of  thumps  and  cholera.  Chickens  also  die  of 
cholera. 

GEORGIA. 

Charlton  County. — During  the  past  twelve  months  hogs  have  died  in  greater  num- 
bers than  was  ever  known  before.  We  have  no  improved  breeds,  our  hogs  all  being 
"land  pikes."  We  have  no  remedy  for  the  diseases  w^hich  carry  them  off  in  such 
numbers. 

Coffee. — Horses  in  this  county  aro  seldom  attacked  by  contagious  diseases.  A  few 
are  affected  with  epizootic  distemper,  aud  a  good  many  die  of  staggers.  Occasionally 
one  dies  with  coLic  or  sand  disease.  Cattlc^are  only  affected  with  diseases  brought  on 
by  poverty  in  the  winter  season.  Cholera  among  hogs  is  the  most  dreadful  and  fatal 
tliscase  we  have  to  contend  with.  Sheep  are  sometimes  affected  with  staggers  and 
sore-head,  but  rarely  die  except  fi-om  old  age  or  poverty. 

Do  Kalb. — The  value  of  horses  lost  by  disease  in  this  county  during  the  past  year 
will  reach  $5,000,  and  that  of  hogs  $8,000  or  more.  Immense  numbers  of  chickens 
have  also  died  of  cholera. 

Fannin. — Stock  of  all  kinds  have  been  remarkably  free  from  infectious  and  con- 
tagious diseases  in  this  county.     Stock  hero  is  raised  only  for  domestic  purposes. 

Forsyth. — Horses  are  affected  with  bots  and  staggers,  and  a  good  many  cattle  die  of 
distemper  and  murrain,  and  hogs  of  cholera. 

Uart. — The  losses  in  this  county  fiom  diseases  among  farm  stock  are  generally  veiy 
light. 

Jones. — The  only  disease  among  cattle  here  is  hollow-horn,  and  that,  as  a  general 
rule,  is  produced  by  neglect  in  bad  weather.  Hogs  aud  fowls  have  suffered  severely 
with  cholera  the  past  two  seasons. 

Laurens. — We  have  no  infectious  or  contagious  disease  among  horses,  cattle,  or  sheep. 
Disease  i)i-evails  more  or  less  among  hogs  every  year.  The  general  condition  of  farm 
stock  is  good. 


190  DISEASES    OF    SWINE   AND    OTHER    ANIMALS. 

Lincoln. — Farm  animals  tliis  year  have  generally  been  exempt  from  infections  and 
contagious  diseases.  In  a  few  localities  chicken  cholera  prevails  with  more  or  less 
fatality. 

Marian. — A  few  horses  have  died  diu'ing  the  past  year  of  epizootic  and  Inng  fever. 
Cattle  and  sheep  are  healthy.  Cholera  is  quite  prevalent  and  very  fatal  among  both 
hogs  and  chickens. 

Murnnj. — About  5  per  cent,  of  the  hogs  and  sheep  of  this  county  are  aimnally  lost 
by  disease.     Pei-haps  2  per  cent,  of  the  cattle  are  lost  by  mui'raiu. 

Pulmki. — We  have  no  contagious  diseases  among  horses  except  distemper,  and  that 
rarely  kills.  Cattle  are  healthy,  but  hogs  are  more  or  less  subject  to  cholera  every 
year.  The  only  disease  aftecting  sheep  is  rot.  Fowls  have  more  or  less  cholera  every 
year,  which  is  generally  very  fatal. 

Randolph. — The  most  fatal  disease  among  horses  which  has  prevailed  here  during 
the  i»ast  year  is  staggers.  Cattle  are  subject  to  a  good  many  maladies,  some  of  which 
are  quite  fatal.  Cholera  and  big-shoulder  sweep  off  a  great  many  hogs  annually.  In 
gome  localities  almost  all  the  fowls  have  been  destroyed  by  cholera. 

lioclcdale. — No  diseases  of  a  very  destructive  character  have  visited  our  farm  stock 
during  the  past  year. 

Schley. — Tliero  are  no  diseases  of  any  character  prevailing  among  farm  stock  in  this 
county.  This  section  is  most  prosperous  to  the  farmer,  as  there  is  a  full  crop  of  all 
products  and  good  health  throughout  to  both  man  and  beast. 

Screven.—The  most  j>revalent  disease  here,  and  the  most  distressing  one  to  the  farm- 
ers, is  colic  in  mules.  It  is  very  fatal,  and  generally  kills  within  from  live  to  ten 
hours.  At  least  live  out  of  every  seven  of  those  attacked  die.  It  seems  to  he  caused 
by  an  accumulation  of  wind  in  the  body,  and  not  in  the  intestines.  The  body  swells 
to  the  greatest  dimensions,  and  the  most  excrutiating  pains  follow  and  continue  until 
death. 

Spalding. — The  losses  among  farm  stock  in  this  county  from  the  various  diseases  in- 
cident to  the  same  will  probably  reach  as  high  as  $16,000  for  the  current  year. 

Tattnall. — Staggers  is  the  most  fatal  disease  among  horses  in  this  county,  and  black- 
tongue  among  cattle,  although  more  of  each  class  die  of  poverty  than  from,  the  effects 
of  disease.     Cholera  is  very  fatal  among  hogs  and  fowls. 

Towne. — There  are  no  diseases  iirevailing  among  farm  animals  in  this  county  except 
bots  and  distemper  among  horses  and  milk-sick  among  cattle ;  also,  cholera  among 
hogs. 

Union. — We  have  no  contagious  disease  among  any  class  of  farm  stock,  but  a  good 
many  animals  are  lost  every  year  from  common  and  well-known  diseases. 

Washington. — Murrain  among  cattle  and  cholera  among  hogs  and  chickens  are  dis- 
eases that  are  j)roving  very  fatal  here.  Nearly  all  the  animals  and  fowls  attacked  by 
these  diseases  die,  as  we  have  no  remedies.  Yoimg  animals  and  those  being  fattened 
seem  the  most  Liable  to  attack.  Farm  animals  in  this  county  are  now  in  a  better  con- 
dition than  ever  before  at  this  season  of  the  year.  One  reason  for  this  is  that  a  large 
number  of  i^lanters  do  their  cotton-ginning  by  steam  and  water-power  instead  of  with. 
animals. 

Wilcox. — A  greater  or  smaller  number  of  hogs  die  every  year  of  a  disease  called  chol- 
era.    All  other  classes  of  farm  stock  are  measurably  healthy. 

Wilkes. — Hogs  die  annually  in  some  localities  iu  this  covmty  of  a  disease  called  chol- 
era.    Some  years  this  disease  is  much  more  destructive  than  in  others. 

IDAHO  TERRITORY. 

Bear  Lake  Couniy. — Horses  are  occasionally  subject  to  a  distemper  which  is  regarded 
as  contagious.     The  symptoms  are  heaA^y  discharges  from  the  nostrils. 

Idaho. — This  climate  is  very  favorable  to  farm  stock.  All  classes  subsist  on  the 
abundant  bunch-grass  of  the  range  during  the  winter,  and  disease  is  rarely  known 
among  them. 

iiimois. 

Adams  County. — A  good  many  horses  have  died  during  the  past  year  of  distemper. 
As  usual,  the  so-called  hog-cholera  has  i)rovailed  extensively,  and  has  carried  off'  stock 
to  the  value  of  $25,000  or  ,|30,000. 

Carroll. — All  farm  aulnuxls  have  been  remarkably  free  from  contagious  diseases 
except  hogs.  Never  before  has  there  been  so  great  a  mortality  among  swine  in  this 
county.  With  pigs  and  shoats  the  disease  has  been  most  fatal.  No  remedies  seem  to 
be  of  any  benclit,  and  no  sanitai'y  comlition  is  a  safeguard  against  attack.  They  are 
affected  in  a  great  variety  of  ways  and  ai)parently  by  dill'crent  diseases. 

Clark. — A  mild  form  of  epizootic  distemper  prevails  among  horses  iu  the  southeastexn 
))art  of  the  county,  and  there  have  been  some  deaths.  Hog-cholera  prevails  iu  a  very 
fatal  form  iu  the  eastern  part  of  the  county,  and  uKiny  hogs  are  dying.  Chicken- 
cholera  is  also  very  prevalent  and  fatal. 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER   ANIMALS.  191 

Clinton. — A  good  many  horses  are  every  year  attacked  by  an  epizootic  distemper, 
and  about  5  per  cent,  of  those  attacked  die.. 

Cratvford. — Hogs  txequently  die  of  a  disease  commouly  known  as  cholera.  A  great 
many  chickens  are  annually  lost  by  a  disease  of  like  character. 

De  Kail). — Diseases  among  swine  have  prevailed  to  a  most  fearful  and  destructive 
extent  among  the  hogs  in  this  county  during  the  past  season.  The  losses  arc  esti- 
mated at  $50,000  and  upwards. 

Ford. — Hog-cholera  is  about  the  only  disease  of  coneequence  that  prevails  in  this 
locality.     It  is  sometimes  very  fatal  and  destructive. 

Gruiuhj. — At  present  hog-cholera  is  pi'evailmg  in  one  or  two  to^vnships  of  this  county, 
and  many  hogs  are  dying.  A  Mr.  Ely  has  lost  160  out  of  a  herd  of  "ZQO  head,  and  the 
disease  is  still  raging. 

MancocJc. — The  value  of  hogs  lost  in  this  county  during  the  past  year  will  amount  to 
over  $35,000. 

Hardin. — Horses  in  this  county  are  more  free  from  disease  at  this  time  than  they 
have  been  for  three  years  past.  Distemper  in  a  rather  bad  form  is  the  worst  disease 
now  aliecting  this  animal.  Cattle  are  also  unusually  healthy.  Hogs  are  less  alfectod 
with  cholera  tiian  for  many  years  past.  Poke-root  sloj)  is  the  best  preventive  we  have 
yet  found,  in  addition  to  the  burning  of  the  dead  carcasses.  A  law  should  be  passed 
for  the  tine  and  imprisohmeut  of  any  person  who  neglects  this  latter  precaution. 

Henderson. — The  mortality  among  hogs  for  this  year  is  greater  than  for  any  previous 
year.  The  losses  up  to  this  time  will  exceed  $80,000.  I  feel  conlident  that  injudicious 
feeding,  in  connection  with  insufficient  shelter,  are  the  predisi^osing  causes  of  disease 
among  swiae. 

Iroquois. — During  the  past  few  months  the  number  of  hogs  lost  in  this  county  by 
disease  has  been  immense.  Several  breeders  of  fine  Berkshires  have  lost  their  entire 
herds. 

Jackson. — Hog-cholera  is  the  only  disease  that  has  seriously  affected  any  class  of  farm 
animals  in  this  county. 

Johnson. — Hog-cholera  has  prevailed  to  a  limited  extent  this  season,  therefore  the 
losses  have  not  been  very  hea^^. 

Kankakee. — A  large  number  of  hogs  have  died  of  disease  during  the  present  year. 
Perhaps  the  aggregate  of  these  losses  would  amount  to  $15,000  in  this  comity.  About 
1  per  cent,  of  all  the  fowls  die  every  year  from  diseases  incident  to  them. 

Kendall. — Hogs  have  been  seriously  aifected  with  cholera.  Other  classeis  of  farm 
stock  have  had  the  usu4l  affections. 

Knox. — With  the  exception  of  swine  all  other  classes  of  farm  animals  have  remained 
in  good  health  during  the  jiast  season.  The  mortality  among  hogs  has  been  very 
great. 

Lee, — Domesticated  animals  in  this  county  have  been  remarkably  healthy  for  the 
last  year  with  tlie  exception  of  hogs,  which  have  died  in  great  uimibers.  My  own 
opinion  is  that  the  predisposing  cause  has  been  too  close  in-breeding,  and  a  con.scquent 
weakening  of  the  constitution  and  loss  of  vitality. 

Livingston. — No  infectious  or  contagious  disease  prevails  among  horses,  cattle,  or 
sheep.  Diseases  incident  to  swine  and  poultry  are  quite  prevalent  and  fatal.  I  pre- 
sume the  diseases  affecting  swine  are  similar  to  those  existing  elsewhere. 

McLonoucjh. — The  loss  among  hogs  in  this  county  during  the  past  year  has  been  very 
heavy — perhaps  $100,000  would  not  cover  it.  Other  classes  of  farm  stock  have  remaiaed 
in  their  usual  health. 

McHcnry. — Hogs  in  this  county  are  seriously  afflicted  with  infectious  or  contagious 
diseases.  Some  i!,500  have  died  from  the  plague.  About  nine-tenths  of  those  attacked 
die,  and  the  aggregate  losses  thus  far  will  reach  $15,000.  Other  classes  of  farm  stock 
are  healthy,  and  theii-  general  condition  above  an  average. 

Macoupin. — Hogs  and  fowls  are  annually  allected  with  cholera,  and  great  numbers 
of  each  die  of  this  tlisease. 

Madison. — No  infectious  or  contagious  diseases  have  recently  prevailed  among 
horses  and  cattle  in  this  county.  Among  hogs  the  cholera  is  quite  prevalent  and  very 
fatal,  reducing  the  number  at  a  rapid  rate.  A  great  many  fowls  die  ixom  the  so-called, 
chicken-cholera  and  from  gapes. 

Monroe. — We  have  had  a  great  deal  of  hog-cholera  in  this  county.  I  think  the 
disease  is  mostly  caused  by  malaria,  the  result  of  tiltby  keeping  and  careless  feeding. 
We  also  have  chicken-cholera,  for  which  we  have  no  remedy. 

0[/le. — Hog-cholera,  or  disease  among  swine,  still  ]tn'vails  to  a  limited  extent  in 
some  localities  in  this  county,  but  is  not  so  severe  or  so  fatal  as  last  year. 

I'iatt. — There  is  no  infectious  or  contagious  disease  ]>revailing  among  any  class  of 
farm  animals  except  among  swine.  Recently  a  malarial  fever  broke  out  among  some 
imported  stallions  in  oiu-  coimty,  owned  by  Mr.  Harvey  E.  Benson,  and  they  all  died. 
There  were  eight  or  ten  of  them  in  number. 

Fikc. — Hogs  are  generally  seriously  affected  hero  with  cholera  at  two  periods  of  thoir 
existence,  viz.,  In  July,  before  they  are  old  enough  to  wean,  or  between  milk  and 


192  DISEASES    OF    SWINE   AND    OTHER   ANIMALS. 

grass,  and  again  just  before  they  are  old  enough  or  large  enough  to  fatten.  Some  die 
at  all  stages  and  every  season  of  the  year  from  the  effects  of  this  baneful  and  destruc- 
tive disease. 

Fope. — The  only  disease  of  any  moment  prevalent  among  farm  stock  in  this  county 
is  cholera  among  hogs  and  chickens.  The  annual  losses  among  both  classes  are  very 
heaA^y. 

Pulaski. — But  few  farm  animals  are  raised  in  this  county,  and  the  losses  from 
disease  haA^e  been  light  during  the  past  year. 

Randolph. — What  is  known  here  as  hog-cholera  has  prevailed  in  several  parts  of  the 
county,  but  has  generally  been  most  destructive  where  large  numbers  were  herded 
together.  Cases  are  reported  of  several  droves,  numbering  one  huntlred  or  more,  where 
but  ten  or  fifteen  head,  in  all,  recovered. 

Sangamon. — Horses,  cattle,  and  sheep  have  been  healthy  during  the  past  year.  There 
has  been  the  usual  loss  among  hogs  and  fowls,  but  the  aggregate  cannot  be  given  in 
the  absence  of  reliable  data. 

Schuyler. — Hogs  are  the  only  farm  animals  that  have  been  affected  with  infectious 
or  contarious  diseases  in  this  county  during  the  past  season.  Great  nimibers  of  turkeys 
and  chickens  have  also  died  of  cholera,  but  I  can  give  no  idea  as  to  numbers  that  have 
been  lost. 

Shelby. — During  the  past  year  hogs  have  died  in  great  nrftnbors  in  this  county  of 
cholera  and  lung  diseases.  The  aggregate  loss  will  amount  to  over  $60,000.  A  few 
horses  have  died  of  distemper,  and  a  good  many  cattle  of  dry  murrain. 

Stark. — The  hog-cholera  has  been  very  severe  on  some  farms  this  fall,  a  good  many 
farmers  having  lost  nearly  all  their  stock  hogs  and  some  of  their  fattening  stock. 

Stephenson. — The  losses  of  swine  in  this  county  have  been  fearful.  The  class  now- 
dying  are  mostly  shoats — last  spring's  pigs — and  they  are  dying  so  rapidly  in  some 
localities  that  it  is  impossible  for  the  farmers  to  hunt  them  up  and  bury  or  burn  them, 
consequently  the  air  is  tainted  with  their  carcasses. 

Tazewell. — Immense  numbers  of  hogs  have  died  in  this  county  during  the  past  year 
of  the  various  diseases  which  afflict  them.  No  cuxe  has  been  discovered  for  these 
maladies. 

Wabash. — Cholera  among  swine  seems  to  be  the  only  disease  affecting  any  class  of 
our  farm  animals.  About  one-half  of  all  the  hogs  in  the  county  annually  die  of  this 
disease. 

Washinyton, — The  usual  diseases  have  prevailed  among  farm  animals  in  this  county 
during  the  past  year,  and  the  losses  among  all  classes  will  reach  $8,000  or  $10,000  in 
value. 


Adams  County. — The  only  class  of  farm  animals  affected  by  disease  in  our  county  is 
the  hog.  The  disease  seems  to  be  epidemic  and  contagious,  and  has  occasioned  heavy 
losses  among  hog-raisers. 

Broivn. — The  only  disease  of  any  consequence  that  has  prevailed  among  farm  ani- 
mals in  this  county  during  the  past  year  is  cholera  among  swine. 

Carroll. — Cholera  has  been  very  destructive  among  swine  during  the  present  year. 
The  losses  in  this  county  will  amount  to  $38,000  or  $40,000.  The  symptoms  are  various 
and  seem  to  defy  anything  like  successful  treatment. 

Clay. — I  doubt  if  this  county  at  any  time  during  the  past  eighteen  years  has  been 
clear  of  the  hog-cholera.    In  most  herds  it  has  been  very  fatal. 

Clinton. — The  losses  in  this  county  during  the  present  year  from  diseases  among 
ewine  will  amount  to  over  $20,000. 

Crawford. — The  general  condition  of  farm  animals  in  this  county  at  this  time  will 
compare  favorably  with  previous  years,  and  is  fully  up  to  an  average,  if  not  above. 

Dearborn. — There  has  been  but  very  little  hog-cholera  in  this  county  during  the 
present  year. 

Decatur. — All  classes  of  farm  animals  in  this  county  are  healthy  except  that  of  hogs. 
These  animals  are  affected  with  the  usual  maladies,  and  the  losses  have  been  very 
heavy  diuing  the  last  year. 

Greene. — With  the  exception  of  hogs  and  fowls  all  classes  of  farm  stock  have  been 
measurably  healthy  during  the  past  season.  Perhaps  live  thousand  hogs  have  been 
lost  during  the  year  by  the  usual  diseases. 

Hancock. — The  value  of  the  hogs  lost  in  this  county  during  this  past  year  from  the 
various  diseases  affecting  them  will  amount  to  over  $60,000. 

Hendricks. — Our  horses,  cattle,  and  sheep  are  comparatively  exempt  from  disease, 
but  hogs  and  poultry  are  seriously  affected.  The  losses  among  hogs  particularly  are 
very  heavy. 

Jay. — The  only  farm  animals  affected  T\ath  disease  in  this  county  are  hogs,  and  they 
die  by  the  thousands.  The  disease  affecting  them  is  known  as  hog-cholera.  About 
one-half  of  those  attacked  die.     I  think  the  disease  is  contagious. 

Kosciusko. — Nearly  50  i)er  cent»  of  the  hogs  in  this  county  have  died  this  seasotti. 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE   AND    OTHER   ANIMALS.  193 

Some  farmers  liavo  lost  as  higli  as  80  per  cent.  Some  die  of  a  disease  resembling  lung 
fever,  some  of  cliolera,  while  others  are  literally  eaten  up  with  worms.  The  flesh  of 
the  hogs  fairly  swarms  with  these  worms. 

Ifflnojz.— Hog-cholera  is  the  ouly  disease  of  any  consequence  prevailing  in  this  county. 
The  losses  have  been  heavy. 

Miavii.— The  losses  to  the  farmers  of  this  county  from  diseases  among  swine  will 
amount  to  over  $20,000  for  the  present  year.  Cholera  has  been  very  destructive  among 
fowls. 

Ohio.— Unt  few  losses  have  been  sustained  during  the  past  year  from  diseases  among 
horses  and  cattle.  Cholera  prevails  among  hojs,  and  is  frequently  very  fatal.  ThT)se 
fed  on  soap-suds  and  kept  out  of  the  dust  seem  to  be  exempt  from  disease.  Plenty  of 
lime,  sand,  and  pure  water  will  prevent  cholera  among  fowls. 

Shelby.— Horses,  cattle,  and  sheep  in  this  coimty  are  measurably  clear  of  disease. 
Hogs  and  fowls,  however,  are  reported  as  largely  afflicted  with  cholera,  from  which 
many  of  them  die.     No  remedy  seems  to  prove  effectual. 

Stark. — The  disease  among  hogs  in  this  county  is  commonly  known  as  cholera, 
although  the  symptoms  are  varied.  The  disease  has  not  been  very  destructive  this 
season. 

Switza-land.—fiome  distemper  exists  among  horses,  but  the  losses  have  been  compara- 
tively small.  Cattle  are  healthy  and  free  from  all  contagious  diseases.  Hog  cholera  is 
prevalent,  but  not  sufficiently  general  to  discourage  hog-raising.  The  losses  from  this 
disease  will  perhaps  amount  to  one  per  cent.  There  is  some  chicken-cholera  prevalent, 
but  not  sufficient  to  impede  the  business. 

Tippecanoe. — For  this  and  for  several  years  past  it  would  be  safe  to  say  that  50  per 
cent,  of  all  the  swine  pigged  in  this  county  have  died  of  what  is  usually  termed  hog- 
cholera.  This  year  nearly  all  the  farmers  in  this  region  have  been  afraid  to  feed  their 
hogs,  and  have  shipped  them  as  soon  as  shippers  could  handle  them  at  the  summer 
packing-houses.  The  fine  heavy  hogs  that  the  "Wabash  Valley  used  to  produce  are 
things  of  the  past.     All  other  kinds  of  farm  stock  are  healthy. 

Tipton. — Hog-cholera  has  prevailed  to  an  alarming  extent  during  the  past  year  and 
has  been  very  destructive.  The  disease  is  of  varied  symptoms.  Some  die  very  sud- 
denly, while  others  linger  for  a  few  days  or  weeks. 

INDIAN  TERRITORY. 

Chei'oTcee  Nation. — It  will  be  several  years,  under  the  most  favorable  circumstances, 
before  our  jjcople  can  hope  to  be  as  abundantly  supplied  with  farm  stock  as  they  were 
before  the  late  war ;  but  it  is  encouraging  to  know  that  our  people,  by  their  vigilance 
and  industry,  have  increased  the  number  of  their  cattle,  horses,  hogs,  &c.,  and  now 
have  not  only  sufficient  for  home  supply  but  a  small  surplus  to  ship  each  year  to  dis- 
tant markets.  Among  cattle  the  most  serious  and  fatal  disease  we  have  to  contend 
with  is  murrain.  Hogs  are  afflicted  with  various  diseases  which  are  classed  under 
the  general  name  of  cholera.  The  principal  disease  among  horses  is  distemper,  though 
they  are  occasionally  afflicted  with  blindness  and  big-head. 

IOWA. 

Adair  County. — Diseases  are  prevailing  among  horses  and  swine  in  this  county.  The 
losses  in  hogs  have  been  heavy. 

Bucluinan. — The  only  epidemic  that  has  prevailed  among  any  class  of  farm  animals 
during  the  past  year  has  prevailed  among  hogs.  The  mortality  among  this  class  of 
animals  has  been  very  heavy. 

Crawford. — Hogs  in  this  county  have  been  largely  affected  by  cholera,  and  but  few 
attacked  by  the  disease  recover.  The  greatest  destruction  has  occurred  among  pigs. 
The  losses  aie  estimated  at  $40,000  for  the  year. 

Dc8  Moines. — A  few  horses  and  sheep  and  a  groat  many  hogs  have  been  lost  in  this 
county  during  the  past  season  by  disease. 

ICmmett. — A  few  colts  have  died  hero  with  a  disease  known  as  distemper.  No  dis- 
eas<^  among  other  classes  of  farm  animals. 

Fayette. — Perhaps  $3,000  would  cover  all  the  losses  of  farm  animals  in  this  coimty 
for  the  past  year  from  purely  contagious  diseases,  but  the  losses  from  all  other  causes 
would  no  doubt  swell  the  aggregate  loss  to  twice  or  three  times  this  amount. 

Franklin. — Hogs  have  remained  healthy  until  within  a  few  weeks  past.  Kecently  a 
number  of  fat  hogs  and  shoats  have  been  lost  in  this  locality. 

Guthrie. — Distemper  is  the  most  common  disease  among  horses,  and  black-leg  among 
cattle.  The  latter  is  more  prevalent  and  fatal  among  calves  than  among  gro^sTi  cat- 
tle. Cholera  and  quinsy  prevail  among  hogs,  and  tlieso  diseases  are  <inito  destructive. 
Chickens  have  cholera,  and  I  never  know  one  attacked  by  the  disease  to  get  well. 
Sheep  are  healthy. 

13  SW 


194  DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER   ANIMALS. 

Sarrison. — Hogs  arc  annually  attacked  with  a  disease  known  here  as  cholera,  and  a 
great  many  of  them  die.    The  past  year  has  proven  as  disastrons  as  former  seasons. 

Hinnholdt. — This  county  has  been  remarkably  free  from  all  infectious  and  coata- 
gious  diseases  among  farm  animals.  There  has  been  some  cholera  and  roup  among 
chickens.  The  largest  loss  of  hogs  that  I  have  heard  of  was  five  out  of  a  herd  of  over 
one  hundred  head. 

Ida. — Hogs  are  dying  in  this  locality  this  year  of  inflammation  of  the  lungs.  About 
one-half  the  herds  affected  die.  The  animals  die  in  about  one  week  after  the  first 
symptoms  are  noticed.  Those  that  recover  from  the  disease  do  not  amount  to  much. 
This  is  the  first  year  that  hogs  have  died  of  any  disease  in  this  county. 

loica. — Among  horses  the  only  contagious  disease  iirevailing  seems  to  be  a  very 
Berious  distemper.  It  affects  young  horses  to  a  greater  extent  than  old  animals. 
Quinsy  and  cholera  have  prevailed  among  hogs  tliis  year,  but  to  a  less  extent  than 
usual.     The  losses  will  amount  to  $18,U00  or  $'J0,000. 

Jac]:so)i. — Cattle  have  been  remarkably  healthy,  and  so  have  hogs  until  within  three 
or  four  months  jiast.  From  information  recently  received  I  am  inclined  to  believe 
that  the  losses  will  be  heavy — heavier,  perhaps,  than  ever  before. 

Jefferson. — Horses  and  cattle  are  healthy  in  this  locality.  Hog-cholera  prevails  in 
some  sections  of  the  county,  but  not  in  as  malignant  a  form  as  usual.  Still  the  losses 
have  been  quite  heavy.  Fatal  diseases  prevail  among  fowls,  for  which  wo  have  no 
remedy.     The  general  condition  of  farm  stock  is  above  the  average. 

Johnson. — No'disease  has  preA'ailed  this  year  among  either  horses,  cattle,  or  sheep  in 
this  county.  The  losses,  therefore,  are  merely  nominal.  The  loss  of  hogs  is  not  so 
great  as  last  year.  The  largest  number  of  those  that  have  died  were  young  hogs,  and 
therefore  were  of  less  market  value.  The  disease,  in  all  cases,  was  supposed  to  be 
cholera. 

Lyon. — Until  the  past  summer  all  classes  of  domestic  animals  have  been  extremely 
healthy  in  this  county.  During  the  past  summer  some  herds  on  the  Little  Rock  were 
affected  with  a  disease  claimed  to  be  black-leg,  which  I  doubt,  but  of  which  quite  a 
number  died.  I  notice  that  all  animals  well  cared  for  thi'ough  last  winter  have  es- 
caped. We  have  ncA^er  had  a  case  of  hog-cholera  in  the  county.  I  hear  of  no  diseases 
among  fowls. 

Marion. — Hogs  and  sheep  are  less  affected  by  disease  than  usual  at  this  season  of  the 
year.  No  infectious  or  contagious  disease  exists  among  horses  and  cattle.  Some 
seasons  a  great  many  fowls  die  of  disease. 

Marsliall. — Hogs  have  suffered  to  a  greater  extent  from  disease  the  past  season  than 
ever  before.  The  losses  have  been  heaviest  among  pigs  and  shoats.  The  losses  are 
estimated  at  ftom  ^85,000  to  $90,000. 

Monona. — Lung  fever  has  caused  some  heavy  losses  among  horses  in  this  county 
during  the  past  year.  There  have  been  some  losses  among  cattle  from  black-leg  and 
other  diseases.  Hog-cholera  prevails,  and  the  losses,  as  usual,  have  been  very  heavy. 
Almost  all  those  attacked  die.     The  few  that  recover  are  worthless. 

O'Drien. — Cholera  or  influenza  kill  a  good  many  hogs  in  this  county  every  year, 
although  the  disease  has  never  appeared  as  an  epidemic. 

Palo  Alio.— The  only  contagious  disease  known  among  horses  here  is  glanders  or 
nasal  gleet.  Our  young  cattle  are  sometimes  attacked  with  black-leg.  I  have  never 
known  farm  animals  to  be  in  a  more  thrifty  and  healthy  condition  than  they  are  this 
year. 

Poiceshielc. — Horses  are  afflicted  with  an  epizootic  distemper,  which  has  caused  ftiany 
deaths.  The  mortality  among  hogs,  from  a  disease  supposed  to  be  some  kind  of  fever, 
has  been  terrible.  The  losses  the  present  year,  in  swine  alone,  will  aggregate  from 
$30,000  to  §40,000. 

Bioux. — This  is  a  new  county,  and  but  few  farm  animals  are  raised.  The  few  we 
have  arc  in  good  health  and  condition. 

Slorii. — Hog-cholera  has  prevailed  extensively,  and  has  been  most  virulent  and  de- 
etructivo  during  the  past  season.  About  one-half  the  hogs  in  the  county  have  been 
attaclced,  and  I't)  x>er  cent,  of  those  attacked  have  died.  The  losses  will  amount  to 
over  $30,000. 

Woodhurij. — Tlie  assessors'  returns  showed  9,982  hogs  in  this  county  this  year.  Ten 
per  cent,  of  these  were  attacked  by  a  disease  known  as  cholera,  and  about  all  those 
affected  died.  I  believe  the  disease  to  be  an  affection  of  the  lungs.  Horses  are  trou- 
bh'il  to  some  extent  with  lung  diseases,  but  other  classes  of  farm  stock  are  healthy 
and  in  good  condition. 

Washini/ton. — No  diseases  of  consequence  have  recently  prevailed  among  farm  animals 
in  this  county,  aside  from  those  incident  to  swine.  Diseases  among  these  animals 
seem  to  1)0  mo»t  d<structive  where  corn  is  the  only  diet.  The  losses  durhig  the  year 
will  reach  $10,000. 

Wrujht. — During  the  last  two  years  wo  have  been  greatly  troubled  with  hog-cholera 
in  this  county.     It  is  al^oiit  tlie  only  disease  of  consequence  among  oiu'  farm  animals 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER    ANIMALS.  195 

that  we  have  to  contend  against.     It  has  been  very  destructive  to  svrine.     Wo  lose  a 
few  young  cattle  every  year  with  a  disease  called  black-leg. 


Allen  County. — Cholera  and  congestion  of  the  lungs  carry  off  a  good  many  hogs  in 
this  comity  every  year.  Scab  in  sheep  and  cholera  among  fowls  also  prevail  to  some 
extent. 

Brown. — Hog-cholera  is  the  only  disease  that  has  prevailed  to  any  considerable 
extent  in  this  county  during  the  present  year.    The  losses  have  been  quite  heavy. 

Chautauqua. — A  few  horses,  perhaps  200  head,  have  been  lost  in  this  county  by  an 
unknown  lever.  Grown  cattle  are  ahected  with  murrain  and  young  ones  with  black- 
leg. Cholera  and  pneumonic  fever  are  x'vevailing  among  hogs,  and  these  diseases  are 
proving  quite  fatal.     A  good  many  fowls  are  dying  of  a  disease  called  cholera. 

Clay. — Our  stock  is  annually  visited  by  one  kind  of  disease  and  another,  and  some- 
times our  losses  are  very  heavy.  This  year  our  losses  among  all  classes  of  animals 
will  aggregate  from  $12,000  to  $15,000. 

Cloud. — The  only  disease  of  an  infectious  or  contagious  character  is  that  prevailing 
among  swine,  and  generally  known  as  hog-cholera.  It  is  not  so  prevalent  this  year 
as  formerly.  The  condition  of  all  kinds  of  farm  animals  is  from  25  to  50  per  cent, 
better  than  in  any  previous  years. 

Crawford. — The  principal  disease  among  horses  is  lung  fever,  brought  on  for  want 
of  shelter  and  proper  attention.     Cholera  prevails  very  extensively  among  fowls. 

Davis. — Cattle  are  occasionally  fatally  afi'ected  with  black-leg,  and  cholera  prevails 
to  a  limited  extent  among  hogs  where  many  are  kept  together. 

Ulk. — Horses  and  cattle  suffer  fi-om  various  diseases,  and  the  losses  will  this  year 
perhaps  amount  to  !j;7,000  or  $8,000.  No  epidemic  has  prevailed  among  hogs  during 
the  year,  but  a  great  many  fowls  have  been  lost  by  the  usual  disease. 

Ford. — A  disease  called  Texas  fever  i^revails  here  among  cattle.  It  hardly  ever 
proves  fatal  to  cattle  brought  fi-om  Texas,  but  when  it  attacks  native  cattle  it  is  very 
severe,  and  generally  fatal.  A  disease  like  cholera  affects  chickens,  and  seems  to  be 
contagious. 

Frayiklin. — There  are  no  diseases  of  any  kind  prevailing  among  farm  stock  in  this 
county.     Stock-raising  of  every  kind  is  greatly  on  the  increase  here. 

Jackson. — The  prevailing  disease  among  cattle  is  black-leg,  and  that  is  confined 
principally  to  calves  and  yearlings.  Hogs  are  afflicted  with  cholera,  but  the  disease 
is  not  so  prevalent  this  season  as  usual.  Chicken-cholera  annually  destroys  a  great 
many  fowls.     The  condition  of  farm  animals  is  fully  an  average. 

Kingman. — Cattle  are  afflicted  with  wolf-tail  and  hollow-horn.  Four  out  of  every 
ten  horses  that  are  brought  here  from  the  East  die  before  they  become  acclimated. 
Hogs  and  sheep  are  healthy. 

Labette. — Spanish  fever  has  prevailed  among  some  cattle  infected  by  stock  brought 
in  from  Texas  and  the  Indian  Nation.  Cholera  has  also  prevailed  to  a  limited  extent 
among  hogs. 

Leavenworth. — Horses  are  rarely  sick,  but  when  they  are  attacked  by  disease  they 
usuallj'  die.  Hogs  are  aHlicted  with  various  diseases,  and  they  nearly  all  die  that  are 
taken  sick,  as  nobody  tries  to  doctor  them.     Fowls  also  die  rapidly. 

Lincoln. — All  classes  of  farm  animals  in  this  county  have  been  exceedingly  healthy 
during  the  past  year.     Stock  is  in  very  good  condition. 

Miami. — The  only  disease  reported  among  fai'm  animals  is  that  existing  among 
swiue.     This  disease  was  very  destructive  last  year. 

Mitchell. — Murrain,  black-leg,  and  lung-fevcr  have  prevailed  to  some  extent  among 
cattle  during  the  past  season,  and  cholera,  quinsy,  thumps,  and  fever  among  swine. 
A  lamentable  ignorance  seems  to  prevail  in  regard  to  the  nature  and  cause  of  disease 
among  swine. 

Xcjnaha. — No  disease  of  consequence  has  prevailed  among  our  stock  this  season. 
There  has  been  some  hog  disease,  and  a  greater  loss  than  usual  from  diseases  among 
fowls.     In  some  instances  iiarties  have  lost  all  they  had. 

licno. — A  number  of  horses  in  this  locality  have  been  sick  with  blind-staggers  and 
glanders,  iind  some  have  had  a  mild  form  of  the  epizootic.  The  lirst  two  diseases 
prove  quite  fatal,  one  of  my  neighbors  having  lost  live  animals,  another  three,  and  so 
on.  Cattle  are  usually  healthy.  A  few  cases  of  black-leg,  or  something  like  it,  have 
occurred.  A  disease  is  prevalent  among  hogs,  which  causes  them  to  lose  the  use  of 
their  hind  ]iarts,  and  from  which  tln^y  die  in  about  six  weeks.  Sheep  arc  very  healthy. 
Fowls  are  frequently  seriously  affected  in  the  fall  with  cholera. 

ICEXTUCKY. 

BrealliiU.  Couutij.—A  good  many  hogs  have  been  lost  this  year  by  cholera,  and  many 
eheep  with  foot-rot.  Horses  are  suffering  with  distemper,  and  cftttlo  are  frequently 
attacked  Avith  miuTain. 


19G  DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER   ANIMALS. 

Bullitt. — Cholera  prevails  to  a  considerable  extent  among  hogs  in  this  county.  It 
seems  to  bo  more  fatal  among  pigs  and  shoats  than  among  older  hogs. 

Calloway. — Distemper  prevails  among  horses,  cholera  among  hogs  and  fowls,  and 
rot  among  sheep.     Cattle  are  healthy. 

Carroll. — The  disease  known  as  hog-cholera  is  not  so  prevalent  this  year  as  usual. 
Many  of  our  swine,  however,  have  a  delicate  and  unhealthy  look,  and  do  not  improve 
fast  even  with  the  best  treatment.  This  wo  regard  as  an  evidence  that  the  disease  is 
hereditary. 

Clay. — The  so-called  cholera  among  hogs  has  proved  very  disastrous  to  the  farmers 
of  this  county  during  the  past  year. 

Cumberland. — A  few  horses  have  died  of  distemper  in  this  county.  There  are  no  in- 
fectious or  contagious  diseases  prevalent  among  cattle.  Hogs  are  afflicted  with  chol- 
era, and  a  great  many  have  died. 

Estill. — The  only  diseases  of  consequence  prevailing  among  cattle  are  hollow-hom 
and  murrain.  Horses  are  afflicted  with  distemper,  and  occasionally  die  of  some  kind 
of  lung-fever.  Hogs  are  badly  afflicted  with  cholera.  I  should  say  from  80  to  90  per 
cent,  of  those  attacked  with  the  disease  die.  A  good  many  hogs  also  sufier  from 
thumps,  and  about  two-thirds  of  them  die.     Cholera  also  jirevails  among  fowls. 

Fleming. — Horses  are  afflicted  with  distemper  aud  lung  diseases,  from  which  about 
one  in  twenty  die.  The  most  destructive  disease  we  have  to  contend  with  is  cholera 
among  hogs.  At  least  one-fifth  of  all  the  hogs  in  this  county  annually  die  from  this 
disease.  Two  years  ago  I  lost  one  hundred  and  seven  head,  and  this  fall  I  have  already 
lost  sixty  head  more. 

Hart. — Hogs,  in  some  portions  of  the  county,  are  more  or  less  affected  every  year 
with  cholera,  but  the  loss  this  season  is  small  compared  with  other  years.  Horses  and 
cattle  are  fi'ee  from  all  contagious  diseases.     Chickens  suffer  from  various  diseases. 

Kenton. — Tlaere  is  but  little  stock  raised  in  this  county,  and  the  only  disease  that 
has  caused  material  loss  to  farmers  is  that  among  hogs. 

Knox. — Hogs  in  this  county  have  been  seriously  afflicted  with  cholera  and  blind- 
staggers.  Murrain  has  also  prevailed  extensively  among  cattle,  and  distemper  among 
horses. 

Lewis. — This  is  one  of  the  largest  poultry-raising  districts  in  the  State.  The  loss  by 
disease  runs  into  the  thousands.  The  shipments  from  this  post  are  about  one  thousand 
chickens  per  week. 

Martin. — The  most  prevalent  and  destructive  disease  among  any  class  of  farm  ani- 
mals is  that  of  cholera  among  hogs.  This  disease  is  very  fatal,  and  makes  its  appear- 
ance semi-annually.  We  have  no  remedy.  Fowls  also  suffer  with  a  disease  generally 
known  as  cholera. 

Ohio. — Hogs,  as  well  as  fowls,  are  still  afflicted  Ivith  cholera.  The  mortality  among 
the  former  has  been  very  large. 

Oldham. — Distemper  is  the  only  disease  afflicting  cattle  in  this  locality.  Hog  cholera 
prevails  more  or  less  all  the  time.  Sheep  are  affected  with  various  diseases,  among 
others  those  of  rot  and  sea  b.  Fowls  are  suffering  from  cholera  and  roup.  We  have 
been  unusually  free  from  diseases  of  all  kinds  this  year. 

Pendleton. — Hog-cholcra  has  not  been  so  destructive  this  season  as  in  previous  years. 
The  losses  this  year  will,  perhaps,  not  amount  to  over  $16,000  or  $18,000. 

llowan. — Hogs  tlie  in  great  numbers  from  cholera.  There  is  no  other  infectious  or 
contagious  disease  prevalent  among  the  farm  animals  in  this  county.  Fowls  also  die 
in  great  numbers  from  a  disease  generally  called  cholera. 

liiissell. — The  disease  commonly  called  hog-cholera  has  prevailed  to  a  fearful  extent 
in  some  portions  of  this  county.  The  losses  have  been  at  least  75  per  cent,  of  those 
attacked.  Out  of  a  herd  of  75  head  I  lost  55.  I  hardly  think  the  disease  is  contagious. 
So  fearful  has  been  the  ravages  of  the  disease  that  there  will  not  be  enough  pork 
raised  in.  the  county  to  supply  the  home  demand.  Other  classes  of  farm  stock  are  in 
good  health. 

Shelby. — But  few  horses  are  raised  in  the  county.  The  assessors  report  9,588  head  of 
cattle  in  the  county.  Owing  to  the  ravages  of  hog-cholera  there  has  been  a  falling  olf 
in  the  number  of  swine.  Sheep  husbandry  is  largely  on  the  increase,  and  aggregates 
nearly  double  that  of  any  previous  year.  At  least  45,000  head  have  been  placed  on 
the  farms  of  the  county  this  fall  for  breeding  purposes.  No  diseases  of  consequence, 
except  hog-cholcra,  are  prevalent. 

Warren. — The  losses  have  been  quite  heavy  from  diseases  among  hogs.  Other  classes 
of  farm  stock  are  healthy. 

Whitley. — Distemper  is  quite  prevalent  among  horses,  and  occasionally  we  have  a 
case  of  murrain  among  cattle.  Hog-cholera  frequently  prevails,  and  is  often  very 
fatal. 

LOUISIANA. 

Bienville  County. — Horses  hero  are  subject  to  bots,  colic,  distemper,  and  blind-stag- 
gers.    Perhaps  50  per  cent,  of  the  losses  are  occasioned  by  bots.     The  most  common 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER    ANIMALS.  197 

diseasa  among  cattle  is  known  as  screw-worm  or  ''  wolf"  (in  the  back),  hollow-honi, 
and,  occasionally,  murrain.  Hogs  are  subject  to  cholera  and  mange.  The  former  is 
much  Iho  more  fatal. 

Claihornc. — Cholera  among  hogs  is  the  most  destructiye  disease  now  prevailing  iu 
this  coimty.  Domestic  fowls  are  also  dying  rapidly  from  the  effects  of  the  same  dis- 
ease. We  have  recently  lost  some  line  cattle,  hogs,  and  mules  by  hydrojihobia.  They 
■were  bitten  by  mad  dogs. 

De  Soto. — The  only  destructive  disease  among  farm  animals  that  we  have  to  contend 
with  here  is  a  disease  among  swine,  which  kills  about  one-half  of  those  attacked. 

Jackson. — Horses  frequently  die  here  of  blind-staggers  and  bots,  and  cattle  of  hollow- 
horn  or  head  disease.  A  good  many  hogs  are  annually  lost  by  cholera  and  thumps, 
and  sheep  with  scab. 

Wett  Feliciana. — Charbon,  which  has  prevailed  in  a  mild  form  among  horses  and  mules, 
and  distemper  among  sheep,  are  the  only  aflections  among  any  class  of  farm  animals. 
A  few  deaths  have  occurred  amang  horses  and  mules,  and  many  sheep  have  died  of 
distemper. 

MAINE. 

Piscataquis  County. — No  infectious  or  contagious  diseases  prevail  among  farm  stock 
in  this  county.     About  10  per  cent,  of  the  fowls  are  annually  carried  oil'  by  disease. 

Waldo. — The  only  contagious  disease  we  have  to  contend  with  here  is  an  epizootic 
distemper  among  horses,  and  this  is  fatal  in  but  few  cases. 

Yo7-k, — The  usual  number  of  diseases  have  prevailed  among  fai-m  animals  in  this 
county  during  the  past  year,  and  the  losses  will  amount  to  from  $10,000  to  $12,000. 

MARYLAND. 

AUegJiany  County, — Hogs  have  what  we  call  cholera,  and  but  few  of  those  attacked 
recover.     Fowls  also  have  what  we  term  cholera,  and  nearly  all  that  are  afiected  die. 

Baltimore. — Lung  fever  has  prevailed  among  cattle  in  the  vicinity  of  Baltimore  for 
the  past  twelve  or  fifteen  years,  and  the  losses  have  been  considerable.  Hog-cholera 
prevails  in  a  few  localities  in  the  county,  and  a  number  of  animals  have  died.  The 
losses  in  fowls  seem  to  be  less  than  in  fonner  years. 

Dorchester. — Hog-cholera  prevails  to  a  limited  extent  in  this  county. 

Howard. — Some  seasons  the  losses  from  hog-cholera  are  very  heavy,  and  perhaps 
amount  to  as  high  as  $5,000.  The  annual  losses  from  chicken-cholera  will  amount  to 
that  sum. 

MICHIGAN. 

Alpena  County. — As  this  is  a  lumbering  county  a  large  number  of  horses  and  cattle 
(oxeu)  are  used,  but  very  few  of  them  are  raised  here.  A  few  milch  cows  and  a  few 
stock  bulls,  however,  have  been  raised  in  the  county.  No  disease  has  prevailed  since 
the  epizootic  in  horses. 

Cass. — Distemper  has  prevailed  among  horses,  milch  fever  among  cattle,  and  so-called 
cholera  among  swine  and  fowls. 

Chippewa. — This  is  a  new  county  and  we  have  but  little  stock  as  yet,  and  it  is  en- 
tirely healthy.  Grass  is  grand  for  dairy  cattle.  It  is  always  green  and  nutritious. 
All  animals  that  run  at  large  in  the  summer  are  rolling  fat  iu  the  fall. 

Clinton. — Fanu  animals  iu  this  locality  are  free  from  all  infectious  or  contagious 
diseases. 

Delta. — This  is  comparatively  a  new  county,  and  what  little  stock  it  contains  is  in 
a  healthy  and  thriving  condition. 

Emmett. — A  few  horses  have  been  afiected  with  colds  and  a  discharge  from  the  nose, 
but  none  have  died. 

Houghton. — Diseases  among  hogs  have  prevailed  here  for  three  years.  Some  have 
died  suddenly  when  in  apparent  health  and  in  good  condition.  A  number  of  cattle 
are  afiected  with  cancer  or  worm  iu  the  tail. 

Huron. — Distemper  prevails  among  horses,  but  the  disease  seldom  proves  fatal.  All 
other  farm  animals  are  free  from  infectious  and  contagious  diseases. 

Kalamazoo. — No  disease  has  i)revailed  this  year  among  fann  animals  except  cholera 
among  swine.     This  diaease  has  i)revailed  to  a  limited  extent  this  fall. 

Kent. — There  have  been  no  infectious  or  contagious  diseases  prevalent  among  farm 
animals  during  the  past  year. 

Manistee. — The  general  condition  of  farm  animals  in  this  county  is  geod,  and  rather 
above  the  average. 

Muskegon. — The  proportion  of  fanii  animals  that  .are  attacked  and  die  with  infec- 
tions and  contagious  diseases  in  this  county  is  very  small.  Of  horses  ])erha])s  1  per 
cent,  are  lost;  of  sJioep,  one-half  of  1  per  cent.  I  hear  of  no  losses  among  cattle  and 
hogs.     Of  fowls  perhaps  .^)  per  cent,  die  annually  of  disease. 

Oakland. — One  year  ago  the  tliseaso  known  as  hog-cholera  created  a  good  deal  of  un- 


198  DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHEE   ANIMALS. 

easiness,  but  the  low  price  of  pork  has  caiised  the  "  thinniDf:;  out"  to  such  an  extent 
that  vrc  now  hear  but  little  complaint.  The  losses  this  year  will  perhaps  amount  to 
$9,000  or  $10,000. 

Otscfjo. — Several  hogs  have  been  lost  bj-  the  fanners  in  this  county  during  the  past 
year  from  some  disease  thought  to  be  contagious.  All  other  classes  of  stock  are 
healthy. 

Frcsquc  Isle. — Horses,  hogs,  and  fowls  in  this  locality  are  measurably  healthy,  but 
calves  seem  to  be  afl'ectcd  with  a  contagious  disease. 

Saf/inaw. — About  1  per  cent,  of  the  cattle  and  hogs  raised  in  this  county  annually 
die  of  disease.  As  a  rule  all  our  stock  is  housed  in  the  winter  and  comfortably  cared 
for. 

Saint  Clair. — Several  horses  have  died  in  this  county  during  the  present  year  of  con- 
tagious diseases.  Cholera  prevails  among  swine  in  one  locality,  but  has  not  ap- 
peared in  a  very  malignant  form. 

MINXESOTA. 

Beltrami  CoidiI;/. — The  only  disease  prevalent  among  any  class  of  farm  animals  is 
distemper  among  horses.  This  is  an  Indian  agency,  and  there  are  but  few  animals  in 
the  county. 

Faribault. — A  few  cattle  die  annually  in  this  county  of  a  disease  known  as  black- 
leg, and  a  few  sheep  with  the  scab.     Other  classes  of  farm  stock  are  healthy. 

JBouston. — The  only  disease  among  our  stock  that  wo  have  had  to  contend  with  the 
past  season  has  been  the  so-called  cholera  among  hogs. 

Isanti. — Cattle  in  this  county  are  frequently  attacked  with  black  murrain,  and  a  dis- 
ease that  causes  a  rising  and  running  sore  on  the  head.  There  is  no  remedy  known 
for  the  latter  disease,  and  when  an  animal  is  attacked  by  it,  it  is  generally  killed. 
Hogs  are  subject  to  cholera  and  a  disease  called  staggers,  both  of  which  are  very  fatal. 

Lac-qui-2)arle. — Black-leg  is  quite  prevalent  among  cattle,  but  is  principally  con- 
fined to  young  animals.  All  die  that  are  attacked  with  the  disease.  The  general 
condition  of  farm  animals  is  above  the  average. 

Martin. — A  few  hoi^es  die  annually  in  this  county  from  epizootic,  and  perhaps  5  per 
cent,  of  the  cattle  from  black-leg.     Stock  generally  is  in  good  health  and  condition. 

Nicollet. — Glanders  prevails  among  horses  in  this  county,  and  is  the  only  contagious 
disease  with  which  these  animals  are  afflicted.  Quite'  a  number  of  cattle  died  of 
black-leg  during  the  jiast  spring,  and  about  one  hundred  more  from  the  effects  of  eat- 
ing snnttted  corn. 

Olmsted. — No  diseases  prevail  among  any  classes  of  farm  animals  in  this  county  that 
I  am  aware  of.     In  some  localities  cholera  exists  among  chickens. 

Pojye. — Epizootic  has  prevailed  among  hoi'ses,  of  late,  with  some  fatal  cases.  Cattle 
have  been  suffering  more  or  less  with  black-leg,  which  is  fatal,  with  but  few  exceptions. 
Hogs  and  shecxi  have  been  healthy,  so  far  as  I  can  learn. 

Eice. — All  classes  of  domesticated  animals  in  this  county  are  in  good  health.  I  have 
not  heard  of  the  prevalence  of  any  infectious  or  contagious  diseases  during  the  year. 

lioclc. — There  has  never  been  a  marked  case  of  any  infections  or  contagious  disease 
among  farm  stock  in  this  county.  There  yet  lingers  some  traces  of  epizootic  distemper 
in  horses,  but  few,  if  any,  deaths  have  occurred  from  that  cause  this  year. 

Saint  Louis. — Our  farm  animals  are  remarkably  free  from  all  infectious  or  contagious 
diseases.  The  diseases  peculiar  to  fowls  are  roup,  «fec.,  much  of  which  is  due  to  in- 
breeding. 

Scott. — Recently  there  has  appeared  among  horses  here  an  epidemic  or  endemic 
disease  somewhat  akin  to  the  epizootic  of  some  years  ago.  The  first  symptom  is  a 
mucus  discharge  from  the  nose,  culminating  in  ten  or  twelve  days  in  an  aliection  of 
the  kidneys.  After  having  reached  this  stage  the  disease  generally  proves  fatal.  If 
taken  in  time  the  patient  can  be  cured. 

S^vift. — The  only  disease  of  a  serious  character  that  has  visited  any  of  the  farm 
animals  in  this  county,  during  the  past  year,  is  black-leg  among  cattle. 

Yellow  Aledicine. — A  few  horses  in  this  county  have  been  afSicted  with  distemper, 
but  none  have  died.  No  other  contagious  disease  is  prevalent,  and  all  classes  of  farm 
Btock  are  healthy. 

MISSISSIPPI. 

Calhoun  Connlij. — In  this  county,  horses  and  cattle  are  rarely  if  ever  afiectcd  with 
infectious  and  contagious  diseases.  Hogs  are  frcijuently  afflicted  with  cholera,  and 
the  estimate  given  (§7,500)  is  hardly  high  enough  during  a  year  of  its  general  preva- 
lence. Slice])  are  hardly  ever  afflicted  wit  h  any  disease  save  rot.  Fowls  of  every  breed 
occasionally  have  cholera,  and  when  it  attacks  a  dock  it  generally  kills  them  all. 

Choctaw. — Cattle  suiter  with  charbon,  horn-ail,  and  murrain,  and  hogs  frequently 
die  of  cholera  or  swiuo-pox.  Sometimes  a  farmer  loses  nearly  all  his  hogs  by  these 
maladies. 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE   AND    OTHER    ANIMALS.  199 

Covington.— Ov^ixig  to  the  extremely  hot  weather  during  the  summer  we  lost  at  least 
20  per  cent,  of  our  farm  horses  by  staggers.  All  ages  were  affected  alike.  At  this 
time  all  classes  of  farm  animals  arc  in  fine  condition. 

Frankl hi. —The  number  of  hogs  aflected  with  diseases  during  the  past  summer  was 
greater  than  usual,  and  at  least  50  per  cent,  of  those  afl'ected  died.  Other  animals 
have  remained  healthy. 

Holmes. — A  good  many  colts  die  in  this  county  every  year  from  distemper.  Hogs 
die  in  great  numbers  of  cholera,  lung  fever,  and  quinsy.  Fowls  are  subject  to  cholera 
and  roup,  and  frequently  one-half  of  them  are  lost  by  these  diseases. 

Leake. — From  the  most  reliable  information  I  am  able  to  obtain,  I  am  led  to  believe 
that  about  8,000  hogs  were  lost  in  this  county  during  the  past  season,  a  large  majority 
of  which  died  of  cholera. 

Lee. — A  very  destructive  disease  prevails  among  fowls  in  this  locality.  It  made  its 
appearance  here  four  or  five  years  ago,  and  has  continued  with  more  or  less  virulence 
ever  since.  It  frequently  sweeps  oft'  whole  Hocks.  I  myself  have  this  year  lost  300 
game  fowls.  It  is  not  cholera,  but  a  disease  more  resembling  paralysis.  They  ai-e 
taken  very  suddenly,  lose  the  use  of  their  limbs,  fall  down  and  lluttcr  until  they  die, 
which  is  generally  within  from  twelve  to  forty-eight  hom-s.  If  they  linger  beyond 
that  length  of  time  they  are  apt  to  recover.  The  disease  is  singiilarly  sudden  and 
fatal,  and  causes  a  heavy  loss  to  the  peoi^le  of  tliis  locality. 

Lowndes. — Since  the  j)revaleuce  of  the  epizootic  some  years  ago  jio  contagious  disease 
has  prevailed  among  horses  in  this  locality.  Mun-ain  is  the  most  fatal  disease  we  have 
among  cattle,  and  it.  annually  proves  very  destructive.  The  losses  among  hogs  from  a 
disease  called  cholera  are  verj-  heavy.  Fowls  also  die  of  ten  cr  of  cholera  thaii  of  any 
other  disease. 

Marshall. — The  usual  diseases  prevail  among  all  classes  of  farm  animals,  and  the 
aggregate  losses  this  year  wiil  i)erhaps  amount  to  from  $8,000  to  $110,000, 

Xoxubee. — All  classes  of  farm  animals,  witli  the  excejition  of  hogs,  have  been  free 
from  disease  this  year.  The  losses  among  swiuo  have  been  very  heavy,  and  will  per- 
haps aggregate  .<iii0,000.  Pastures  were  quite  good  throughout  the  summer,  but  very 
little  cattle  feed  has  been  housed,  and  a  spring  report  will  no  doubt  tell  a  tale  of  star- 
vation, &c, 

Prentiss. — A  few  cases  of  hog-cholera  have  been  reported  in  the  county,  but  the  dis- 
ease has  not  been  very  destructive. 

Bankin. — Charbon  and  blind-staggers  occasionally  prevail  among  horses,  and  various 
fatal  diseases  among  hogs, 

Scott. — The  only  diseases  of  any  cousequeqcc  that  have  occxu-red  among  farm  ani- 
mals in  this  county  during  the  past  year  have  been  among  swine.  Between  one  and 
two  thousand  head  have  died, 

Tippah. — Last  year  a  number  of  hogs  died  here  from  a  swelling  of  the  head.  The 
head  would  swell  until  the  skin  would  break,  and  the  hog  would  bleed  to  death  in  a 
few  hours,  I  cured  a  cow  recently  of  murrain  by  giving  her  kerosene  oil,  lard  oil,  and 
epsom  salts,  in  doses  a  few  hours  apart, 

Tishomingo. — Diseases  of  a  mild  type  have  prevailed  among  all  classes  of  farm  ani- 
mals during  the  past  year.     The  losses  have  been  light, 

Wilkinson. — Hogs  in  this  county  frequently  suffer  and  die  of  pneumonia  and  con- 
gested liver,  as  do  also  fowls, 

Yazoo. — A  great  many  horses  die  annually  in  this  county  from  a  disease  called  big- 
head  or  big-jaw — an  enlargement  and  softening  of  the  bones.  It  is  caused  by  feeding 
com  exclusively.     Hogs  annually  suffer  severely  with  cholera. 

MISSOURI. 

Andrew  County. — This  year  has  been  remarkably  favorable  to  all  kinds  of  farm  stock. 
I  have  heard  of  no  infectious  or  contagious  diseases  among  any  class  except  hogs. 

Barton. — Tlio  losses  among  liorses,  cattle,  and  hogs  from  disease  will  pi'obably  amount 
to  $10,000  or  $12,000  for  the' present  year.  Diseases  have  not  been  so  prevalent  among 
farm  animals  during  the  x><'wt  season  as  usual. 

Boilon. — All  classes  of  farm  animals,  with  the  exception  of  hogs,  have  remained 
healthy  during  the  past  year, 

Buchanan. — Horses,  cattle,  and  sheep  are  firee  from  seriotis  diseases,  but  cholera  ex- 
ists among  botli  hogs  and  fowis.  With  my  own  hogs  I  noticed  that  all  those  that  had 
diaiTliea  recovered.  The  most  of  those  afllicted  were  costive  and  h.ad  high  fever. 
Cattle  are  frequently  attacked  with  hoven,  caused  by  eating  white  clover. 

Clay. — Heavy  losses  have  been  sustained  by  the  farmers  of  this  county  during  the 
past  year  in  the  loss  of  hogs,  sheep,  and  fowls  by  various  contagious  and  malignant 
diseases.     Horses  and  cattle  have  remained  healthy, 

Franklin. — The  so-called  hog-clioh'ra  has  not  lieen  so  jinivalent  and  wide-sjiread  in 
this  county  the  jtast  season  as  during  previous  years. 

Henry. — No  epidemic  has  prevailed  among  horses  here  for  several  years  past,     Texaa 


200  DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER   ANIMALS 

fever  among  cattle  lias  prevailed  to  a  limited  extent,  but  only  when  parties  here 
violated  quarantine  laws  regarding  it.  Hog-cholera  lias  prevailed  extensively,  and  the 
estimated  loss  is  put  at  lowest  figures  $20,000  annually. 

Hickory. — Hog-cholera  has  prevailed  to  some  extent  in  this  county  dimng  the  past 
year,  but  the  losses  havo  not  been  as  heavy  as  usual. 

Jasper. — Hogs  and  fowls  are  afflicted  with  cholera,  and  cattle  with  a  disease  gen- 
erally known  as  murraiu. 

Laiorence. — Black-leg  prevails  to  a  considerable  extent,  and  is  very  fatal  among 
calves  and  yearlings.  There  is  also  some  murrain  among  older  cattle.  Cholera  (so 
called)  is  quite  prevalent  among  hogs,  but  the  greatest  fatality  seems  to  be  among 
pigs  and  shoats.  I  do  not  think  one  hog  out  of  a  thousand,  however,  dies  of  cholera. 
The  disease  is  more  like  lung  fever  or  congestion  of  the  lungs,  and  has  been  very 
destructive  the  past  year,  especially  among  young  stock. 

Leivis. — I  have  heard  of  no  infectious  or  contagious  diseases  among  domesticated 
animals  in  this  county,  except  among  hogs.  The  diseases  which  affect  hogs  are  mani- 
fested by  various  symptoms.  The  aunual  losses  are  very  heavy.  Wo  have  no  remedy, 
but  generally  separate  the  sick  from  the  well  hogs  immediately  on  discovering  that 
they  are  sick. 

Marion. — The  disease  prevailing  among  swine  and  poultry  in  this  locality  is  com- 
monly called  cholera,  and  that  among  horses  and  sheep  is  designated  as  distemper. 

Miller. — Hogs  and  fowls  in  this  county  are  dying  at  a  rapid  rate  of  a  disease  com- 
monly known  as  cholera.     All  other  kinds  of  farm  stock  are  healthy. 

Mississippi. — A  few  cases  of  blind-staggers  among  horses  and  murrain  among  cattle 
have  occurred.  Cholera  prevails  among  swine,  but  it  is  impossible  to  give  the  amount 
of  annual  losses. 

Neiv  Madrid. — The  diseases  most  prevalent  here  among  farm  stock  are  cholera  among 
hogs  and  fowls,  distemper  among  horses  and  mules,  murrain  and  hollow-horn  among 
cattle,  and  rot  among  sheep. 

Nodaway. — A  contagious  distemper  prevails  among  horses,  but  it  is  not  of  a  very 
fatal  character.  Black-leg  and  Texas  fever  havo  been  very  destructive  to  cattle. 
Hog-cholera  also  prevails  and  seems  to  be  much  more  fatal  to  pigs  than  to  older  ani- 
mals.    Sheep  are  to  a  limited  extent  afflicted  with  scab  and  grub  in  the  head. 

Pettis. — Cholera  and  lung  diseases  have  prevailed  among  hogs  during  the  past  year, 
and  have  been  very  fatal.  Fowls  have  also  suffered  considerably  with  what  we  term 
cholera. 

Phelps. — A  few  horses  have  died  of  distemper,  and  some  cattle  of  Texas  fever  and 
mun-ain.  A  heavy  loss  has  been  sustained  by  the  farmers  of  the  county  from  diseases 
among  swine. 

Pike. — Hog-cholera  is  the  only  disease  that  has  prevailed  among  any  class  of  farm 
animals  in  this  county  during  the  past  year.  The  losses  will  amount  to  fi'om  $12,000 
to  $15,000. 

Platte. — There  is  but  little  demand  for  horses  here,  hence  stock-raisers  have  turned 
their  attention  to  raising  cattle.  They  find  them  more  profitable  and  less  Uable  to 
disease,  and  ready  for  market  at  a  much  earlier  age.  When  cattle  are  well  cared  for 
we  lose  but  few  by  disease.  The  most  skillful  farmer,  with  the  assistance  of  our  best 
physicians,  have  completely  failed  to  find  a  remedy  for  diseases  of  hogs.  All  die  that 
are  attacked,  and  the  same  can  be  said  of  fowls  that  are  attacked  by  disease.  But 
few  sheep  are  raised  in  this  county. 

Polk. — Cattle  are  affected  to  a  limited  extent  with  Texas  fever  and  black-leg.  Other 
classes  of  farm  stock  are  healthy,  with  the  exception  of  hogs,  and  a  good  many  of 
these  have  been  lost  by  the  various  diseases  incident  to  them. 

Putnam. — The  class  of  animals  mostly  affected  with  disease  in  this  county  is  hogs,  a 
great  many  of  which  die  of  a  disease  generally  known  as  cholera.  Tlie  remedies  used, 
as  a  rule,  I  do  not  think  amount  to  much.  The  general  condition  of  fiU'm  animals  is 
better  than  last  year. 

Shelby. — Horses,  cattle,  and  sheep  are  very  healthy,  but  our  hogs  die  at  a  fearful 
rate  with  a  disease  commonly  called  cholera.  It  prevails  at  almost  all  seasons  of  the 
year,  but  with  more  virulence  during  some  months  than  in  others.  Sometimes  it  will 
kill  nine-tenths  of  all  the  hogs  in  a  herd,  at  others  perhaps  one-half,  and  at  still  others 
but  a  few  will  die.  We  do  not  know  what  causes  the  disease,  nor  have  we  a  remedy 
for  it.  Chicken-cholera  also  prevails  to  a  fearful  extent,  and  sometimes  carries  off'  as 
high  as  nine-tenths  of  the  crop.  The  general  condition  of  farm  stock,  aside  from  hogs, 
is  good, 

Stoddard. — Our  principal  losses  are  from  cholera  among  swine  and  fowls.  Horses, 
cattle,  and  shec])  iii'c,  UHxlorately  free  from  diseases. 

Stow. — The  so-called  liog-cholera  is  more  fat.il  this  season  than  usual.  The  losses 
up  to  this  time  are  estimated  at  from  $40,000  to  $50,000. 

Worth. — All  farm  animals  except  hogs  are  free  from  disease.  These  animals  are 
afflicted  with  cholera.     Chickens  also  occasionally  suffer  from  cholera. 

Wriyht. — No  disease  of  any  moment  exists  among  farm  stock  in  this  coimty.  Last 
year  about  one-third  the  hogs  in  this  county  died  of  cholera. 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER    ANBIALS.  201 


MONTANA  TERRITORY. 

Lewis  and  Clarke  Conntu. — Stock  of  all  kinds  iu  tliis  county  are  comi:)arativcly  kealthy. 
A  few  sheep  introduced  from  Oregon  show  the  scab  to  some  extent. 

NEBRASKA. 

Cass  County. — The  only  diseases  among  farm  animals  in  this  county  are  confined  to 
swine.     The  losses  are.  not  very  heavy. 

Cedar. — Many  cattle  die  in  this  county  during  the  month  of  November  from  a  disease 
contracted  by  feeding  on  corn-stalks,  but  the  diseaso  does  not  seem  to  be  infectious  or 
contagious. 

CZa^.— Deaths  frequently  occur  among  horses  from  colic,  fevers,  and  inflammatory 
affections.  Cattle  are  affected  vriih  mun-ain  and  black-leg.  There  is  no  cholera  at 
present  among  hogs,  but  there  has  been  a  loss  of  about  GOO  head  of  sheep  in  the  county 
during  the  past  year  from  diseases  incident  to  this  class  of  stock.  Many  fowls,  espe- 
cially young  chicks,  die  of  roupe  and  gapes. 

Cuming. — There  are  a  few  cases  of  epizootic  and  distemper  among  horses,  but  the 
diseases  are  of  a  mild  type,  and  but  few  animals  have  been  lost.  Black-leg  is  about 
the  only  malady  among  cattle.  Hog-cholera  prevails  to  a  greater  or  less  extent  every 
year. 

Dakota. — From  ten  to  fifty  head  of  horses  annually  die  in  this  county,  supposed  to 
be  from  the  effects  of  alkali.  About  one  hundred  yearling  calves  die  annually  of  a 
disease  called  black-leg.  We  occasionally  lose  hogs  by  cholera,  but  the  disease  is  not 
prevalent  this  year.     Fowls  also  frequently  die  of  cholera. 

Furnas. — We  have  a  new  disease  among  cattle  here  that  has  killed  a  great  many  in 
the  past  two  weeks.  They  are  attacked  by  a  twitching  and  jerking  of  the  nerves  of 
the  whole  body,  bloat  a  little,  are  in  great  pain  and  agony,  and  die  within  from  six 
to  fifteen  hours.  I  examined  ibnr  animals  to-day,  and  found  two  with  the  galls  bursted, 
another  very  large,  and  a  fourth  blood-shotteu.  The  cattle  thus  attacked  have  been 
running  in  corn-fields  after  the  com  had  been  harvested.  The  disease  is  now  to  us,  and 
wo  do  not  understand  it. 

Greeley. — A  good  many  horses  die  annually  in  this  county,  but  in  almost  every  case 
the  loss  can  be  traced  to  exposure  and  ill  treatment. 

Knox. — Black-leg  prevails  extensively  among  calves  and  is  very  fatal.  There  are 
no  diseases  prevalent  among  other  classes  of  fai-m  animals. 

Merricl: — But  little  disease  prevails  amon^  domesticated  animals  in  this  comity. 
Perhaps  $3,000  or  .$4,000  will  cover  the  annual  losses  for  all  classes. 

KuckoUs. — A  very  bad  distemper  prevails  among  horses  in  this  county.  There  is 
also  prevalent  a  mild  form  of  epizootic  which  few  horses  escape.  Cholera  also  pre- 
vails among  hogs. 

Pau-nee. — Cholera  has  prevailed  to  a  fearful  extent  among  hogs  in  this  county  dur- 
ing the  past  season,  and  the  losses,  in  value,  will  exceed  $10,000. 

Flatte. — Young  cattle  frequently  die  within  a  few  hours  after  being  attacked  with 
a  disease  supposed  to  be  caused  by  eating  smut  found  on  the  stalks  of  com.  A  good 
many  hogs  have  died  from  that  pest  of  the  farmer,  the  cholera,  but  at  present  the 
disease  seems  to  be  confined  to  one  locality  in  the  coiinty. 

Red  Willow. — While  this  is  a  remarkaibly  healthy  climate  for  farm  stock,  a  good 
many  cattle  and  sheep  annually  die  from  diseases  incident  to  these  animals. 

Richardson. — The  disease  commonly  known  as  cholera  has  carried  off  a  great  many 
hogs  in  this  locality  during  the  past  season. 

Saline. — This  is  a  new  county,  and  what  few  farm  animals  wo  have  are  in  a  very 
healthy  condition. 

Sarpy. — Black- leg  is  quite  prevalent  and  destructive  among  calves.  There  seems 
to  bo  more  cases  this  fall  than  usual.  Hogs  are  atiectcd  with  a  lung  disease,  which 
made  its  appearance  here  last  year.  The  disease  is  chiefly  confined  to  pigs  from  three 
to  six  months  old.     At  least  10  per  cent,  of  those  attacked  die. 

Saundcrn. — The  only  diseases  prevalent  among  horses  are  glanders  and  distemper,  or 
quinsy.  Some  six  head  of  horses  have  died  of  these  diseases.  The  increase  in  the  pro- 
duction of  liugH  is  7,04;].  Of  this  number  '.i'.i  per  cent,  were  aflected  with  cholera,  and 
one-third  of  them  died.     The  only  disease  among  sheep  is  foot-rot. 

Valley. — This  is  a  new  county,  and  what  little  stock  we  have  is  healthy,  and  free 
from  all  infectious  and  contagious  diseases. 

Wayne. — No  diseaso  of  any  consequence  has  prevailed  among  farm  animals  in  this 
county  since  the  epizootic  some  years  ago. 

Webster. — The  farm  animals  in  this  county  are  entirely  free  from  all  diseases  of  an 
infectious  and  uiiasuiatic  cliaracter. 

York. — Some  hog-cholera  jjrevails  in  this  county,  also  cholera  among  chickens. 
Horses  and  cattle  are  healthy. 


202  DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER   ANIMALS. 


Nye  Couniij. — All  kinds  of  stock  range  our  r.ionntams  aiul  j)lains,  and  are  ouly 
gathered  in  once  a  year  to  corral.  No  diseases  of  an  infectious  or  contagious  charac- 
ter prevail  among  them  at  present.-  All  losses  occur  from  stars'ation  and  exposure  in 
winter. 

NEW  JERSEY. 

BurVmriion  County. — The  prevailing  disease  among  cattle  in  this  county  is  pleuro- 
pneumonia. It  is  very  fatal,  and  the  losses  in  this  class  of  animals  have  been  very 
heavy.  Hog-cholera  is  prevailing  extensively  and  in  a  very  fatal  form.  The  same 
might  be  said  of  diseases  among  fowls.  The  losses  among  all  classes  of  farm  animals 
vpill  annually  amount  to  over  §100,000. 

Camden. — There  are  no  diseases  prevalent  among  horses,  except  those  peculiar  to 
colts  and  young  horses.  These  are  generally  of  a  mild  character.  Hog-cholera  pre- 
vails to  some  extent ;  so  does  cholera  among  fowls. 

Cape  May. — During  the  past  year  horses  have  suftered  severely  from  a  disease  called 
blind  staggers.  A  good  many  animals  have  been  lost.  Hog-cholera  prevails  to  a 
limited  extent. 

Middlesex. — A  contagious  lung  fever  prevails  among  cattle  in  this  county,  but  it  has 
nob  as  yet  appeared  in  a  very  malignant  form. 

NEW  MEXICO  TERRITORY. 

Colfax  County. — Scarcely  any  disease  is  prevalent  among  domesticated  animals  in 
this  county  save  scab  among  sheep.  The  losses  among  this  class  of  stock  perhaps 
amount  to  1  per  cent,  of  the  whole  number  raised.  There  is  scarcely  any  infectious 
or  contagious  disease  among  our  larger  farm  animals. 

Dona  Ana. — A  few  flocks  of  sheep,  of  improved  variety,  have  scab  in  a  mild  form. 
Hogs  and  fowls  are  free  from  cholera.  Occasionally  a  cow  is  lost  by  hoven,  brought 
on  by  eating  green  alfalfa ;  and  I  lost  two  merino  rams  the  past  summer  from  the  same 
cause.     I  also  lost  two  Angora  bucks  from  an  unknown  disease. 

San  Miguel. — There  are  about  100,000  sheep  annually  raised  in  this  comity,  and  about 
1  per  cent,  of  them  die  of  an  affection  of  the  milt. 

Taos. — Horses  are  generally  aftected  with  epizootic  distemper  and  cattle  with  Texas 
fever.  A  great  many  die  in  the  si)rLag  of  the  year  from  the  eftects  of  eating  poison- 
weed.     Hogs,  sheep,  and  fowls  are  generally  healthy. 

NEW  YORK. 

Allegany  County. — Our  horses  are  frequently  attacked  with  strangles  or  distemper, 
a  disease  which  is  believed  to  be  contagious.  A  few  cows  are  annually  lost  from  milk 
fever,  and  a  limited  number  of  calves  die  of  murrain.  Sheep  are  aftected  with  foot-rot, 
and  many  fowls  die  of  cholera. 

Clmiango. — I  have  heard  of  a  few  calves  dying  of  worm  in  the  lungs,  which  seems  to 
be  a  new  disease  in  this  county.  A  farmer  who  lost  three  examined  the.  lungs  and 
found  large  quantities  of  worms  about  an  inch  long  and  the  size  of  an  ordinary  thread. 
I  lost  a  few  calves  by  the  disease  known  as  black-leg,  and  on  opening  the  lungs  found 
a  few  worms. 

Fulton. — Owing  to  abundant  feed,  stock  of  all  kinds  is  in  fine  condition  this  fall. 

Genesee. — The  value  of  farm  stock  lost  by  various  diseases  during  the  past  year  in 
this  county  will  amount  to  fr-om  $20,000  to  $25,000.  The  heaviest  losses  have  occtuTed 
among  horses  and  swine. 

Montgomery. — A  great  many  cows  suff"er  annually  from  abortion;  and  the  loss  by 
accident  and  the  various  inflammatory  and  congestive  diseases  will  average  one  cow 
for  every  dairy  of  thirty-five  cows.  No  contagious  disease  prevails  in  any  of  our  flocks 
or  herds. 

Niagara. — Light  diseases,  with  but  few  fatal  results,  have  prevailed  among  swine 
during  the  past  season.     Other  classes  of  stock  have  remained  healthy. 

Seneca. — All  classes  of  farm  animals  in  this  county  have  been  unusually  healthy  dur- 
ing the  past  year. 

NOP.TII   CAROLINA. 

Alleghany  County. — We  have  no  diseases  among  either  horses,  cattle,  or  hogs.  Sheep 
occasionally  die  from  distemper  and  a  disease  called  rot.  Young  chicks  frcqueutlv  dio 
of  gapes. 

JJrunswiclc. — On  consultation  with  the  best  informed  persons  in  the  county  I  do  not 
find  that  auy  diseases  have  prevailed  among  farm  animals  diuing  the  past  year. 


DISEASES   OF    SWINE   AND    OTHER   ANIMALS.  203 

Large  nnmbers  of  fowls  have  died,  but  it  is  impossible  to  estimate  tlae  number  or  give 
any  name  to  the  disease. 

Cherolec. — There  are  no  diseases  of  a  contagious  character  prevalent  among  the  farm 
animals  of  this  county.  There  have  been  some  losses  of  young  chickens  and  turkeys 
by  gapes,  but  I  do  not  think  this  disease  is  contagious. 

"^  CuDiberland. — The  loss  of  hogs  from  the  various  diseases  to  which  they  are  incident, 
but  all  of  which  are  called  cholera,  has  been  very  great.  A  great  many  fowls  have 
also  died  from  a  disease  generally  known  as  cholera. 

Cvrrituck. — The  only  disease  of  any  consequence  that  we  have  had  to  contend  Avith 
among  the  farm  stock  in  this  county  has  been  that  commonly  known  as  cholera  among 
swine.     The  loss  so  far  has  been  quite  heavy. 

Halifax. — All  classes  of  farm  stock  have  been  more  free  from  disease  this  year  than 
any  year  during  the  past  ten. 

Mai/wood. — Hog-cholera  prevails  to  a  greater  or  less  extent  every  year  and  kills  a 
great  many  animals  of  all  sizes,  but  is  more  fatal  among  pigs.  Chicken-cholera  is  also 
quite  jirevalent  and  fatal.     Stock  generally  is  in  better  condition. 

Henderson. — A  large  number  of  both  cattle  and  hogs  have  been  lost  during  the  past 
year ;  perhaps  the  aggregate  for  these  two  classes  alone  will  amount  to  $18,000  or  $20,000. 

Hertford. — Horses  and  mules  are  affected  with  but  one  contagious  disease — that  of 
glanders  or  farcy.  All  that  are  attacked  die.  Thousands  of  hogs  die  annually  of  dis- 
ease, but  whether  it  is  contagious  or  not  wo  have  not  determined.  Cholera  is  gener- 
ally prevalent  and  very  destructive  among  fowls. 

Jackson. — Infectious  and  contagious  diseases  among  horses,  cattle,  and  sheep  are 
almost  unknown  in  this  county.  Last  year  nearly  all  the  hogs  in  the  county  died 
of  disease,  but  during  the  previous  five  years  but  few  were  attacked. 

Madison. — The  only  class  of  animals  aft'ected  by  disease  during  the  past  year  has 
been  that  of  swine.  Cholera  has  been  quite  prevalent  and  fatal  among  fowls  in  some 
localities. 

Mitchell. — Large  numbers  of  hogs  and  fowls  are  annually  lost  in  this  county  by  a 
disease  commonly  called  cholera. 

Orange. — Some  four  or  five  thousand  hogs  have  been  lost  by  disease  in  this  county 
during  the  current  year.  A  few  horses  and  cattle  have  also  died  from  diseases  peculiar 
to  these  classes  of  farm  animals. 

Pamlico. — The  most  prevalent  and  fatal  disease  we  have  to  contend  with  is  that  of 
cholera  among  hogs  and  fowls.  The  disease  annually  carries  olf  numbers  of  both  hogs 
and  domestic  fowls.  The  condition  and  quality  of  faiTn  animals  is  better  than  for  years 
past  and  is  gradually  and  surely  improving. 

Fcrquimons. — Hogs  are  much  diseased  in  this  county  and  are  very  cheap.  Young 
pigs  attacked  with  cholera  seldom  recover. 

I'erson. — The  prevailing  disease  among  farm  animals  here  is  that  of  cholera  among 
hogs,  which  is  very  destructive.  Trichinfe  destroy  many  of  the  pigs  and  shoats. 
Sheep  are  healthy,  but  a  great  many  fowls  die  of  cholera.  The  ^oose  and  peafowl  are 
the  only  species  of  domestic  fowls  that  do  not  suffer  with  it. 

Bohesoii. — Hogs  in  this  county  are  more  afiected  by  disease  than  any  other  class  of 
animals.  Cholera  is  the  prevailing  disease  among  them,  and  for  which  we  have  no 
remedy.  The  general  condition  of  farm  animals  is  50  per  cent,  better  than  for  pre- 
vious years. 

Sanqjson. — No  epidemic  has  visited  horses,  mules,  cattle,  or  sheep  so  far  as  I  have 
been  able  to  learn.  At  least  one-third  of  the  hogs  of  the  county  die  every  year  from 
a  disease  kiiown  as  cholera.  If  any  recover  they  are  of  no  value,  as  the  disease  either 
leaves  them  deaf,  blind,  or  afilicted  in  some  other  way.  Fowls  die  in  about  the  same 
proportion  from  a  disease  of  like  character. 

Transjjlcania. — We  have  no  contagious  diseases  among  cattle.  Oiu'  losses  are  occa- 
sioned by  exposure  and  want  of  feed  during  winter.  No  unusual  disease  is  prevalent 
among  any  class  of  farm  animals. 

Il'ake. — Horses,  cattle,  and  sheei^  are  free  from  infectious  and  contagious  diseases. 
Hogs  suffer  a  good  deal  from  cholera  and  lung  diseases.  When  these  diseases  appear 
in  a  herd  there  seems  to  be  nocessalioii  unlil  the  last  animal  is  destroyed.  Fowls  are 
subject  to  all  sorts  of  diseases,  and  frequently  the  mortality  among  them  is  very  great. 

fVilkes. — We  have  some  disteni])er  among  cattle,  but  are  at  a  loss  to  know  what 
causes  it.  It  seems  to  prevail  mostly  where  the  people  have  the  typhoid  fever. 
Cholera  is  the  prevailing  disease  among  hogs  and  chickens.  It  has  been  very  de- 
structive during  the  past  simimcr.   • 

Yadkin. — Hog  and  chicken  cholera  has  prevailed  h.ere  for  several  years  past.  When 
the  disease  gets  among  a  class  of  Ibwls  it  kills  nearly  all  of  tlieui. 

Yancey. — Distemper  prevails  among  horses  and  sheej),  and  murrain  and  hollow-horn 
among  cattle.  Hogs  have  been  seriously  afiected  with  cholera  and  some  kind  of  iever ; 
a  good  many  fowls  are  also  lost  by  cholera.  The  condition  of  all  kinds  of  farm  stock 
is  better  than  usual  at  this  season  of  the  year. 


204  DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER   ANIMALS. 


Ashland  Couniy. — We  liavo  no  infectious  or  contagious  diseases  among  domesticated 
animals  in  this  county.  Tliere  are  a  few  sporadic  cases  of  disease  and  death,  but  the 
aggregate  loss  is  very  small.  About  one  farmer  out  of  every  twenty-live  loses  Ma 
chickens  every  year  by  cholera. 

Athens. — The  'so-called  cholera  prevails  among  hogs  and  fowls  in  this  county.  I 
believe  tlie  greatest  number  of  deaths  among  cattle  have  occurred  among  cows,  which 
have  died  of  milk  fever.  The  disease  shows  itself  from  the  first  to  the  third  day  after 
calving,  and  generally  attacks  the  animal  after  the  fourth  calving.  Select  breeds  and 
good  milkers,  and  those  in  good  condition,  are  generally  the  ones  that  suffer.  The 
symptoms  are  loss  of  appetite,  staggering  gait,  wild  look,  and  cessation  of  rumination; 
they  fall  down  and  cannot  rise ;  the  brain  seems  to  bo  affected ;  the  animal  will  dash 
about,  striking  her  head  and  horns  against  the  ground,  when  she  soon  dies.  We  have 
no  remedy. 

Auglahe. — Hogs  seem  to  be  the  only  farm  animals  seriously  affected  with  dis- 
ease. They  suffer  with  the  disease  generally  known  as  cholera.  The  losses  so  far 
this  year  will  amount  in  value  to  from  $25,000  to  $30,000. 

Brown. — A  few  colts  are  lost  in  this  county  by  distemper,  and  a  good  many  hogs 
and  fowls  annually  die  of  a  disease  commonly  called  cholera.  Sheep  die  of  grub  in 
the  head  and  of  neglect  while  young. 

JErie. — There  is  no  special  disease  prevailing  among  the  farm  animals  in  this  county. 

Fairfield. — With  the  exception  of  swine  the  live  stock  of  this  county  has  been  com- 
paratively free  from  disease  diuing  the  past  year.  Swine  have  suffered  with  cholera, 
though  not  so  extensively  as  in  former  years. 

Franklin. — Large  numbers  of  hogs  and  fowls  have  died  in  this  county  during  the 
past  year  of  the  various  diseases  common  to  them. 

Gallia. — Hog-cholera  prevails  to  some  extent  in  this  county,  but  in  a  rather  mild 
form  this  season.  Chicken- cholera  is  quite  prevalent  and  malignant,  and  the  losses 
are  heavy. 

Geauga. — No  disease  of  consequence  exists  among  any  class  of  farm  animals  in  this 
county.     The  general  condition  of  farm  stock  is  good. 

Guernsey. — The  prevalent  diseases  among  horses  are  those  affecting  the  lungs,  iirin- 
cipally  lung-fevers.     Hogs  are  affected  with  cholera  and  cattle  with  murrain. 

Hardin. — Hog-cholera  has  prevailed  to  a  limited  extent  in  the  northern  part  of  the 
county,  but  in  this  locality  we  have  not  suffered  ixom  the  disease  this  year. 

Jefferson. — No  diseases  of  a  malignant  charaoter  have  prevailed  among  farm  animals 
in  this  county  during  the  past  year.  Owing  to  abundant  pasturage  farm  stock  is  in 
very  high  condition. 

Knox. — There  is  no  disease  among  farm  animals  here.  Chicken-cholera  prevails 
every  year  and  canies  oft'  a  great  many  fowls. 

Meigs. — There  have  been  few,  if  any,  deaths  among  farm  animals  in  this  county 
during  the  present  year,  except  from  natural  causes.  During  the  past  eight  or  ten 
years  chicken-cholera  has  prevailed  from  time  to  time,  and  is  pi'evalent  in  some  locali- 
ties at  this  writing. 

Mercer. — The  so-called  cholera  still  prevails  among  hogs  in  some  localities  in  this 
county.  Cholera  among  fowls  Ls  also  prevalent,  but  the  disease  is  not  so  fatal  as 
formerly. 

Miami. — But  little  disease  exists  among  farm  animals  in  this  county  aside  from  the 
so-called  cholera  among  hogs.  The  loss  among  this  class  of  animals  is,  in  some  years, 
very  heavy. 

Monroe. — No  infectious  or  contagious  disease  has  prevailed  among  farm  animals  in 
in  this  coimty  during  the  i^ast  year. 

Montgomery — Chicken  cholera  has  prevailed  as  an  epidemic  during  the  past  season, 
and  many  fowls  have  been  lost.     Cholera  among  hogs  has  also  been  very  destnictive. 

Ottawa. — The  only  disease  prevailing  among  any  class  of  farm  animals  is  a  disease 
among  hogs,  and  this  is  confined  to  two  to^vnshipa  of  the  county.  The  animals  have  a 
diarrhea,  vomit,  and  wheeze  as  one  afflicted  with  asthma.     They  die  very  suddenly. 

Paulding. — The  mortality  among  horses  has  been  uuusally  large  in  this  county  during 
the  past  year.  The  same  can  be  said  of  cattle.  During  the  two  years  hog-cholera  has 
been  very  extensive  and  fatal.     Fowls  are  also  subject  to  cholera. 

Richland. — It  is  estimated  that  the  j)roduct  of  chickens  in  this  county  will  aggregate 
150,000  per  annum,  and  that  25  per  cent,  of  these  die  of  cholera.  Several  diseases  an- 
nually prevail  among  farm  animals,  and  frequently  the  losses  are  very  heavy. 

Summit. — Several  fatal  diseases  are  prevalent  among  horses,  among  others  inflamma- 
tion of  the  lungs  and  bowels,  and  diatenqier  or  epizootic.  Cattle  are  aillit'ted  with 
hollow-horn  and  murrain.  The  prevalent  diseases  among  hogs  are  cholera  and  blind 
staggers.  Hut  few  of  these  animals  recover.  Consimiption  carries  oif  a  good  many 
sheep,  and  cholera  is  very  destructive  among  fowls. 

Trwnhull. — The  iiroduction  of  farm  animals  in  this  county  has  decreased  in  the  past 


DISEASES    OF    SWIXE   AND    OTHEE   ANIMALS.  205* 

four  or  fivo  years,  but  stock  of  all  kinds  has  imxiroved  in  quality.     No  infectious  or 
contagious  diseases  are  prevailing. 

Tuscarawas. ^1^0  epidemic  disease  has  recently  prevailed  among  farm  animals  rathis 
county,  but  a  good  many  domesticated  animals  have  been  lost  during  the  year  by  the 
various  maladies  incident  to  this  class  of  property. 

Wood. — Horses  and  cattle  have  been  free  from  infectious  and  contagious  diseases  dur- 
ing the  past  year.  Hogs  and  chickens  have  sulfered  severelj'  from  a  disease  commonly 
known  as  hogaud  chicken  cholera.  The  losses  among  hogs  have  heavy  been  very,  as 
some  farmers  have  lost  entire  herds.     Sheep  have  healthy. 

Wyandot. — Cholera  has  j^revailed  among  hogs  to  a  limited  extent  in  this  county  the 
past  season.  Cholera  has  seriously  affected  the  fowls,  in  some  cases  sweeping  off 
whole  flocks. 

OREGON. 

Claclcamas  Counii/. — No  disease  among  horses.  A  good  many  cattle  die  annually  for 
want  of  proper  attention.     A  few  hogs  dio  every  year  from  liver-disease. 

Linn. — Horses  here  are  suffering  to  a  limited  extent  with  contagious  distemper;  cat- 
tle are  healthy,  but  sheep  are  subject  to  scab  and  other  diseases. 

Polk. — Cattle,  hogs,  sheep,  and  fowls  are  aftiicted  with  the  usual  diseases,  though 
the  losses  are  never  very  heavy. 

Tillamook. — There  are  no  diseases  of  a  contagious  nature  jircvailing  among  the  farm 
animals  in  this  county. 

PENKSYLVAXIA. 

Armstrong  Count)/. — Cholera  prevails  to  some  extent  among  hogs  in  the  eastern  part 
of  the  county.  One  man  recently  lost  twenty  head  by  this  disease.  Chickea-cholera 
also  prevails,  and  is  fatal  in  most  cases.  A  good  many  sheep  annually  dio  of  foot-rot 
and  grub  iu  the  head. 

Blair. — Distemper  and  lung-fever  prevail  among  horses,  and  cholera  among  hogs 
and  chickens.  Foot-rot  also  seriously  affects  sheep  where  not  properly  treated  and 
cared  for. 

jErie. — No  special  diseases  have  prevailed  among  farm  animals  in  this  locality  for 
some  years,  and  hence  the  losses  have  been  comparatively  light. 

Lycoming. — There  have  been  no  infectious  or  contagious  diseases  among  farm  ani- 
mals in  this  county  the  past  year. 

McKean. — The  condition  of  farm  animals  is  good  compared  with  previous  years. 
Horses  are  overworked  iu  the  oil  regions,  and  many  die  from  abuse  and  lack  of  iiroper 
attention. 

Northampton. — There  has  been  no  contagious  diseases  among  farm  animals  in  this 
?ouuty  so  far  as  I  have  been  able  to  ascertain. 

Perry. — Losses  among  horses  and  cattle  fiom  various  diseases  Avill  perhaps  reach 
$3,000  annually  in  this  county.  Losses  among  hogs,  when  no  epidemic  disease  pre- 
vails, will  probably  amount  to  -f  300  or  §1,000  per  annum.  Some  years  cholera  is  very 
destructive  among  chickens,  so  much  so  as  to  kill  about  all  in  some  localities. 

Wayne. — But  few  horses  are  lost  hero  by  contagious  diseases.  A  good  many  young 
pig.s  and  chickens  die  of  cholera. 

SOUTH   CAROLINA. 

Barnwell  County. — The  only  disease  known  among  horses  in  this  county  is  staggers 
or  blind  staggers.  We  know  nothing  about  the  pathology  of  the  disease  and  have  no 
remedy.  Ninety-nine  animals  out  of  a  huudi-ed  that  are  afflicted  with  the  disease  die. 
Occasionally  our  hogs  are  afflicted  with  cholera.  Sometimes  one  farmer  will  lose  two- 
thirds  of  his  entire  stock  of  hogs  while  his  next-door  neighbor  will  lose  none.  Fowls 
dio  by  the  huudi-eds  when  closely  contined  iu  coops  that  have  remained  on  the  same 
ground  for  a  number  ©f  years. 

Colleton. — Many  hogs  are  annually  lost  in  this  county  by  a  disease  generally  known 
as  hog-cholera.     Great  numbers  of  fowls  also  dio  of  a  disease  called  cholera. 

Lexington. — Hogs  have  sutfercd  less  this  than  last  year  from  cholera.  The  losses  last 
year  were  frightful.  Fowls  have  this  year  suffered  beyond  all  precedent  from  so-called 
cholera.  I  liad  a  hue  -lot  of  100  Bramahs,  fi'om  which  I  had  150  dozen  eggs  during  the 
early  spring.  As  warm  Aveathcr  came  on  they  wer(^  attacked  and  nearly  all  died — 
only  one  of  those  attacked  survived.  Unless  something  can  be  done  to  prevent  the 
annual  recurrence  of  this  fatal  epidemic,  we  will  have  to  stop  trying  to  raise  fowls. 

Oconee. — Wo  havo  no  infectious  or  contagious  diseases  among  either  horses,  cattle, 
or  sheep.  In  ix  few  localities  of  the  county  hogs  havo  suffered  from  cholera.  There 
are  a  few  localities  along  the  Blue  Ridge  range  of  mountains  where  the  cattle  greatly 
suffer  from  milk  sickness.  An  appropriation  by  Congress  for  the  discovery  of  thecause 
of  this  disease  would  be  eminently  proper. 


206  DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER   ANIMALS. 

Ontin/idurtjli. — Hog-cliolera  lias  prevailed  tliiij  year  in  some  localities  in  tMs  county. 

Pickam. — The  diseases  common  to  cattle  are  distemper,  murrain,  and  milk-sick. 
Distemper  is  regarded  as  contagious,  and  a  similar  disease  prevails  among  liorses. 
The  prevailing  diseases  among  hogs  is  commonly  called  cholera,  and  it  nearly  always 
proves  fatal. 

TENNESSEE. 

Bedford  Couniy. — ^There  is  no  disease  her©  among  cattle  except  murrain,  vrhich  was 
brought  in  from  other  States  and  seems  to  be  contagioixs.  The  most  fatal  disease 
among  hogs  is  cholera,  for  Avhich  "we  have  no  remedy. 

Boiion. — Horses,  cattle,  sheep,  and  fowls  are  affe'cted  with  the  usual  diseases.  We 
have  had  no  hog-cholera  this  year.  This  disease  usually  kills  nearly  all  the  hogs  in 
this  section  about  once  in  every  three  or  foiir  years. 

BradJoj. — All  kinds  of  domestic  animals  are  exceedingly  healthy  iu  this  county. 

Blount. — Horses  and  mules  suflter  from  distemper,  epizootic,  and  glanders;  cattle 
from  murrain  and  sore  tongue ;  hogs  from  cholera  and  quinsy ;  sheej)  from  rot ;  and 
fowls  from  cholera.     These  diseases  prove  fatal  in  many  cases. 

Dyer. — Horses,  cattle,  and  sheep  in  this  county  siiffer  very  little  from  disease  of  any 
kind.  Hogs  and  chickens  frequently  sulier  terribly  from  the  ravages  of  cholera.  The 
disease  seems  to  be  infectious  or  contagious  with  both  classes,  and  is  very  fatal,  as 
but  few  of  either  class  recover.  The  malady  is  not  at  all  imderstood,  and  no  remedy 
that  amounts  to  much  has  as  yet  been  discovered. 

Fenircss. — There  are  but  few  horses  in  this  mountainous  county,  but  cattle  are  plen- 
tiful. Hogs  could  be  raised  here  in  great  abundance  were  it  not  for  the  ravages  of 
the  disease  known  as  cholera.     Fowls  frequently  die  of  gapes. 

Haiiiblen. — Several  horses  have  died  during  the  past  season  with  blind  staggers  or 
brain  fever.    The  condition  of  farm  animals  is  better  than  usual. 

Hardeman. — There  were  some  losses  of  horses  and  cattle  last  spring  from  starvation 
and  bad  treatment.  We  have  suffered  greater  losses,  however,  from  diseases  among 
hogs  than  of  any  other  class  of  farm  animals.  The  disease  is  called  cholera  by  some, 
and  by  others  red  mange,  and  by  still  others  measles.  The  hog  at  first  presents  a 
mangy  appearance ;  afterwards  it  breaks  out  in  pimples  or  sores,  and  soon  dies.  A 
black'hog  of  mine  which  recovered  from  the  disease  is  now  gray. 

Hardin. — Milch-cows  and  oxen  have  suffered  severely  during  the  past  season  from 
murrain.     Cholera  prevails  among  swine  of  all  ages. 

Henderson. — Blind  staggers  is  about  the  only  disease  that  proves  destructive  among 
horses.  Every  disease  incident  to  the  hog  is  called  cholera,  and  diseases  are  more 
prevalent  among  swine  than  among  any  other  class  of  animals.  Eot  prevails  among 
sheep,  and  cholera  among  fowls. 

Jackson. — The  great  bulk  of  the  annual  losses  of  hogs  in  this  county  occurs  from  a 
disease  known  as  cholera.    Fowls  die  of  a  similar  disease. 

Macon. — Cholera  is  the  only  disease  that  affects  hogs  in  this  county.  The  disease 
has  been  quite  prevalent  and  fatal  during  the  year.     Chickens  also  die  of  cholera. 

Marion. — Horses  are  subject  to  distemper  and  blind  staggers,  from  which  many  of 
them  die.  Cholera  prevails  among  our  hogs,  and  has  proved  very  fatal.  During  some 
years  almost  all  the  fowls  die  of  cholera.  All  kinds  of  stock  sufl'er  for  want  of  jiroper 
attention. 

Monroe. — There  are  from  two  to  three  thousand  horses  annually  raised  iu  this  county. 
There  is  but  little  disease  among  this  class  of  animals — nothing  worse  than  common 
distemper,  and  an  occasional  case  of  bots  or  colic.  About  five  thousand  cattle  are 
annually  raised,  and  they  are  seldom  affected  with  disease.  Formerly  hog.  cholera 
prevailed  extensively,  and  the  fatality  was  very  great,  but  of  late  years  the  disease 
has  been  very  mild  and  has  not  prevailed  as  an  epidemic.  But  little' interest  is  taken 
in  sheep.  Fowls  are  raised  by  almost  every  family,  and  have  become  an  important 
matter  of  trade  among  the  ladies  of  the  county  in  buying  little  items  in  stores. 

Morgan. — Diseases  iu  various  forms  have  prevailed  extensively  among  our  hogs  and 
fowls  for  years  jjast.     They  have  not  been  so  prevalent  during  the  past  year. 

Obion. — Horses,  cattle,  and  sheej)  are  remarkably  healthy.  Cholera  exists  among 
hogs,  and  a  good  many  animals  have  been  lost,  but  the  disease  is  not  very  extensive 
this  season.     Cholera  also  prevails  among  fowls  in  some  localities. 

Overton. — Our  cattle  do  not  often  suffer  from  contagious  diseases,  but  many  of  them 
die  for  want  of  proper  care  and  attention.  Hogs  and  fowls  suffer  from  cholera,  and 
sheep  from  rot. 

Perry. — The  loss  of  hogs  from  cholera  in  this  county  during  the  past  year  will 
amount  to  not  less  than  $12,000.  Sheep  have  been  affected  with  rot,  and  a  good  many 
fowls  have  died  with  cholera. 

Sequatchie. — Swine  are  affected  with  what  seems  to  be  diseases  of  a  local  character. 
Many  of  these  diseases  are  no  doubt  brought  on  by  careless  treatment. 

Sevier. — But  little  disease  has  i^revailed  among  farm  animals  in  this  county  during 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER   ANIMALS.  207 

tlie  past  year.  A  good  mauy  hogs  have  been  lost,  but  the  diseases  among  them  have 
net  been  so  widospread  as  in  former  years. 

I'an  Barcu. — The  disease  among  hogs  in  this  county  is  generally  called  cholera, 
although  it  manifests  A^aried  symptoms.  Chickens  are  also  affected  by  a  disease  des- 
ignated as  cholera. 

JFcaldcjj. — With  the  exception  of  slight  affections  among  hogs  and  chickens,  all 
classes  of  farm  animals  have  been  unusually  healthy  during  the  past  year. 


Ausiiii  Count  I/. — The  losses  of  horses  by  infectious  and  contagious  diseases  varies 
greatly,  but  for  the  last  two  years  they  have  been  unusually  large.  The  losses  have 
been  heaviest  among  stock  horses  on  the  prairie,  and  the  disease  aflectiug  them  seems 
to  be  a  distcmi^er  or  kind  of  croup.  A  strange  disease  has  been  prevailiug  among  cat- 
tle in  the  northern  part  of  the  county,  and  every  animal  attacked  has  tiled.  The  dis- 
eases among  hogs  are  cholera,  lung  affections,  measles,  inflammations  of  the  throat, 
&c.  Most  of  the  animals  attacked  die.  Cholera  prevails  among  chickens,  and  losses 
have  been  very  heavy. 

Bandera. — All  classes  of  domesticated  animals  have  been  unusually  free  from  dis- 
ease during  the  past  year.  Fowls  are  afflicted  with  various  diseases,  some  of  which 
are  very  fatal. 

Bexar. — A  few  diseases  annually  prevail  among  domesticated  animals  in  this  county, 
and  the  annual  losses  among  all  classes  will  probably  aggregate  fi'om  $8,000  to 
§10,000. 

Canq). — Stock  generally  is  in  good  condition  in  this  county.  I  have  heard  of  no  dis- 
eases prevailing  among  any  class  of  farm  animals. 

Comal. — The  only  disease  among  horses  consists  in  a  swelling  of  the  glands  of  the 
throat,  frequently  ending  in  ulceration.  The  disease  i:)revails  more  extensively  in 
spring  v.hen  the  weather  is  cold  and  wet.  The  majority  of  the  animals  that  die  are 
colte.  The  affection  seems  to  bo  an  epidemic,  produced  by  scanty  pasturage  and 
rough  weather.  There  are  no  contagious  diseases  prevalent  among  cattle,  hogs,  or 
sheep. 

Dc  Witt. — Horses,  cattle,  hogs,  and  sheep  are  generally  healthy  and  in  good  condi- 
tion in  this  county.  The  losses  are  so  small  as  to  attract  but  little  or  no  attention. 
Fowls  frequently  die  of  a  disease  known  as  cholera. 

Eastland. — A  good  many  horses  die  in  this  county  of  blind  staggers  and  big  head, 
caused  ijrincii^ally  by  feeding  uusouud  corn.  Diseases  among  cattle  are  not  so  fatal 
this  season  as  they  were  last  year.  We  have  no  special  tliseases  among  hogs,  but  a 
great  many  of  them  have  died  this  year  for  lack  of  feed.  Foot-rot  and  scab  prevail 
among  sheep.     Fowls  die  of  various  maladies. 

Harrison. — A  fewer  number  of  horses  have  died  from  disease  in  this  county  during 
the  past  twelve  months  than  for  several  years  past.  Our  hogs  die  in  considerable  num- 
bers from  a  wheezing  disease  caused,  no  doubt,  by  eating  cotton-.sced,  picking  them  up 
from  about  our  gin-houses,  or  where  they  have  been  dropped  by  cattle.  Our  chickens 
and  turkeys  have  died  by  the  thousands  with  a  disease  we  call  the  cholera. 

Hays. — Our  farm  animals  are  in  remarkably  good  health  and  condition.  Wo  have 
been  free  from  all  contagious  diseases  for  thi'ee  years  past. 

Jlil!. — A  disease  heretofore  unknown  has  been  quite  troublesome  to  horses  in  this 
neighborhood.  Our  stockmen  generally  designate  it  as  '•'loin  distemper."  Cholera 
among  hogs  and  fowls  is  frequently  quite  prevalent  and  fatal. 

Hopkins. — Horses  in  this  locality  are  affected  Avith  glanders,  and  cattle  with  bloody 
murrain.  Hogs  arc  affected  with  cholera,  and  a  disease  which  causes  wheezing  and 
choking,  as  of  a  hard  lump  in  the  throat.  These  diseases  generally  follow  an  acorn 
crop.     Sheep  die  with  scab,  and  a  great  many  fowls  are  lost  by  cholera. 

Jasper. — Farm  animals  are  in  much  better  condition  than  for  several  years  past. 
No  contagious  disease  prevails  except  among  hogs,  and  the  losses  are  qiuto  small,  as 
we  raise  but  few  hogs  in  this  county. 

Kerr. — I  have  never  known  an  iufcctiotis  or  contagious  disease  to  prevail  among 
horses  and  nmles  in  this  county.  Fifty-four  cattle  have  died  during  the  present  year 
of  (h-y  murrain.  A  large  lumiber  of  goats  and  sheeii  have  died  of  foot-rot  and  st-ab. 
A  great  mauy  hogs  have  died  of  a  disease  termed  sore  eyes,  and  many  fowls  have  died 
of  cholera.  So  destructive  has  been  the  latter  disease  that  many  farmers  are  entirely 
without  chickens.  The  condition  of  all  farm  animals,  however,  is  a  little  better  than 
the  average. 

Lavaca. — Ticks  kill  a  good  mauy  colts  in  this  coimty  every  spring.  We  have  some 
distemper  among  horses,  but  it  has  rarely  been  fatal.  Until  this  year  hogs  have 
always  been  healthy,  but  for  several  months  past  choleva  has  prevailed  among  them, 
and  iu  some  ueighboi'lioods  all  have  died.  The  disease  seems  to  be  contagious,  and  I 
think  was  introduced  by  the  importation  of  lino  breeds. 

Llano. — Owing  to  doi)redations  by  Indians,  but  few  horses  are  raised  in  this  county. 


208  DISEASES    OF   SWINE   AND    OTHER   ANIMALS. 

Cattle  are  moderately  healthy,  aud  hogs  entirely  so.  Sheep  have  scab  occasionally, 
but  the  disease  is  ciu-ed  by  dipping,  lowls  are  subject  to  cholera,  and  I  never  knew 
one  to  recover  from  an  attack  of  this  disease. 

Marlon. — We  have  had,  and  still  have,  hog  and  chicken  cholera  in  several  localities 
in  this  county.     It  is  very  destructive  during  some  seasons. 

Matagorda. — Cattle  in  this  locality  have  been  heiulthy  this  year  with  the  exception 
of  an  epidemic  of  opthalmia,  which  seemed  to  be  atmospheric  in  its  origin ;  or,  in 
other  words,  it  was  caused  by  excessive  heat  and  moisture.  A  good  many  horses  have 
died  from  the  effects  of  bites  and  stings  of  insects,  which  were  never  so  bad  before. 
Ticks,  screw-worm,  and  the  large  horse  or  cow  Hy  have  destroyed  many  animals. 
Measles  jirevail  among  young  pigs  and  shoats,  and  a  good  many  of  those  attacked  die. 
This  disease  is  both  contagious  and  infectious. 

Maverick. — There  are  no  hogs  raised  in  this  county.  Horses  and  eattle  are  healthy. 
There  is  some  scab  among  sheep,  but  much  less  than  in  former  years. 

Menard. — The  disease  called  scab  prevails  among  sheep,  yet  I  believe  a  greater 
number  die  from  careless  management  than  from  this  or  any  other  disease.  Other 
classes  of  stock  are  healthy  and  m  good  condition. 

Montague. — Cholera  among  hogs  i>revails  to  some  extent  this  season,  but  the  disease 
is  not  so  general  as  in  former  years.     The  general  condition  of  farm  stock  is  good. 

Navarro. — The  losses  among  hogs  in  this  county  from  cholera  and  other  diseases 
will  aggregate  for  the  past  year  not  less  than  $15,000  in  value.  Chickens  also  die  of 
cholera,  and  sheep  from  hver-rot  and  scab.     Horses  and  cattle  are  healthy. 

Busk. — Hogs  and  chickens  are  suffering  vrith  a  disease  called  cholera,  which  seems 
to  visit  some  portions  of  the  county  annually.  Various  preventives  are  used,  but  no 
specific  has  as  yet  been  found  for  it. 

San  Patricio. — There  are  no  diseases  affecting  any  class  of  farm  animals  in  this 
county.  I  have  resided  here  twenty-seven  years,  and  this  is  the  first  year  within  that 
time  that  any  important  disease  has  prevailed  among  fowls.  About  nine-tenths  of 
them  have  died  in  this  town  and  surrounding  localities  of  cholera,  at  least  the  disease 
was  so  pronounced  by  those  who  know  the  sjanptoms. 

Somerville. — Stock  of  all  kinds  in  this  county  have  been  unusually  healthy  this  year. 

Titus. — Infectious  and  contagious  diseases  affecting  horses  are  not  so  fatal  as  hereto- 
fore, though  glanders  and  distemper  kill  a  great  many.  A  large  number,  however, 
are  lost  by  staggers  and  bots.  Cattle  are  affected  with  murrain  and  black  tongue, 
and  nearly  all  die  that  are  attacked  by  these  diseases.  Many  also  die  from  feeding  on 
acorns.  A  great  many  hogs  are  annually  lost  by  cholera  and  red  mange  or  measles, 
thiunps,  and  staggers.  Scab,  rot,  glanders,  and  black  tongue  produce  fearful  ravages 
among  sheep.     We  have  no  remedy  for  these  diseases. 

Upshur. — A  good  many  cattle  and  hogs  have  died  in  this  county  during  the  past 
year  of  diseases  peculiar  to  these  classes  of  farm  animals. 

Uvalde. — Horses  die  of  blind  staggers  and  a  kind  of  lung  fever,  and  cattle  of  lung 
fever  and  spinal  diseases.  The  principal  disease  among  hogs  is  cholera.  Sheep  die 
of  scab  and  lung  fever,  and  chickens  ©f  cholera.  We  have  no  successful  remedies  for 
any  of  these  maladies." 

Victoria. — This  has  been  a  very  disastrous  year  for  sheep,  owing  to  the  great  amount 
of  wet  weather.  There  is  no  disease  among  native  cattle,  but  about  one-third  of  those 
imported  die  of  Spanish  fever.     Horses,  and  especially  colts,  die  of  distemper. 

Williamson. — The  principal  disease  among  horses  is  distemper.  The  disease  prevails 
to  a  greater  or  less  extent  every  fall,  and  principally  among  colts.  The  losses  among 
cattle  are  generally  occasioned  by  the  same  disease.  We  occasionally  have  hog  and 
chicken  cholera,  but  the  losses  are  not  very  heavy  from  this  disease.  A  few  sheep  are 
annually  lost  by  scab,  but  not  so  many  as  in  former  years. 

Young. — All  kinds  of  stock  and  j)Oultry  have  been  imexceptionably  free  from  disease 
during  the  past  year. 

UTAH  TERRITORY. 

San  Pete  County. — Contagious  diseases  have  prevailed  among  cattle  in  this  county 
during  the  present  year.     A  few  cases  of  bloody  murrain  have  also  occurred. 

Wasatch. — There  is  no  malignant  disease  prevailing  among  farm  animals  in  tihia 
county.     Fowls  are  subject  to  croup,  of  which  a  good  many  die. 

VERMONT. 

Addison  County. — Horses  are  afllicted  with  a  distemper  which  is  regai'ded  as  conta- 
gions. Cattle  have  what  is  called  muiTain  or  black-leg,  a  disease  which  seems  to  bo 
epidemic  aud  contagious,  but  is  conliucd  mostly  to  calves.  Mui-rain  never  attacks  lean 
cattle.  Mauy  deaths  occur  amoug  cows  in  early  summer  from  milk  fever.  Cattle  gen- 
erally are  in  line  condition. 

Caledonia. — No  inlc(;tious  or  contagious  diseases  of  a  serious  nature  have  prevailed 
among  farm  animals  in  this  county  during  the  past  year.  The  season  has  been  favor- 
able, and  stock  generally  is  in  good  condition. 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER   ANIMALS.  209 

CMttaulen. — The  nmiiber  of  cows  have  iucreased  iu  this  county  since  the  last  cen- 
Bviw,  nearly  one-sixth.  Horses  and  swine  remain  about  the  same.  Sheep  have  fallen 
off  materially,  say  three-fourths.  At  present  there  is  a  lively  interest  in  fowls,  espe- 
cially of  pure  bloods.  The  mimbcr  has  increased  at  least  one-third.  Our  animals  are 
all  in  a  healthy  condition. 

Grand  Isle. — Since  the  jircvaleuce  of  the  epizootic  some  years  since,  there  has  been 
no  infectious  or  contagious  diseases  among  horses  in  this  county.  Cattle,  sheep,  and 
hogs  are  almost  entirely  free  from  disease.  I  ascribe  such  exemi)tions  to  the  better 
care  they  receive  iu  good  feed,  protection  from  storms  and  cold  weather,  and  better 
caro  generally. 

liutland. — Foot-rot  has  prevailed  extensively  and  fatally  among  sheep  in  this  county 
during  the  year,  but  the  disease  is  now  diminishing. 

VIRGINIA. 

Accomac  County. — The  annual  losses  from  disease  among  all  classes  of  farm  animals 
in  this  county  will  amount  to  from  $12,000  to  $15,000. 

Alexandria. — Upwards  of  100  head  of  cattle  have  died  in  this  county  during  the  past 
year,  princii>ally  of  pleuro-pneumonia.  The  origin  of  the  disease  has  been  traced  to 
Georgetown.  It  occurred  tirst  among  cattle  there  about  two  years  ago,  and  has  since 
gradually  traveled  down  the  river  to  a  distance  of  about  25  miles.  It  has  not,  as  yet, 
extended  over  2  mUcs  from  the  river  toward  the  interior. 

Botetourt. — There  has  been  no  infectious  disease  among  horses  in  this  county  for  sev- 
eral years  past.  The  disease  affecting  cattle  seems  to  be  confined  to  those  under  one 
year  old,  and  is  known  as  bloody  murrain.  Those  that  are  best  kept  are  more  liable 
to  the  disease  than  those  poorly  cared  for.  Flour  of  sulphur  given  with  salt  once  a 
day  for  three  days  is  the  best  remedy  known  here.  Hog-cholera,  the  only  disease  af- 
fecting swine,  is  less  malignant  than  iu  former  years.  Cholera  in  fowls  has  been  suc- 
cessfully treated  by  placing  iron  in  the  water  which  is  given  them  to  di'ink. 

Brunswick. — Cattle  sometimes  die  in  lai'ge  numbers  from  a  disease  called  murrain. 
A  good  many  hogt  are  also  annually  lost  by  cholera,  a  disease  Avhich  apjiears  under 
many  different  forms  or  symptoms. 

Camphell. — We  have  had  no  infectious  or  contagious  diseases  either  among  our  horses, 
cattle,  hogs,  or  sheep,  with  the  exception  of  an  unknown  disease  that  has  prevailed 
among  cattle  in  the  vicinity  of  Lynchburg.  Cholera  among  fowls  sometimes  depopu- 
lates an  entire  henery  iu  a  few  days. 

Dinwiddie. — A  good  many  horses,  cattle,  hogs,  and  fowls  have  died  this  season  from 
the  various  diseases  incident  to  them.  Cholera  prevails  more  or  less  every  year  among 
hogs  in  this  county. 

Essex. — I  have  heard  of  no  infectious  or  contagious  diseases  prevailing  among  any 
class  of  farm  animals,  except  swine. 

Floyd. — The  only  contagious  disease  among  horses  here  is  a  distemper  which  affects 
very  seriously  the  head  and  throat  of  the  animals.  The  most  fatal  disease  among 
cattle  is  black-leg.  Its  attacks  are  more  frequent  among  young  animals  of  from  one 
to  two  years  of  age.  The  only  disease  affecting  swine  is  known  as  hog-cholera.  All 
othex  animals  are  liealthy. 

Olo-Mxster. — A  largo  number  of  horses,  hogs,  and  sheep  have  been  lost  by  disease 
iu  thia  locality  during  the  past  season.  The  disease  affecting  hogs  is  the  so-called 
cholcr.'v. 

Greanc. — The  infectious  and  contagious  diseases  prevailing  here  are  distemx^er  among 
horses,  antl  cholera  among  hogs  and  chickens. 

Halifax. — An  infectious  distemper  is  prevailing  among  horses  in  this  county,  and 
mnrraiu  and  distemper  among  cattle.  The  latter  seems  to  be  a  contagious  fever,  and 
kills  nearly  all  attacked.  The  prevailing  diseases  among  hogs  arc  measles  and  quinsy. 
TJicro  ai'o  no  diseases  among  sheep.  The  condition  of  all  larm-stock  is  good,  better 
than  l;;»st  year,  as  pastures  have  been  abundant.  The  cattle  distemper,  which  is  a 
high  grade  of  fever,  aud  generally  considered  contagious,  is  the  worst  disease  farmers 
have  to  contend  witli.  ho  ellectual  remedy  has  been  found,  but  the  following;  has 
proved  generally  quite  a  successful  preventive; :  1  gallon  connnou  salt;  ^  pound  Hour 
of  sulphur;  2  ounces  saltpeter  and  2  ounces  copperas.  Dissolve  these  ingredients  iu 
three  gallons  of  water  and  mix  with  red  clay  to  the  consistency  of  plastering  mortar, 
aud  put  in  troughs  for  the  cattle  to  lick.  Tin;  troughs  should  bo  kejjt  supplied  from 
the  iirst  of  July  to  the  lirst  of  November.     It  rarely  fails  as  a  preventive. 

Ileurico. — Hog-cholera  has  been  very  severe  here  during  the  past  seasou.  About  all 
the  hogs  ailected  have  died. 

Highland. — The  prevaiUng  diseases  among  horses  are  lung  fever,  distemper,  diarrhea 
and  mad  stagger  or  fits.  Cattle  have  horu-ail  and  liogs  are  alUicted  v,  it  h  cholera. 
Domestic  fowls  also  have  cholera. 

James  City. — Horses  are  frequently  ailected  Avith  a  distemper,  the  results,  no  doubt 
of  former  attacks  of  epizootic.     Hogs  are  afflicted  Avith  cholera  aud  mange.     In  cases  oi 

14  SW 


210  DISEASES    OF   SWINE    AND    OTHER    ANIMALS, 

cholera  a  change  ofboth  pasture  and  food  is  recommended.  Eawturuipsfcd  on  alternate 
days  are  thought  to  bo  a  preventive. 

Page. — Perhai>s  $5,000  or  $6,000  will  cover  the  loss  among  all  classes  of  domestic 
animals  by  disease  in  this  county  during  the  past  year.  Farm  stock  is  in  much  better 
condition  than  usual. 

Patrick. — There  have  been  some  losses  of  horses  in  this  country  by  distemper  and 
cattle  by  murrain.     Hogs,  as  usual,  have  been  seriously  afflicted  with  cholera. 

Pittsijlvania. — The  i^rincipal  disease  among  horses  in  this  county,  during  the  past 
year,  has  been  pnomuonia  or  lung-fever,  which  is  not  considered  contagious.  Cattle 
are  afdicted  with  murrain,  and  hogs  with  various  diseases. 

Pappahannock. — The  number  of  horses  and  cattle  aft'ectcd  with  contagious  diseases 
in  this  locality  is  small.     Some  few  hogs  die  of  cholera.     Sheep  are  healthy. 

Poanoke. — No  diseases  have  i»revailed  among  farm  animals  in  this  county  dui'ingthe 
past  year.  There  has  been  some  cholera  among  chickens,  but  the  disease  has  not  jn-e- 
vailed  as  an  epidemic. 

Pockhridge. — Black-leg  is  the  only  disease  that  affects  cattle  fatally  in  this  county. 
I  do  not  flunk  it  contagious,  though  all  the  animals  attacked  by  it  die.  Hogs  and 
fowls  are  sometimes  fatally  affected  by  cholera. 

Smyth. — Distemper  has  prevailed  to  some  extent  among  the  horses  in  this  county, 
but  it  has  proved  fatal  in  but  few  instances. 

Spottsijlvania. — No  diseases  of  a  malignant  character  have  prevailed  among  farm 
stock  in  this  county  during  the  past  year. 

Sussex. — Cholera  has,  and  still  is  prevailing  to  a  considerable  extent  among  hogs 
and  fowls  in  this  locality.     The  losses  have  been  quite  heavy. 

Washington. — Distemper  and  murrain  prevail  among  horses  and  cattle,  and  cholera 
among  hogs.  A  disease  similar  to  miu-rain  also  prevails  among  sheep.  Fowls  are 
annually  lost  in  great  numbers  by  a  disease  called  cholera. 

Wise. — Diseases  have  prevailed  to  a  considerable  extent  among  hogs  in  this  county 
adring  the  past  season.    All  other  classes  of  farm  animals  are  healthy. 

WASHINGTON  TERRITORY. 

King  County. — There  are  no  infectious  or  contagious  diseases  among  horses,  cattle,  or 
hogs.  Sheex),  however,  are  afflicted  with  scab,  and  fowls  more  or  less  troubled  with 
vermin. 

San  Juan. — No  infectious  or  contagious  diseases  exist  among  either  horses,  cattle, 
hogs,  or  sheep  in  this  locality.  There  are  frequently  losses  among  all  classes  of  farm 
stock  fjom  accident  or  lack  of  proper  attention. 

WEST  VIRGINIA. 

Boone  County. — Epizootic  distemper  prevails  among  horses,  mui-rain  among  cattle, 
and  cholera  among  hogs.     Fowls  are  subject  to  both  cholera  and  gapes. 

Doddridge. — Distemper  is  the  only  contagious  disease  prevalent  among  horses  and 
that  of  foot-rot  among  sheep.  Murrain  also  exists  among  cattle.  All  of  these  diseases 
are  destructive,  but  none  of  them  so  much  so  as  cholera  among  hogs.  Many  persons 
regard  this  disease  as  contagious. 

Gilmer. — No  diseases  of  any  consequence  are  prevailing  among  farm  stock  in  this 
county.  Occasionally  a  horse  is  affected  with  distemper,  but  I  have  never  heard  of  a 
case  of  lung-fever.  Cattle  are  sometimes  affected  with  foot-evil,  which  is  the  only 
disease  I  ever  hear  of  as  affecting  this  class  of  animals.  I  have  heard  of  a  few  cases 
of  cholera  among  hogs. 

Grant. — I  have  made  diligent  inquiry,  but  can  hear  of  no  infectious  or  contagious 
diseases  existing  among  the  farm  stock  in  this  county. 

Greenhrier. — There  are  no  infectious  or  contagious  diseases  prevailing  among  farm 
animals  in  this  county.  About  13,000  chickens  and  other  domestic  fowls  are  annually 
lost  by  the  people  of  this  county  from  disease. 

Harrison. — The  only  disease  we  have  among  horses  is  an  infectious  disease,  which, 
for  the  want  of  a  better  name,  we  call  ''  distenqier."  Horses  that  have  it,  generally 
recover.  Among  young  cattle  wo  have  a  disease  called  "black  leg,"  which  annually 
kills  a  number  of  cattle,  and  generally  those  in  high  condition.  Our  losses  arc  some- 
times very  heavy  from  this  cause.  Wo  also  have  a  disease  among  cattle  wliicli  affects 
their  feet,  and  which  we  call  "foot-evil."  TJiis  disease  docs  not  kill  cattle,  but  hin- 
ders tliem  in  their  growth  and  deteriorates  them  in  value.  If  a  simple  and  sure 
renuuly  could  bo  found  for  this  disease  it  would  save  our  peoj)le  a  considerable  annual 
loss.  We  occasionally  have  a  case  of  hog-cholera,  and  those  attacked,  usually  die,  but, 
as  a  general  thing,  hogs  are  very  healthy  in  this  couiity.  Chickens,  in  some  localities, 
have  sufl'cred  with  cholera,  and  the  ilocks  aitMcncd  gcnci-aliy  all  die. 

Lewis. — Nodiseascsof  any  consequence  ha  v(  aliv'i  In!  i  hr  ,;irii  animalaof  this  county 
during  the  past  year.     Pastui-ago  is  very  alMUjdaiiij  aiiiUadlo  are  generally  in  good 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER   ANIMALS.  211 

condition.     Hogs  aro  in  good  health,  -w-lLich  we  attribute  to  their  consumption  of  bitu- 
minous coal. 

Lor/an. — Horses  here  are  much  given  to  distemper.  Sometimes  the  disease  proves 
fatal ;  but  the  greatest  loss  occura  from  colic  and  bots.  Cattle  sometimes  have  a  dis- 
temper much  like  that  of  horses,  but  this  seldom  occurs.  Diseases  are  prevalent  among 
hogs,  and  tbey  often  die  quite  suddenly.  Sheep  and  fowls  are  in  pretty  good  condi- 
tion.    Sometimes  the  former  are  afflicted  with  rot. 

Morgan. — The  number  of  hogs  and  chickerus  that  have  died  in  this  county  during 
the  past  year  of  cholera  has  been  very  large.  Other  classes  of  farm  stock  hiive  been 
healthy. 

WISCONSIN. 

Door  Count)/. — No  infectious  or  contagious  diseases  prevail  among  any  class  of  farm 
animals  in  this  county. 

Dunn. — Last  winter  horses  in  this  county  were  seriously  affected  with  distemper; 
but  it  disappeared  in  April  and  has  not  since  laado  its  appearance.  Several  animals 
were  lost.     Cattle  and  hogs  are  healthy,  and  are  in  very  good  condition. 

Green. — The  so-called  cholera  has  prevailed  among  the  hogs  in  this  county  for  the 
first  time  during  the  present  year.  A  great  many  have  died.  Cholera  prevails  exten- 
sively among  fowls  also,  and  many  thousands  have  died. 

Iowa. — Diseases  among  swine  have  been-  very  prevalent  during  the  past  year,  and 
the  losses  to  the  farmers  of  this  county  have,  consequently,  been  A-ery  heavy,  as  the 
maladies  have  been  of  a  fatal  character.     Othtu-  classes  of  stock  have  been  healthy. 

Jackson. — There  are  no  diseases  whatever  of  a  destructive  nature  prevalent  among 
farm  animals  in  this  county. 

Juneau. — Distemper  and  inflammation  of  the  lungs,  or  lung  fever,  aro  the  only  dis- 
eases of  a  serious  character  prevailing  among  horses.  Other  classes  of  stock  are 
healthy. 

Kewaunee. — Aside  from  a  few  horses  afflicted,  with  glanders,  aU  classes  of  farm  ani- 
mals are  in  good  health. 

Monroe. — All  classes  of  farm  animals  aro  in  good  condition  and  measurably  healthy. 

Ozaukee. — With  the  exception  of  a  few  cases  of  hog-cholera,  I  have  heard  of  no  other 
disease  among  farm  animals  in  this  county. 

Portage. — Domestic  animals  in  this  county  are  exempt  from  contagious  diseases  to  a 
remarkable  degree.  Indeed,  I  hear  of  but  few  farm  animals  dying  of  any  disease, 
except  sheep  and  hogs— sheep  from  grub,  and  hogs  from  black  vomit,  or  something 
like  it. 

WYOMING  TEKRITORY. 

Laramie  County. — There  are  no  diseases  whatever  among  farm  animals  in  this  county. 
The  losses  among  cattle,  caused  by  eating  the  poisonous  loco  weed,  Avill  perhaps  not 
exceed  1  per  cent.  About  300,000  head  of  cattle  come  into  the  Territory  annually  from 
Texas,  Oregon,  Montana,  Idaho,  and  Nevada. 


coeeesponde:s^ce  eelating  to  the  moee  commo:n^  dis- 
eases OF  DOMESTICATED  ANIMALS. 

ALAHMIA. 
Mr.  Eobert  Wardlaud,  Tuscumbia,  Colbert  county,  Alabama,  says: 

Not  having  had  much  experience  with  farm  animals,  I  will  confine  my  remarks  to 
fowls  and  the  ailments  to  which  they  are  subject.  I  grow  them  for  my  own  table,  and 
not  for  market  or  fancy  purposes.  Long  years  ago  I  devoted  considerable  aUcution 
to  fowls,  and  soon  became  satislied  that  the  majority  of  the  diseases  incident  to  Them 
were  induced  by  carelessness  and  inattention  to  their  sanitary  condition.  I  have  found 
that  prevention  is  much  better  than  cure,  and  now,  if  I  desir<»  a  sick  chicken  to  expe- 
riment, I  am  compelled  to  go  to  some  of  my  neighbors  Ibr  the  subject.  In  cases  of 
what  is  known  as  cholera,  the  liver  of  the  chicken  is  found  very  pale,  nnieh  enlarged, 
and  literally  rotten.  The  whole  internal  viscera  is  more  or  less  deranged.  Witli  such 
cases  it  is  the  veriest  quackery  to  attempt  a  cure.  A  careful  examiniition  of  the  dis- 
ease known  as  gapes  has  convinced  me  that  it  has  its  origin  in  ]»arasites.  Those,  and 
that  other  great  pest,  lice,  produce  many  of  the  diseases  which  result  so  fatally  to 
fowls. 

My  treatment  of  fowls,  which  has  proved  verj'  successful,  is  very  simple.  I  give 
them  a  well  ventilated  yet  cheap  house,  provided  with  plenty  of  roosts,  nests,  <fec. 


212  DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER    ANIMALS. 

Next,  I  have  none  but  healthy  birds  to  breed  from,  and  am  very  particidar  to  keep 
their  quarters  perfectly  clean.  I  have  luy  hen-house  cleaned  once  a  week  during 
summer,  and  once  in  every  ten  days  during  the  -winter  season.  I  remove  the  contents 
and  have  them  stored  under  cover  for  use  as  a  fertilizer  for  my  crops.  I  use  quick- 
lime and  wood-ashes  as  disinfectants,  and  charcoal  as  an  absorbent.  The  result  is 
clean  houses  and  healthy  fowls. 

I  jiay  close  attention  to  their  food.  Too  much  corn  makes  them  fat  and  indolent. 
Once  or  twice  a  day  is  as  often  as  they  should  have  grain.  They  should  be  provided 
Avith  grass  lots  for  grazing,  as  the  amount  of  this  kind  of  food  they  will  consume  Avould 
astonish  any  one  who  has  not  given  the  subject  attention.  Pure  water  and  jilenty  of 
it  is  indispensable.  Sick  birds  should  at  once  be  separated  from  the  well  ones,  but 
the  best  jilan  is  to  cut  olf  their  heads  and  bury  them. 

I  am  iiartial  to  dark-colored  fowls,  as  I  am  of  the  opinion  that  they  are  more  hardy 
than  the  light-colored  ones.  I  am  careful  not  to  overstock  my  llock,  and  breed  only 
from  those  that  are  peaceable,  and  as  a  result  have  no  games  or  ill-natured  fowls. 

Mr.  Y.  C  Lavmore,  Yalley  Head,  De  Kalb  county,  says : 

My  observations  and  experience  with  farm  stock  extends  to  a  period  of  near  forty 
years.  In  the  care  of  horses  I  am  particidar  to  give  them  good  grazing  and  sound 
feed.  In  winter  I  give  them  good  shelter  and  feed  both  hay  and  grain.  I  also  give 
them  salt  and  ashes,  slaked  lime,  and  co^iperas  or  saltpeter.  During  the  summer 
months  I  keep  the  nits  cleanly  scraped  oil'  from  their  limbs  and  bodies.  I  practice 
about  the  same  treatment  with  cattle,  and  in  addition  use  sulphiu',  rosin,  and  turpen- 
tine in  the  summer  and  fall  to  keep  oft'  the  ticks.  I  use  the  same  preparation  to  re- 
move lice  from  my  hogs.  When  disease  is  in  the  neighborhood  I  give  them  salt  and 
ashes,  and  sometimes  turpentine.  My  hogs  have  been  visited  but  once  with  cholera, 
and  then  they  had  it  very  bad.  I  tried  everything  I  could  hear  of,  but  to  no  purpose 
until  I  separated  them  into  three  difterent  lots.  I  put  the  well  ones  into  a  field  by 
themselves,  those  that  looked  feeble  into  another,  and  the  eick  ones  I  turned  into 
a  meadow  through  which  a  stream  passed.  I  drove  them  through  this  creek  once 
or  twice  a  day.  I  burned  all  the  dead  carcasses,  old  beds,  and  even  the  woods  where 
they  had  been  running  in  the  mast.  I  had  about  two  hundred  head,  and  many  of 
them  died,  but  they  commenced  to  imi^rove  soon  after  I  commenced  this  treatment, 
and  soon  the  disease  disappeared. 

Mr.  E.  Tucker,  Marion,  Perry  county,  says : 

Hog-cholera  seems  to  prevail  throughout  the  United  States,  and  j)erhaps  more  hogs 
die  from  the  efiects  of  this  disease  than  from  all  other  causes  combined.  I  have  been 
using  preventives  for  years,  and  when  I  attend  strictly  to  this  duty  I  hardly  ever  lose 
a  hog  by  cholera  or  any  other  disease.  I  use  copperas,  lime,  ashes,  charcoal,  sulphur, 
and  tar.  The  most  of  these  articles  are  good  for  worms  and  keep  the  hog  in  a  healthy 
condition.  Cholera  makes  its  appearance  in  various  forms,  and  in  many  cases,  I 
think,  what  Ave  call  cholera  is  caused  principally  by  worms. 

In  this  latitude  Ave  haA'e  a  disease  called  murrain  among  cattle,  which,  perhaps,  is 
more  destructive  than  any  other  to  this  class  of  domestic  animals.  It  usually  makes 
its  appearance  in  the  spring  of  the  year.  Wo  have  what  is  knowTi  as  both  the  diy 
and  bloody  murrain.  As  preventiA'es  we  use  salt  and  sulphur  freely,  and  keep  tar  in 
the  feeding-troughi.  Wlien  a  severe  case  makes  its  appearance  it  is  hard  to  cure, 
though  soap  and  oil  have  been  used  in  cases  of  dry  murrain  with  some  success. 

Bhnd  staggers  seem  to  be  the  prevailing  disease  among  horses  and  mules.  A  horse 
properly  fed  on  sound  corn  and  hay,  with  lime,  Avood-ashes,  tar,  and  sulphur  constantly 
in  their  troughs,  Avill  ncA'er  ha\-e  the  blind  staggers.  Bots  and  colic  also  kill  a  good 
many  horses.     Oil  and  chloroform  will  generally  effect  a  speedy  ciu-e  in  such  cases. 

Dr.  George  T.  McWhorter,  Chickasaw,  Colbert  county,  says : 

In  connection  with  my  report  of  the  hog-disease,  wliich  prcA'ailed  so  fatally  hero 
during  the  past  season,  I  desire  to  call  your  attention  to  reports  from  Van  Wert  and 
Prcblo  counties,  Ohio,  Iroquois  county,  Ohio,  .and-  Lauderdale  county,  Alabama, 
found  in  the  Keport  of  the  Commissioner  of  Agriculture  for  1876,  page  108.  I  am  con- 
A'inced  that  the  "new  disease"  mentioned  by  correspondents  from  these  counties  is 
the  same  that  prevailed  here,  and  that  it  is  caused  by  the  worm,  specimens  of  Avhich 
I  sent  you.  You  Avill  obserA^e  that  all  call  attention  to  the  lung  trouble,  some  stating 
that  the  lungs  Avere  the  only  parts  affected.  By  careful  examination  I  found,  as  stated 
in  my  rei)ort,  the  lungs,  liver,  stomach,  and  bowels  infested  l)y  these  Avorms,  but  in 
every  case  the  lung  tissue  had  suffered  most,  in  some  cases  being  entirely  broken  down. 

I  suspect  also  that  nuich  of  the  pneumonia  (page  109,  same  report)  rei)orted  from 
Kentucky,  Illinois,  Ohio,  Indiana,  and  Kansas  is  due  to  the  same  cause.  The  trouble 
is  so  much  more  i)atent  in  the  lungs  tluni  elsewhere  tliat  it  might  reasonably  bo  over- 
looked in  other  situations.  You  will  renieml)er  that  the  worms  taken  from  the  lungs 
were  much  larger  than  those  from  tlie  bowel,s,     I  attribute  this  to  the  inferred  fact 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER   ANIMALS.  213 

that  the  Inugs  afford  better  conditions  for  their  development  than  the  other  organs. 
The  foct  that  their  presence  in  the  hiugs  ia  so  mnch  more  deleterious  to  the  health  of 
the  animal,  and  manifests  itself  by  such  decided  symptoms,  is  perhaps  the  reason  that 
some  liave  supjiosed  that  they  alone  were  affected.  I  am  still  of  the  opinion  that  the 
alimentary  canal  is  the  nidus  in  -which  the  egg  is  hatched,  and  from  ■which  the  young 
worm  starts,  i^roduciug  violent  and  noticeable  symptoms  when  the  lungs  are  reached 
and  perforated. 

ARKANSAS. 

Mr.  William  B.  Tiirman,  Waldron,  Scott  county,  says : 

As  hogs  are  the  only  class  of  farm  animals  affected  by  disease  in  this  locality,  I  will 
confine  my  remarks  to  the  malady  generally  known  as  hog-cholera.  The  symptoms 
are  a  cough,  followed  by  constrained  breathing,  producing,  in  many  cases,  a  movement 
similar  to  thumps  in  horses.  The  animal  refuses  food.  After  awhile  great  thirst  pre- 
vails, and  scarlet  red  spots,  from  the  size  of  a  pin's  head  to  that  of  a  man's  hand,  ap- 
pear on  the  surface  of  tho  body.  At  this  stage  of  the  disease  they  refuse  to  leave  their 
beds.  In  some  cases  death  ensues  within  a  few  hours,  while  in  others  the  animal  may 
linger  for  several  days.  Perhaps  one  hog  in  ten  survives  a  mild  attack.  An  exami- 
nation after  death  reveals  the  liuigs,  to  all  appearances,  greatly  affected,  and  in  many 
cases  much  decomposed.  In  some  cases  the  bleed  is  also  found  coagulated  in  and 
around  the  kidneys,  and  the  entire  flesh  in  a  more  or  less  putrid  condition. 

I  am  informed  by  ilr.  W.  M.  Johnson  that  for  the  last  twenty  years  he  has  kept  his 
hogs  healthy  by  giving  them,  with  their  food,  common  pine  tar,  occasionally  smear- 
ing some  on  the  hair  of  his  hogs.  He  has  not  lost  a  single  hog  by  this  very  common 
disease. 

Mr.  Dearman  keeps  his  hogs  healthy  by  giving  them  soap,  pine  tar,  and  sulphur. 
Mr.  A.  J.  Gentz  keeps  his  in  good  condition  by  mixing  boiled  garget  or  poke  root  with 
their  feied.  Sir.  A.  II.  Hooper  gives  sulphate  of  iron  and  salt,  which  has  proven  an 
excellent  x)reventive  with  liim. 

Mr.  W.  W.  Hughey,  Warren,  Bradley  county,  says : 

There  has  been  no  disease  in  this  immediate  vicinity  that  has  seriously  affected 
swine  since  1873.  During  that  year  fully  three-fourths  of  the  hogs  in  the  county  died 
of  what  is  commonly  known  as  hog-cholera.  The  first  symptom  of  the  disease  was  a 
refusal  to  eat,  followed  by  a  dull,  stupid  appearance.  Frequently  eruptions  about  the 
size  of  a  pea  would  aiijiear  on  the  body,  and  death  would  then  ensue  in  from  five  to 
twelve  hours.  In  a  few  hours  after  death  the  carcass  would  swell  to  such  an  extent 
as  to  break  the  skin  in  naany  i)laces,  from  which  a  yellowish  water  would  run. 

About  the  '20th  of  December  last,  a  similar  disease  made  its  appearance  in  the  west- 
em  part  of  the  county,  which  is  proving  quite  fatal  to  grown  and  fatted  hogs.  Not 
more  than  one  in  five  of  those  attacked  recover.  We  expect  it  to  spread  throughout 
the  county  by  the  first  of  May,  as  it  did  on  its  former  visit.  Hogs  are  not  raised  here 
for  market,  yet  most  farmers  endeavor  to  raise  a  sufficient  number  to  provide  them- 
selves with  their  own  meat. 

Mr.  J.  K.  Deaderick,  Wittsburg',  Cross  county,  says : 

The  most  fatal  diseases  we  have  among  horses  here  are  staggers,  Spanish  fever,  and 
charbon.  In  sleepy  staggers  a  disposition  is  shown  to  move  around  in  a  circle  The 
general  treatment  is  blistering  over  the  brain  and  profuse  bleeding  from  the  nose. 
The  disease  lasts  from  one  to  two  days,  and  the  fatality  among  those  attacked  is  about 
1)0  per  cent. 

In  Spanish  fever  the  sympton^  are  extreme  languor,  stupor,  and  high  fever.  The 
duration  of  this  disease  is  from  five  to  fifteen  days,  and  the  per  cent,  of  deaths  about 
the  same  as  in  staggers. 

Charbon  first  makes  its  appearance  by  a  small  hard  lump,  somewhat  resembling 
that  caused  by  the  sting  of  a  wasp.  This  lump  grows  and  spreads  very  rapidly,  and 
frequently  chokes  the  animal  to  death  in  a  few  hours.  The  remedy  generally  iised  is 
to  paint  witli  iodine. 

Cattle  arc  aifected  with  murrain,  Spanish  fever,  and  charbon,  and  occasionally  a 
disease  resembling  dropsy  in  the  human  system.  When  attacked  with  the  latter 
disease  they  generally  drop  dead  without  a  struggle,  and  on  tapping  them,  very  often 
as  much  as  a  baiTel  of  water  will  exude  from  the  incision.  The  fatality  in  murrain  is 
about  95  per  cent.,  and  in  dropsy  all  die. 

Hogs  are  afiected  witli  cholera,  quinsy,  and  mange.  The  symptoms  of  cholera  are 
varied.  In  the  most  violent  cases  there  are  discharges  from  the  bowels,  bladder,  and 
lungs.  In  otlier  cases  a  loss  of  appetite  is  occasioned,  and  there  is  a.  dis])osition  to 
bed  up  during  thenight ;  and  during  the  hottest  weather,  if  driven  from  their  beds,  they 
will  shiver  as  though  suffering  with  a  hard  chill.  The  loss  is  about  75  per  cent,  of  all 
attacked.     A  great  many  remedies  are  used,  but  with  little  success.     I  value  soft  soai> 


214  DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER   ANIMALS. 

more  tliau  anything  else.  Pine  tar  is  a  good  remedy  for  quinsy.  Mange  or  seal)  is  very 
fatal  to  yoiing  pigs.  It  appears  as  ulcers  in  the  mouth,  throat,  and  in  the  body.  Car- 
bolic acid,  sulx)hur,  and  Inirjientine  are  used  with  considerable  success.  The  fatality 
in  this  disease  is  about  50  per  cent,  of  those  attacked. 

Sheep  are  sometimes  aft'ected  with  rot,  a  disease  somewhat  resembling  Spanish  fever 
or  dry  murrain  in  cattle.     The  fatality  is  about  50  per  cent. 

ChiekcMis  are  liable  to  cholera,  and  often  drop  dead  from  their  roosts  without  warn- 
ing. Others  have  copious  discharges  of  lilthy,  green  matter,  their  combs  and  gills 
become  very  iiale,  and  after  lingering  a  week  or  two  die  in  a  very  emaciated  condition. 
"It  frequently  happens  that  some  farmers  will  lose  their  entire  flocks  by  this  disease, 
while  others  living  near  by  will  not  lose  any.  There  seems  to  be  no  remedy,  and  about 
all  die  that  are  attacked  by  the  disease. 

FLORIDA. 

Mr.  T.  K.  Collins,  IMikesvillej  Columbia  county,  says  : 

A  disease  commonly  called  "thumps"  is  perhaps  the  most  fatal  disease  that  affects 
hogs  in  this  part  of  Florida — more  fatal  from  the  fact  that  no  remedy  has  ever  been 
found  for  it,  at  least  to  my  knowledge.  I  have  resided  here  seventeen  years,  and  dur- 
ing that  time  have  not  known  a  single  case  cured,  notwithstanding  8  per  cent,  of  our 
hogs  die  of  it  annually.  The  first  symptoms  of  the  disease  are  a  cough,  shortness  of 
breath,  thumping  or  bellows-like  motion  of  the  sides,  with  loss  of  apj)etite,  and  ulti- 
mately, like  in  cases  of  consumption  in  man,  waste  away  and  die  a  mere  skeleton. 
The  duration  of  the  disease  is  from  one  to  three  months.  I  can  offer  no  remedy  for 
this  disease,  or  even  suggest  its  cause.  Some  old  stock-raisers  say  that  this  disease  is 
always  worse  after  a  heavy  pine  mast,  which  my  own  experience  confirms. 

Staggers  is  also  a  common  disease  among  hogs  here,  but  it  is  seldom  fatal.  Cutting 
the  ears  or  scarifying  the  head  generally  gives  relief,  but  cold  applications  or  sun- 
stroke treatment,  when  applicable,  is  considered  better. 

Cholera  made  its  appearance  among  swine  here  this  season,  and  cut  our  meat  crop 
short.  Most  of  those  attacked  died  suddenly,  many  of  them  even  before  they  were 
known  to  be  sick.  This  disease  is  new  to  us,  and  as  yet  we  have  found  no  remedy  for 
it.    These  are  about  the  only  diseases  that  attack  swine  in  this  locality. 

Mr.  Chester  S.  Coe,  Coe's  Mills,  Liberty  county,  says : 

With  the  exception  of  cholera  among  hogs  we  have  but  few  other  diseases  among 
any  class  of  farm  stock.  As  regards  this  disease  we  have  never  been  satisfied  as  to  its 
origin,  as  hogs  take  it  at  any  time  and  under  all  circumstances,  those  running  at  large 
in  the  range  as  well  as  those  kept  in  inclosed  pastures.  During  many  years'  experi- 
ence I  have  noticed  that  those  which  we  term  yard  hogs — i.  c,  that  are  fed  on  dish- 
water and  kitchen  slops — seldom  or  never  take  the  cholera,  and  that  if  those  that  take 
it  in  the  range  are  confined  in  pens  and  fed  on  kitchen  slops,  with  the  addition  of  a 
little  copperas  and  sulphur,  they  generally  get  well.  As  for  a  preventive,  we  have 
never  found  a  positive  one,  though  I  am  of  the  opinion  that  if  hogs  are  frequently  fed 
on  slops  seasoned  as  above  stated  they  will  seldom  take  the  cholera. 

In  an  every-day  expwience  of  over  sixty  years  in  the  use  of  horses  and  mtiles  I  have 
never  lost  but  one,  and  that  one  I  lost  by  blind  staggers.  Good  care  in  feeding,  water- 
ing, and  driving,  with  an  occasional  handful  of  salt  mixed  with  a  little  lime  or  strong 
ashes,  has  always  kept  my  stock  in  health  and  good  order. 

I  have  had  no  disease  among  my  fowls  for  thirty  years.  We  keep  a  siipply  of  nux 
vomica  on  hand,  and  twice  or  thrice  a  week  mix  it  with  their  feed,  giving  from  a 
fourth  to  a  teaspoon  level  full,  according  to  the  number  to  be  fed.  This  has  kept  them 
free  from  all  disease;  and  more  thanthat,  if  a  hawk  ever  takes  one  he  will  never  come 
back  for  another.  There  is  no  perceptible  difference  caused  in  the  taste  of  the  meat. 
The  drug  may  be  used  by  bruising  twoor  three  buttons  and  steeping  them  in  hot  water. 
"Kien  add  a  few  spoonfuls  in  mixing  up  their  feed. 

INDIANA. 

Mr.  D.  C.  Smith,  Vincennes,  Knox  countj",  says  : 

The  disease  known  ashog-cholera  is  causedby  worms.  There  are  two  kinds  of  worms. 
One  works  upon  the  kidneys,  liver,  heart,  and  lungs,  .and  is  more  dangerous  when  it  is 
in  the  region  of  the  heart.  It  looks  like  a  kidney-worm,  but  is  somewhat  smaller. 
It  penetrates  to  all  ]»arts  of  the  body.  I  huvclVumd  it  Ix'twocu  the  leaf-lard  and  the 
intestines,  and lietwcuai  the  shoulder  and  the  ribs.  The  other  worm  works  njton  the 
stomacli  and  small  inlcstines,  and  causes  the  diarrhea.  When  they  are  in  the  liver 
they  cause  a  dry,  hacking  cough ;  when  in  the  lungs  the  cough  is  more  severe,  and 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER   ANIMALS.  215 

the  hog  ^ill  hleed  at  the  uose,  and  a  bloody  foam  will  run  from  its  month.  The 
symptoms  of  the  disease  may  be  seen  in  the  hair  of  the  hog  standing  np  straight,  and 
the  discoloration  of  the  skin'  behind  the  ears,  -svhich  sometimes  tnms  yellow  and  at 
others  assumes  a  bluish  cast.  The  hog  will  walk  very  slowly,  and  wlien  it  stops  will 
di-op  its  head  and  look  as  though  it  were  standing  on  its  nose.  Some  will  become 
lame  in  their  fore  legs.  When  the  Avorm  is  in  the  stomach  the  hog  will  purge  and 
vomit. 

I  have  taken  as  high  as  ton  worms  out  of  the  liver  of  one  hog. 

I  have  a  remedy  for  these  diseases,  which  I  have  used  with  great  success  for  ten 
years.  Since  using  it  I  have  never  lost  any  hogs  by  cLolera.  The  remedy  is  as  fol- 
lows :  Mix  two  tablespooufuls  of  spirits  of  turpentine  in  a  half-baiTcl  of  slop,  stir 
well,  and  feed  three  times  a  week  every  other  week.  Give  this  amount  to  fifteen  or 
twenty  head.  While  they  are  eating  pour  a  tablespoonful  of  coal-oil  across  the  back 
and  shoulders  of  each  hog.  This  will  penetrate  the  skin  and  drive  the  worms  in- 
wardly, when  the  turjientiue  will  kill  and  expel  them. 

The  following  are  extracts  from  a  letter  from  IMr.  Lewis  Bollman,  of 
Bloomington,  dated  August  26,  1878 : 

I  see  that  you  have  appointed  a  commission  to  investigate  the  hog-cholera.  I  hope 
that  it  may  result  in  some  greater  practical  utility  than  prior  commissions  have 
effected.    Allow  me  to  add  to  this  communication  the  little  I  know  about  it. 

I  have  always  understood  that  the  disease  originated  at  Aurora,  in  this  State,  a  town 
on  the  Ohio  River,  in  Dearborn  county.  A  large  distillery  is  there,  and  years  ago  it 
fed  about  4,000  hogs  on  the  distillery  slope.  This  excessive  crowding  and  unnatural 
feeding  generated  the  disease,  and  from  there  it  slowly  but  steadilv  spread  over  the 
West. 

"VMiile  a  farmer  here  years  ago,  I  raised  from  50  to  75  hogs  annually,  and  for  three 
years  my  neighbors  lost  many  hogs  with  this  disease.  One  year  my  adjoining  neigh- 
bor lost  about  70  head ;  there  being  between  our  hogs  the  common  rail-fence  only.  I 
never  had  a  hog  sick  from  the  cholera,  and  I  attribute  this  exemption  to  my  practice 
of  salting  my  hogs  with  a  mixture  of  salt  and  pulverized  brimstone  and  copperas.  Of 
three  parts,  two  salt ;  of  the  remaining  part,  two  parts  brimstone  and  one  part  cop- 
peras. I  adopted  this  salting  to  destroy  intestinal  worms  and  lice.  I  strictly  adhered 
to  this  practice  twice  a  week  in  summer  and  about  every  ten  days  in  ■^nter. 

A  farmer  here  told  me  the  other  day  that  he  lost  hogs  one  year  only  from  the  disease, 
but  having  adopted  this  feeding  with  sulphur  and  copperas  he  never  since  had  any  of 
his  hogs  sick  with  it. 

Whether  this  salting  is  really  a  preventive  I  cannot  certainly  say.  I  but  state 
my  experience.  In  its  modes  of  infection  the  hog-cholera  is  much  like  the  rinderpest 
when  in  Great  Britain.  If  well  animals  crossed  the  track  of  diseased  ones  they  catight 
the  disease,  as  with  cholera.  If  I  remember  rightly  British  authorities  were  forced  to 
confine  their  cattle  to  the  farms  of  their  owners  and  to  jirohibit  the  sales  of  unfattened 
cattle  at  fairs  where  such  are  generally  purchased  by  those  purjjosing  to  fatten. 

So  far  as  my  observation  extends  I  believe  this  moving  of  our  hogs,  and  allowing 
them  to  run  outside  of  their  owner's  inclosure,  is  the  cause  of  the  continued  existence 
of  the  disease. 

A  farmer  here  recently  rented  an  ont-field  to  hog  down,  located  about  a  mile  from 
his  home.  The  first  thing  he  knew  was  that  that  field  emitted  a  stench  from  his  dead 
hogs.  About  $300  worth  died  in  a  few  days,  nearly  all  that  he  had.  So  I  learn  that 
many  have  died  around  this  place  in  consequence  of  their  running  at  large.  The 
greatest  fatality  exists  on  our  river  bottoms  where  the  hogs  are  collected  by  purchase 
and  driven  on  the  extensive  corn-field  to  hog  down  the  com. 

I  suggest  to  your  consideration  a  careful  examination  into  the  consequences  of  this 
mode  of  moving  stock  hogs  in  order  to  fatten  them,  and  if  found  to  be  a  common  and 
fiT^iitful  source  of  the  spread  and  continuation  of  the  disease  that  the  exclusion  resorted 
to  in  Great  Britain  be  enforcod  bere.  It  is  a  quarantine  regulation  such  as  is  now 
sought  to  bo  enforced  in  our  Western  cities  to  stay  the  spread  of  the  yellow  fever. 

Believing  tliat  be  liad  made  an  error  in  attributing  tbe  cause  of  the 
disease  in  this  herd  to  the  fact  of  itiS  removal  to  another  farm,  Mr.  Boll- 
man  writes  as  follows  under  date  of  September  2,  1878 : 

A  few  days  ago  I  wrote  you  a  letter,  chiefly  on  the  topic  of  hog-cholera,  mentioning 
a  recent  case  of  a  farmer  here  who  had  lost  about  !!>;i00  worth  of  hogs  by  that  disease. 
I  attributed  the  loss  to  moving  the  hogs  to  another  farm.  I  saw  him  since  writing, 
and  learn  that  it  is  probable  the  hogs  were  li.abki  to  the  disease  before  their  removal. 
He  has  raised  hogs  very  extensively,  and  heretofore  has  lost  heavily  from  the  cholera. 
His  recent  loss,  1  am  now  satisfied,  was  the  result  of  overcrowding  his  farm  with  hogs — ■ 
an  error  so  certain  to  this  result  that  I  now  again  write  tha4;  the  attention  of  your 
commission  may  bo  directed  to  it. 


216  DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHEE   ANIMALS. 

One  of  tlie  greatest  difficulties  a  fanner  lias  to  encounter  arises  from  having  a  large 
number  of  certain  kinds  of  stock,  -whicli  cannot  safely  l>o  crowded,  no  matter  how 
complete  may  be  his  arrangements  to  grow  them,  or  any  one  of  them. 

Hogs,  sheep,  fowls,  the  silk-worm,  &c.,  cannot  be  raised  in  large  numbers  together 
without  soon  exhibiting  a  liability  to  epidemical  and  other  diseases.  The  diseased 
condition  of  the  sheep  at  the  close  of  the  war  obliged  farmers  to  sell  their  flocks  at  the 
lowest  prices.  All  attempts  to  raise  chickens  in  large  numbers,  or  the  silk-worm,  havo 
failed  from  large  losses  by  epidemical  diseases.  And  so  with  the  human  race.  An 
army  generates  camp-fever,  measles,  and  other  diseases,  no  matter  how  strictly  every 
sanitary  regulation  may  be  enforced. 

As  a  farmer,  I  found  it  was  easy  to  raise  twelve  or  fifteen  hogs,  but  difficult  when 
the  number  Avas  increased  to  fifty  or  eighty.  I  mentioned  my  exemption  from-  hog- 
cholera,  as  I  suppose  from  the  regular  salting  with  copperas,  but  I  am  satisfied  that 
as  long  as  any  farmer,  from  year  to  year,  grows  many  hogs  together,  the  hog-cholera 
cannot  bo  eradicated.  Few  farmers  understand  this  tendency  to  fatal  diseases  from 
too  great  numbers,  and  I  hope  the  commission  may  give  it  a  thorough  examination. 

ILLINOIS. 

Dr.  Joseph  Sybertz,  V.  S.,  Bellville,  Saint  Clair  county,  111.,  contributes 
the  following  paper  on  the  disease  commonly  known  as  "hog-cholera": 

We  must  regard  this  affection  of  pigs  as  a  disease  peculiar  to  this  species  of  the 
fjimily  suida,  having  close  affinities  with  the  scarlet  fever  of  man,  yet  essentially  dis- 
tinct. Few  diseases  are  designated  with  a  greater  number  of  names  than  this  one. 
For  instance,  it  is  called  enteric  fever,  typhus,  pig  distemiier,  epizootic  influen'za  of 
swine,  measles,  scarlatina,  gastro-enteritis,  anthrax,  &c.  Some  authorities  advocate 
the  theory  that  the  affection  known  as  hog-cholera  is  in  reality  typhoid  fever  (abdom- 
inal typhus).  Veterinary  authorities  agree  that  it  is  a  form  of  anthrax  or  carbun- 
cular  fever.     But  there  is  an  essential  difference  between  anthrax  and  typhoid  fever. 

In  the  first-mentioned  disease,  the  presence  of  hacteria  in  the  blood  is  invariable, 
these  parasites,  indeed,  being  considered  the  cause  of  the  affection.  In  tyjihoid  fever, 
bacteria  have  never  been  discovered,  either  in  the  blood  of  the  i)atient  or  in  the  char- 
acteristic lesions  of  the  disease,  the  determining  symptoms  in  this  affection  being 
ulceration  of  the  glands  of  Peyer,  as  shown  in  j)ost-mortem  examinations.  Now,  in  all 
forms  of  anthrax  this  ulceration  is  never  seen,  although  mycosis  (fungus)  of  the 
intestines  is  frequently  noticed. 

The  line  of  demarkation  between  these  affections  is,  then,  sufficiently  broad ;  but  to 
which  of  them  does  hog-cholera  belong  ? 

Hog-cholera  is  a  disease  peculiar  to  pigs  of  this  part  of  the  country ;  the  virus  is  not 
communicable  to  other  domestic  animals,  so  far  as  is  ascertained  up  to  this  time  by 
the  veterinary  surgeons  of  this  country. 

For  the  sake  of  brevity,  I  will,  in  dealing  with  the  disease,  call  it  by  the  conven- 
tional or  rather  common  name  of  hog-cholera. 

Hog-cholera  is  a  contagious,  febrile,  and  exanthematous  disease,  and  embraces 
scarlatina  in  degrees  of  virulence  in  all  stages. 

Course  of  the  disease. — a,  stage  of  incubation ;  6,  stage  of  florescence;  o,  stage  of  des- 
quamation (scaling  off). 

The  contagion  poisons  the  blood,  and  produces  local  inflammation  and  ulceration  in 
various  parts  of  the  system,  though  more  frequently  in  some  portions  than  in  others. 
The  action  of  this  contagion  possesses  the  peculiarity  that  it  affects  chiefly  the  sklu 
and  the  throat,  and  originates  in  both  a  dittuse  inflammation. 

Symptoms  in  general. — First  stage  :  Fever  with  a  full  and  frequent  pulse  ;  the  pharynx 
presents  an  exanthematous  flush,  but  there  is  no  efiiision  ;  general  debility;  appetite 
smaller  than  in  health;  thirst  increased;  skin  hot  and  dry;  sometimes  a  x^rofuse 
diarrhea,  and  in  single  subjects  delirum  or  spasm.  The  urine  remains  of  its  natural 
color. 

Second  stage :  More  intense  fever ;  elevation  of  the  temperature  of  the  rectum  to  35° 
40°  Lelsius ;  tremulous  motions  of  the  cervical  muscles ;  pharynx  inflamed ;  deglutition 
difficult;  the  amygdala' swollen  ;  themucous  membrane  presents  a  vivid  red  appearance. 
There  is  occasionally  vomiting  or  diarrhea,  usually  constipation.  A  dry,  hard  cough 
is  one  of  the  symptoms  in  early  stages,  and  continues  to  the  last ;  quick  and  vibrating 
pulse,  and  occasionally  ejiistaxis  (the  state  of  bleeding  from  the  nose).  Increased 
beat  and  redness  of  the  skin;  the  eruption  is  not  so  generally  distributed  as  in  the 
former  affection ;  it  disappears  often  suddenly,  and  returns  after  an  uncertain  j»eriod 
of  time.     By  the  clfusion  of  the  red  points,  tlie  disease  passes  on  to  the — 

Third  stage :  The  symptoms  are  of  a  graver  type,  even  in  the  fii'st  accession.  In 
fatal  cases  the  patient  is,  in  fact,  by  an  elevation  of  the  temperature  to  43°  Lelsius, 
stricken  dead  by  the  poison  in  a  few  hours,  before  any  eruption  or  local  symptoms 
come  on.     The  eruption  does  not  iiresent  scarlet  appearance,  but  is  more  of  a  livid 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE   AND    OTHEE   ANIMALS.  217 

hue,  and  frequently  interspersed  witli  petecliice.  In  young  animnls  convulsions  and 
coma  are  frequent  concomitants ;  in  gro'^'u,  delirium  and  deafness,  sometimes  great 
restlessness,  running  round  towards  one  side,  until  at  length  the  x^atient  breaks  down 
and  lies  helpless  and  insensible,  or  in  a  muttering  dehriiun,  till  at  length  death  ap- 
liroaches  silently,  and  life  ends  without  a  struggle.  The  temperatiu'c  is  high  until 
death  approaches  and  bloody  uiiuo  Hows,  when  it  very  perceptibly  diminishes. 

The  sequeL'B  of  the  disease  are :  Anasarca  (eli'nsion  of  serum  in  the  cellular  sub- 
stance) ;  ophthalmi.i  (inflammation  of  the  membraues  or  coats  of  the  eye  or  eyeball) ; 
otitis  (inflaumiationof  the  ear) ;  enteritis(iuflammation  of  the  intestines) ;  and  cynanche 
parotidia  (inllammation  of  the  salivary  glands),  causing  difficulty  of  breathing  and 
swallowiug  ;  in  grown  hogs,  affection  of  the  sub-maxillary  (mandibular)  and  inguinal 
gland,  the  last  mentioned  causing  the  staggering  gait  in  young  animals. 

A  secondary  stage  frequently  follows,  mostly  caiised  by  catching  cold  or  by  a  dis- 
turbed crisis;  then  metastasis  (a  sudden  and  complete  removal  of  the  disease  fi'om  one 
part  to  another)  often  occurs.  This  would  seem  to  account  for  the  fact  that  medical 
experts  found  so  many  diflerent  lesions  hj  j)ost-moricm  examinations. 

The  next  cause  of  the  disease  is  an  atmospherical  contagion,  which  is  always  trans- 
ferable.    The  infection  is  therefore  double,  atmospherical  and  individual. 

Only  constant  lesion  (and  it  is  questionable  whether  it  can  bo  considered  entirely 
characteristic)  is  the  want  of  coagulability  of  the  blood  and  the  petechial  eruption ; 
all  other  lesions  may  bo  considered  incidental ;  sometimes  scarcely  one  organ  of  the 
body  is  foimd  that  is  not  the  seat  of  some  anatomical  lesion. 

If  we  consider  the  hog-cholera  as  an  independent  disease,  and  the  malignant  throat 
disease  as  a  partial  symptom  of  it,  or  the  latter  disease  as  an  independent  typhus  dis- 
ease, an  infection  of  the  blood,  and  the  first  as  a  partial  symptom  of  it,  has  been  up 
to  this  time,  so  far  as  I  know,  not  ascertained,  and  the  jirocess  of  this  epidemic  is  still 
a  mystery,  as  in  other  epidenucs. 

In  single  cases  and  in  epidemics  it  has  sometimes  the  character  of  a  local  affection 
(malignant  tlu'oat  disease) ;  in  others,  more  the  character  of  a  general  illness  (infec- 
tion) ;  or  it  may  be  distinguished  by  this,  that  it  occurs  in  all  forms  intermixed. 

I  have  seen  in  diiferent  hygienic  conditions  swine  affected  with  the  disease,  but,  by 
perfect  cleanliness,  which  necessitates  the  separation  of  the  sound  from  diseased,  and 
the  free  use  of  disinfectants,  the  poison,  even  generated  or  introduced,  will  be  virtually 
starved  out.  In  neglected  hygienic  conditions,  I  saw  patients  without  care  and  treat- 
ment recovering,  and  ou  the  contrary,  the  best  rules  and  remedies  designated  for  the 
prevention  and  most  careful  treatment  could  not  prevent  them  from  dying.  These  are 
sporadical  cases.  If  the  epidemic  has  existed  for  a  length  of  time,  the  disease  will 
seem  to  become  more  mild,  and  a  much  larger  jiroportion  will  recover,  while  the  first 
cases  that  occur  will  be  very  severe  and  will  nearly  all  i)rove  fatal. 

In  my  i.ractice  as  a  veterinary  sxu'geou  I  have  tried  many  recommended  remedies, 
but  without  much  success. 

I  have  ado}>ted  the  following  rules:  As  a  preventive,  disinfection  of  the  atmosphere 
and  the  surrounding  objects,  and  disinfectants  for  the  free  use  of  the  aiumal.  Protect 
them  from  the  hot-bed  of  manure  and  close  sleeping-places,  where  they  are  huddled 
together  in  great  numbers;  supply  them  with  sufficient  fresh  straw  for  bedding  in 
dili'erent  x^laccs,  as  far  as  possible  from  each  other.  Supply  them  with  fresh  water  and 
a  succulent  diet. 

When  the  disease  exists  the  sick  should  be  placed  by  themselves,  and  the  healthy 
ones  taken  to  a  fresh  and  disinfected  place.  Very  sick  hogs,  without  any  hope  of  re- 
covering, should  be  instantaneously  taken  from  the  herd,  killed,  the  carcasses  interred 
very  deep,  and  with  quick-lime  and  sulphate  of  iron  overstrewed,  so  that  no  noxious 
emanation  takes  place. 

For  disinfection  of  fecal  matters  of  stables,  pens,  or  other  places  giving  rise  to  nox- 
ious emanations,  till  up  a  bucket  with  a  strong  milk  of  lime,  add  about  one-half  pound 
of  sulphate  of  iron  before  separately  dissolved  in  water,  and  sprinkle  it  upon  the 
l)laces  Wiiich  you  intend  to  disinfect. 

For  disinfection  of  siuTonnding  ol>jecta,  as  stable-walla,  tr(nighs,  pen-rails,  &c.,  take 
a  strong  solution  of  chloride  of  lime  (1  pound  to  VZ  pounds  water),  and  whitewash 
Ili»  objects.  This  operation  devoloi)8  much  chlorine,  which  destroys  the  contagion 
and  piuiiies  the  surrounding  air. 

A  specific  remedy  in  general  never  will  be  fotmd;  disinfectant,  diaphoretic,  sedative, 
refrigerant,  astringent,  saline,  cathartic,  antiseptic,  and  antizyniotic  agents,  one  or 
more  of  them,  according  to  the  demand  of  each  form  and  stage  of  the  disease,  are  bene- 
ficial. 

Of  greater  importance,  and  more  useful  than  the  medical  treatment,  is  the  preven- 
tion of  it.  From  the  peculiar  construction  of  .the  larynx  in  hoga  it  is  sometiniea  not 
possible  to  give  nfcdiciue  in  form  of  a  drench  without  their  vomiting  a  part  of  it,  or 
dying  from  sufibcation  ;  beside,  this  isnot])racticable  with  a  great  number  of  animals, 
and  would  hardlj-  compensate  lor  the  trouble  and  expense  necessary  to  secure  tlie  life 


218  DISEASES    OF    SWINE    AND    OTHER   ANIMALS. 

of  diseased  liogs.  For  this  reason  the  best  -way  is  to  select  sucli  remedies  as  the  ani- 
mals arc  a,pt  to  use  willingly.  The  medicine  should  be  given  in  a  form  suitable  to 
their  small  appetite,  and'^in  a  way  that  they  may  get  an  approximately  full  dose  of  it, 
accojxling  to  their  age. 

IOWA. 

Mr.  George  T.  Gibbs,  College  Springs,  Page  county,  says : 

As  I  have  been  broken  np  l)y  the  so-called  hog-cholera,  I  have  come  to  the  conclu- 
sion to  give  you  my  theory  ill  regard  to  the  disease.  I  believe  the  whole  difficulty 
lies  in  the  manner  of  breeding  which  has  been  practiced  for  the  last  fifteen  or  twenty 
years.  We  hold  to  the  maxim  that  like  produces  like,  and  pay  high  prices  for  short- 
horns to  improve  our  cattle  and  large  sums  for  fine  hogs  to  improve  our  swine,  and 
then  give  the  lie  to  our  theory  by  our  practice.  The  practice  by  most  hog-raisers,  and 
especially  by  those  that  have  been  supplying  the  country  with  fine  stock,  has  been  to 
breed  their  sows  at  the  age  of  from  six  to  eight  months,  then  fatten  them  and  breed 
from  the  pigs  at  the  same  age.  I  claim  thatthis  has  been  kept  up  until  the  constitu- 
tion of  the  hog  has  been  ruined,  and  any  little  thing  will  bring  on  disease,  which 
sometimes  becomes  epidemic  and  appears  to  be  contagious.  If  you  breed  from  animals 
whose  bodies  are  immature  and  constitutions  already  weakened,  if  like  produces  like, 
you  are  getting  an  animal  weakened  from  infancy.  The  old  way  of  breeding  was  to 
allow  stock  hogs  to  make  a  little  bone  and  muscle  as  well  as  fat,  to  mature  their  bodies 
before  allowing  them  to  breed,  and  when  you  once  got  a  good  breeder  to  keep  her  as 
long  as  she  would  bear  pigs.  In  those  days  we  never  heard  of  hog-cholera,  and  we 
could  raise  eight,  ten,  and  twelve  pigs  from  one  sow.  My  father  kept  one  sow  for 
several  years,  which  raised  ten  pigs  every  litter.  He  sold  the  pigs  all  over  the  county 
for  breeders.  They  were  not  hazel-splitters  either.  I  have  helped  to  butcher  some  of 
this  breed  that  dressed  250  pounds  at  six  to  eight  months  old,  and  some  that  were  kept 
until  four  years  of  age  weighed  800  pounds.  Now  hog-raisers  get  two  or  three  pigs 
from  a  sow,  sometimes  only  one.  A  great  many  object  to  fine  stock  on  this  account; 
but  we  can  raise  eight  or  ten  pigs  at  a  litter  from  thoroughbred  Poland-China,  Berk- 
shire, or  Chester  "NATiites,  if  we  treat  them  properly. 

I  expect  to  be  laughed  at  by  the  wise  and  scientific,  but  I  have  watched  this  mat- 
ter closely  for  the  last  five  years,  and  I  am  satisfied  I  have  found  the  true  solution  of 
the  difficulty. 

SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

Dr.  C.  J.  Fatist,  Grabam's,  S.  C,  writes  nnder  recent  date  as  follows : 

I  see  much  written  in  regard  to  hog-cholera,  as  it  is  termed  in  the  Northwest  and  in 
our  own  Southern  country.  So  far  as  my  own  observation  goes  I  am  inclined  to  think 
that  Dr.  J.  M.  Johnson,  of  Locksburg,  Ark.,  is  correct  in  regard  to  its  symptoms,  cause, 
treatment,  and  pathology.  Last  winter  I  lost  ten  or  twelve  head  myself  out  of  a  herd 
of  twenty-four.     They  were  all  in  fine  order. 

We  also  had  an  epidemic  of  staggers  among  horses  and  mules  in  our  neighborhood, 
which  proved  fatal  to  a  gi'eat  many  anunals.  The  disease  generally  lasts  from  six  to 
forty-eight  hours.  An  animal  attacked  with  it  rarely  recovers.  I  lost  seven  head  of 
horses  myself  last  winter,  which  cost  me  $1,200,  and  many  of  my  neighbors  lost  a 
greater  or  less  number.  The  disease  known  as  staggers,  however,  was  not  the  cause  of 
the  death  of  all  of  them.  The  animal,  when  first  a,ttacked,  seems  to  be  stifi'  in  his  fore 
legs,  is  very  dull  in  riding,  and  when  touched  with  the  whip  springs  oif  very  suddenly 
for  the  moment ;  but  this  is  soon  over.  The  neiwous  sensation  seems  to  be  very  acute, 
and  when  allowed  to  run  on  an  hour  or  so  the  animal  does  not  seem  to  have  i)Ower  to  lift 
his  feet  high  enough  to  keep  him  from  hitting  them  against  the  smallest  rise  on  the 
surface  of  the  earth  or  any  small  object  in  his  way.  He  soon  commences  to  go  around 
in  a  circle,  say  80  or  100  feet  in  diameter,  and  when  once  broken  off  from  this  circle  he 
will  go  over  anything  in  his  course,  and  will  even  plunge  into  a  dwelling.  He  becomes 
dangerous  to  those  around  him,  and  will  go  on  until  ho  is  thrown  down  by  running 
over  some  large  object,  when  he  soon  dies  in  great  agony.  Our  treatment  has  been 
full  blood-letting,  even  to  fainting,  and  copious  drenching  with  a  free  purgative,  com- 
posed of  300  grains  of  aloes,  150  grains  jalap,  and  80  grains  of  calomel,  made  into  a 
bolus.  This  is  placed  upon  a  long  paddle,  two  and  ouc-half  inches  in  width,  and  the 
paddle  put  dowji  the  horse's  throat  as  far  as  it  will  go.  The  bolus  rolls  oif  without 
trouble  and  the  animal  swallows  it.  It  soon  acts  thoroughly  on  the  bowels.  If  this 
treatment  should  have  the  desired  effect  the  horse  should  nut  be  ailowed  to  eat  any- 
thing for  two  days,  and  then  -only  bran  mashes  and  a  little  green  food.  This  should  be 
continued  for  several  days,  when  the  horse  will  begin  to  slowlj^  and  gradually  recover. 


CONTAGIOUS   LUNG   FEVER    OF    CATTLE.  219 

YTRGIKrA. 
Mr.  Charles  M.  Keyser,  Cedar  Point,  Page  county,  says : 

Having  had  some  experience  vsitli  tlie  flisease  commonly  called  hog-cholera,  I  -will 
tiy  and  relate  the  result  of  my  inA^cstigationa  made  recently.  The  disease  was  close 
to  mo  and  there  ^vere  some  cases  in  my  immediate  vicinity.  Ahont  Octuher  10th  last 
I  penned  my  hogs  to  fatten  in  their  nsnal  health,  as  I  thought.  Abont  the  1st  of  De- 
cember I  formd  that  they  began  to  refuse  some  of  their  food,  so  I  butchered  them,  and, 
upon  examination,  I  found  their  lungs  and  livers  in  a  very  bad  condition.  The  lungs 
vrere  very  much  darkened  and  decayed,  and  the  pores  or  small  tubes  were  filled  with 
worms  about  the  size  of  a  hair ;  they  varied  from  one  to  three  inches  in  length,  and 
seemed  to  completely  choke  the  hog.  In  color  they  resembled  that  of  the  kidney- 
worm,  though  they  were  not  so  large.  I  had  no  microscope  and  could  not  make  a 
close  examination.'  The  liver  was  full  of  boils,  and  seemed  to  be  in  a  perfectly  torpid 
condition.     The  bowels  seemed  to  be  in  a  healthy  condition. 

My  former  experience  concerning  the  disease 'is  that  the  lungs  and  liver  are  the 
points  most  affected.  The  symptoms  of  the  disease  were  manifested  in  a  dull  and 
drooping  condition  of  the  animal,  coughing,  and  a  heaving  of  the  flanks— a  beating 
and  working  like  a  bellows.  In  some  instances  the  animals  would  turn  quite  a  com- 
plete somersault  and  fall  over  dead.     In  other  cases  they  would  die  quite  easy. 

I  do  not  think  there  is  any  cure  for  the  disease  after  it  gets  a  fair  hold  on  the  anhnal. 
It  seems  that  hogs  that  nin  at  large— roam  through  the  woods  and  fields— are  more 
liable  to  the  disease  than  those  that  are  kept  in  clean,  comfortable  pens  and  are  well 
cared  for.  The  use  of  tar  in  the  troughs  and  wood-ashes  (hickoiy  preferable)  spread 
on  the  ground  where  they  are  fed,  in  a  dry  time  or  in  a  dry  place,  is  a  very  good  pre- 
ventive, if  not  a  cure,  in  some  cases.  They  will  eat  some  and  inhale  a  little,  which  has 
a  cood  effect  on  the  animal. 


PLEUEO-PI^IBIONIA  OE  LUISTG  PEVEE  OP  CATTLE. 

The  following  letter,  addressed  by  the  Commissioner  of  Agriculture 
to  Hon.  A.  S.  Paddock,  chairman  of  the  Senate  Committee  on  Agricul- 
ture, on  the  14th  day  of  February  last,  gives  all  the  facts  in  regard  to 
the  prevalence  of  pleuro-pneumonia  among  cattle  in  this  country,  so  far 
as  they  were  then  known  to  this  dejjartment : 

Sm :  I  have  the  honor  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  your  letter  of 
recent  date,  asking  for  such  information  as  may  be  in  my  possession  re- 
lating to  the  subject  of  pleuro-pneumonia  among  cattle.  The  subject  is 
one  that  is  attracting  great  attention  in  this  countiy  at  present;  hence 
information  is  rapidly  accumulating  iu  this  department,  the  more  impor- 
tant portion  of  which  I  herewith  transmit  for  the  information  of  your 
committee.  I  shall  first  give  a  brief  statement  of  the  action  of  the  de- 
partment iu  the  matter,  and  then  submit  such  letters,  telegrams,  and 
other  information  of  an  important  character  bearing  upon  the  subject  as 
have  recently  come  into  my  possession. 

In  August,  1877,  within  one  month  after  my  accession  to  the  position 
of  Commissioner  of  Agriculture,  I  instituted  a  prebminarj'  examination 
of  diseases  of  domesticated  animals.  Por  years  I  have  been  cognizant 
of  the  loss  of  immense  numbers  of  swine  and  other  farm  animals  by  dis- 
ease, supposed  to  be  of  an  infectious  and  contagious  character ;  and,  with 
the  very  limited  means  at  my  disposal,  I  opened  a  correspondence  ^ith 
leading  farmers  and  stock-growers  in  almost  every  county  in  the  United 
Statesfor  the  piu-pose  of  eliciting  definite  iuformation  in  regard  to  these 
maladies,  and  the  probable  annual  losses  occasioned  thereby.  The  re- 
sult of  this  correspondence  was  the  accumulation  of  a  vast  amount  of 
important  information  on  the  subject  under  consideration,  which,  by 
request  of  the  Senate,  was  communicated  to  that  body  on  the  27th  day 


220  CONTAGIOUS   LUNG   FEVER    OF    CATTLE. 

of  February,  1878,  and  was  afterward  publislied  as  Senate  Ex.  Doc. 
Ko.  35. 

In  order  tliat  a  thorougli  examination  might  be  made  into  some  of  the 
more  destructive  diseases  affecting  farm  animals,  and  such  remedial  and 
sanitary  measures  instituted  as  would  prevent  the  spread  of  such  mal- 
adies as  were  well  known  to  be  both  infectious  and  contagious,  an  ai)pro- 
priation  of  $30,000  was  asked,  and  the  sum  of  $10,000  was  granted.  In 
my  letter  of  transmissal  to  the  Senate  in  February,  1878,  the  following 
language  is  used : 

Our  wide  extent  of  country  and  its  great  diversity  of  temperature  and  variation  of 
climate,  the  severity  of  frosts  in  some  sections,  and  the  intensity  of  heat  in  other  lo- 
calites,  render  farm  stock  liable  to  the  attacks  and  ravages  of  almost  every  disease 
known  in  the  history  of  domestic  animals.  So  general  and  fatal  have  many  of  these 
maladies  grown  that  stock  breeding  and  rearing  has,  to  some  extent,  become  a  pre- 
carious calling  instead  of  the  i)ro£itablo  business  of  foiiner  years.  This  would  seem 
especially  true  as  it  relates  to  swine.  Year  by  year  new  diseases,  heretofore  unknown 
in  our  country,  make  their  appearance  among  this  class  of  farm  animals,  while  older 
ones  become  jjermanently  localized  and  much  more  fatal  in  their  results.  Farmers,  as 
a  rule,  are  neglectful  of  their  stock,  and  pay  but  little  .attention  to  sporadic  cases  of 
sickness  among  their  flocks  and  herds.  It  is  only  when  diseases  become  general,  and 
consequently  of  an  epidemic  and  contagious  character,  that  active  measures  are  taken 
for  the  relief  of  the  afflicted  animals.  It  is  then  generally  too  late,  as  remedies  have 
ceased  to  have  their  usual  beneficial  effects,  and  the  disease  is  only  stayed  when  it 
has  no  more  victims  to  prey  upon. 

This  interest  is  too  great  to  be  longer  neglected  by  the  general  government.  Not 
only  the  health  of  its  citizens,  but  one  of  the  greatest  sources  of  our  wealth,  demands 
that  it  should  furnish  the  means  for  a  most  searching  and  thorough  investigation  into 
the  causes  of  all  diseases  affecting  live  stock. 

At  the  time  this  communication  was  made  it  was  not  known  that  the 
destructive  disease  known  as  contagious  or  malignant  pleiiro-pneumonia 
among  cattle  was  prevalent  to  any  considerable  extent  in  any  section  of 
the  country.  There  may  have  been,  and  no  doubt  were,  isolated  cases 
of  the  disease,  but  they  were  net  sufficient  in  number  to  attract  atten- 
tion or  cause  alarm.  During  the  past  summer  and  fall  my  attention  was 
caUed  to  the  prevalence  of  the  disease  in  several  localities  widely  sep- 
arated from  each  other.  Among  other  letters  addressed  to  me  on  the 
subject,  I  cite  the  following. 

J.  Elwood  Hancock,  of  Bm-lington  County,  New  Jersey,  writes : 

The  prevailing  disease  among  cattle  in  this  county  is  ijleiu'o-pneumonia.  The  dis- 
ease is  very  fatal,  and  the  losses  among  this  class  of  "animals  from  this  malady  have 
been  very  heavy. 

Mr.  J.  E.  Hancock,  of  Columbus,  Burlington  County,  New  Jersey, 
states  that  the  disease  has  been  x^revalent  in  that  county  for  some  years. 
He  says : 

I  have  had  some  experience  with  pleuro-pncumouia  among  cattle,  having  lost  one- 
third  of  my  herd  from  its  ravages  in  18G1,  Avhen  I  succeeded  in  eradicating  the  disease 
after  a  duration  of  about  six  months.  I  had  a  second  visitation  of  the  malady  in  my 
herd  in  the  early  part  of  1866,  when  I  lost  6  head  from  a  herd  of  23.  Of  the  animals 
affected  I  am  satisfied  that  not  more  than  one-third  will  recover. 

N.  W.  Pierson,  Alexandria,  Va.,  writes  as  follows,  under  date  of  Oc- 
tober 12,  1878 : 

The  principal  disease  among  cattle  in  this  locality  is  pleuro-pneumonia.  The  dis- 
ease started  from  Georgetown,  D.  C,  two  years  ago,  and  has  gradually  spread  down 
tlie  Potomac  for  a  distance  of  about  25  miles,  extending  back  from  therivcr  not  more 
than  2  miles. 

B.  A.  MurrUl,  Campbell  County,  Virginia,  writes,  about  the  same  date: 

An  unkno^vTi  disease  has  prevailed  this  fall  among  cattle  in  the  immediate  vicinity 
of  Lynchburg,  but  has  not  s])rcad  elsewhere.  [This  disease  was  pronounced  i)leuro- 
pnoumonia  by  competent  authoi-ity.] 


CONTAGIOUS  LUNG  FEVER  OF  CATTLE.         221 

E.  L.  England,  Halifax  Coimty,  Virginia,  writes  that  the  cattle  in 
tliat  county  are  afltected  with  a  contagious  distemper  which  is  sux)i)osed 
to  be  pleuro-pneumonia. 

C.  Gingrich,  Eeistertown,  Baltimore  County,  Maryland,  says : 

Lung  fever  (pleiiro-pneumonia)  lias  prevailed  among  cattle  in  the  vicinity  of  Balti- 
more for  the  past  twelve  or  fifteen  years,  and  the  losses  from  the  same  have  been  quite 
heavy. 

A  repoii;  from  WiUiam  S.  Vansant,  veterinary  surgeon,  contained  in 
the  report  of  the  New  Jersey  State  board  of  agriculture  for  1876,  shows 
that  nineteen  tlifferent  herds  of  cattle  suffered  from  this  disease  in  Biu'- 
lingtou  County  of  that  State  during  the  year  above  named.  It  would 
seem  that  while  the  disease  has  been  almost  constantly  present  in  New 
Jersey  for  many  years  past,  no  organized  effort  on  the  part  of  the  State 
has  been  made  for  its  suppression  and  extirpation. 

With  no  means  at  my  command  for  the  suppression  of  the  malady, 
in  November  last  I  caused  an  examination  to  be  made  of  some  of  the 
afflicted  cattle  in  the  vicinity  of  Alexandria,  Va.  The  investigation  was 
conducted  by  Dr.  Alban  S.  Payne,  of  Fauquier  County,  Virginia,  who, 
as  will  be  seen  by  his  report  below,  pronounced  the  disease  a  contagious 
type  of  iileiu^o-pneumonia.  The  results  of  his  investigation  are  thus 
given  in  the  following  brief  extract  from  his  report : 

I  visited  Mr.  Eoberts's  mill,  one  mile  south  of  the  city  of  Alexandria,  Va.,  with  as 
little  delay,  under  existing  circumstances,  as  possible.  I  found  Mr.  Roberts,  in  con- 
nection with  his  other  business  operations,  carrying  on  a  dairy.  On  his  farm  were 
sixty-two  milch  cows,  and  of  these  forty  have  had  pleuro-pneumonia.  Twenty-two 
have  not  as  yet  taken  the  disease.  I  also  found  almost  in  the  heart  of  Alexandria  City 
two  cows  sick  with  the  disease.  One  of  these  cows  belonged  to  Mr.  Townsend  Bag- 
gott  and  the  other  to  Colonel  Suttle.  I  also  examined  about  the  suburbs  of  Washing- 
ton City  some  sick  cows.  All  the  cases  I  saw  were,  without  doubt,  cases  of  pleuro- 
pneumonia of  the  non-malignant  variety. 

Knowing  the  insidious  and  destructive  character  of  this  disease,  and 
that  it  was  liable  to  assume  a  contagious  form  and  cause  the  destruction 
of  millions  of  dollars'  worth  of  property,  and  interrupt  and  perhaps 
destroy  one  of  our  greatest  commercial  interests  and  sources  of  income, 
I  called  the  attention  of  Congress  to  the  existence  of  this  fatal  malady 
in  my  i^reliminary  report,  bearing  date  of  November  last,  and  asked  the 
immediate  intervention  of  the  government  by  the  enactment  of  measures 
for  its  suppression  and  extirpation.  The  following  is  a  brief  extract 
from  this  rei^ort: 

One  of  the  most  dreaded  contagious  diseases  known  among  cattle  is  that  of  pleuro- 
pneumonia, or  lung  fever.  It  was  brought  to  this  country  as  early  as  the  year  1843, 
and  has  since  prevailed  to  a  greater  or  less  extent  in  several  of  the  Eastern  and  a  few 
of  the  Southern  States.  It  made  its  apiiearance  about  a  century  ago  in  Central  Eu- 
rope, and  has  since  spread  to  most  European  countries.  With  the  exception  of  rinder- 
pest, it  is  the  most  di-eaded  and  destructive  disease  known  among  cattle.  Unlike  Texas 
cattle  fever,  which  is  controlled  in  our  northern  latij-udcs  by  the  appearance  of  frost, 
this  disease  "  knows  no  limitatiou  by  winter  or  summer,  cold  or  heat,  rain  or  di'ought, 
high  or  low  latitude."  It  is  the  most  insidious  of  all  plagues,  for  the  ])oison  may  be 
retained  in  the  system  for  a  |)criod  of  one  or  two  months,  and  even  for  a  longer  period, 
in  a  latent  form,  and  the  infected  animal  in  the  mean  time  may  be  transjiorted  from 
oHf!  end  of  the  continent  to  the  other  in  ajjparont  good  health,  yet  all  the  while  carry- 
ing and  scattering  the  seeds  of  tills  dreaded  pestilence. 

Since  the  appearance  of  this  aflection  on  our  shores  it  has  prevailed  at  different  times 
in  the  States  of  Massachusetts,  Connecticut,  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Maryland,  Dela- 
ware, Virginia,  and  in  the  District  of  Cohimbia.  It  has  recently  shown  itself  at  two 
points  in  Virginia  (Alexandria  and  Lynchburg),  Avhere  it  was  recently  iirevailing  in  a 
virulent  fonu. 

At  ))resent  the  disease  seems  to  bo  circumscribed  by  narrow  limits,  and  could  bo  ex- 
lirxiated  with  but  little  cost  in  comparison  with  the  sum  that  would  be  required  should 
the  plague  be  communicated  to  the  countless  herds  west  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains, 


222  CONTAGIOUS   LUNG   FEVER    OF    CATTLE. 

This  disease  is  of  such  a  destructive  nature  as  to  have  called  forth  for  its  immediate 
extii'patiou  the  assistance  of  every  Eui'opean  government  in  which  it  has  appeared, 
many  of  them  having  found  it  necessary  to  expend  millions  of  dollars  in  its  suppression. 
The  interests  iuA'olved  in  this  case  are  of  so  vast  a  character  and  of  such  overshad- 
owing importance,  both  to  the  fanning  and  commercial  interests  of  the  country,  as  to 
require  the  active  intervention  of  the  Federal  Government  for  their  protection,  and 
for  this  reason  the  considerate  attention  of  Congress  is  respectfully  asked  to  this  im- 
portant matter. 

Prof.  F.  S.  Billings,  V.  S.,  temporarily  residing  in  Germany,  writes 
under  recent  date  as  follows : 

Berlin,  January  16,  1879, 
14  Louisen  Street. 

My  Deak  Sir  :  I  intended  in  my  last  to  have  mentioned  some  ideas  for  your  consid- 
eration upon  the  so-called  contagious  pleuro-pneumonia  of  cattle  in  the  United  States. 
I  have  given  the  subject  a  long-continued  consideration,  and  it  seems  to  nje  the  views 
which  now  appear  conformable  to  oxa  case  will  find  their  ajjproval  with  you.  The 
disease  is  one  which  is  rather  a  new  thing  to  us,  aud  while  we  find  cases  coming  to 
pass  in  many  sections,  still  we  cannot  say  it  has  acquii'ed  any  devastating  extension. 
I  truly  believe  that  by  using  what  means  we  have  at  command,  and  by  fixing  two  or 
at  the  most  three  points  by  which  cattle  can  be  imported  from  Canada,  aud  by  iirrther- 
more  exacting  that  such  cattle  be  accompanied  by  attested  health  certiiicates  of  com- 
petent men,  and  furthermore  that  all  such  cattle,  except  when  destined  for  immediate 
slaughter,  be  compelled  to  undergo  twenty  days  of  quarantine  at  point  of  entry  when 
unaccomijanied  by  such  certiiicates,  like  rules  applied  to  sea-ports— if  we  can  make 
and  enforce  such  regulations,  then  in  one  year  at  the  most  we  can  stamp  the  disease 
out  of  the  United  States  and  keep  it  out.  For  us  the  inoculation  should  be  absolutely 
forbidden  and  severely  punished.  It  is  only  of  value  in  localities  where  the  disease 
has  become  almost  domesticated,  and  where  of  the  two  evils  the  lesser  must  be  chosen, 
and  that  is,  as  is  being  attempted  in  Saxony,  to  inoculate  every  animal,  and  produce 
as  soon  as  possible  the  artificial  disease ;  all  newly-introduced  animals  to  bo  by  law  at 
once  inoculated. 

This  renders  the  losses  less  severe  to  such  a  commuuity,  probably  not  over  25  to  30 
percent.,  if  as  much;  statistics  as  yet  are  unreliable.  But  it  is  self-evident  this  is 
also  the  way  by  which  the  disease  is  rendered  a  constancy — it  becomes  domiciled,  a 
thing  we  do  not  desire.  Hence  I  recommend  to  your  consideration  the  absolute  killing 
of  every  infected  and  exposed  animal,  or,  perhaps,  utter  quarantining — isolation  of 
the  latter  under  rigid  inspection.  The  slaughtered  animals  to  be  paid  ior  at  full  mar- 
ket price,  real,  not  fancy,  by  the  respective  State  governments,  or,  better,  by  the  gen- 
eral government ;  for,  if  we  are  to  have  a  general  law,  then  the  general  government 
must  take  care  of  it.  I  earnestly  recommend  your  bringing  this  to  the  attention  of 
Congress,  and  you  yourself  must  see  the  recommendation  is  logical  and  true  to  the 
country's  interest.  The  first  cost  might  be  a  httle  startling,  but  the  final  results 
equally  fortunate.  The  rinderpest  was  at  last  reports  limited  "and  decreasing. 
Your  obedient  servant, 

F.  S.  BILLINGS. 

To  Hon.  Wm.  G.  Le  Due, 

Commissioner  of  Agriculture,  WasTiington,  D.  C. 

Professor  Gadsden,  of  Philadelphia,  who  recently  made  an  examina- 
tion of  infected  and  diseased  cattle  on  Long  Island,  writes  as  follows: 

134  North  Tenth  Street, 
Philadclplda,  Jaimarij  29,  1S79. 

Sir  :  I  consider  it  my  duty  to  report  to  you  that  the  contagious  disease  known  as 
"pleuro-pneumonia"  exists  to  a  ftightful  extent  among  the  cows  near  Brooklyn,  Long 
Island.  On  the  retui'n  of  Professor  McEachran,  the  cattle-inspector  of  Canada,  from 
Washington,  he  asked  me  to  accomiiany  him  to  Ncav  York  State,  and  find  out  for  our- 
selves if  the  report  was  true  that  acontagioiis  disease  existed.  We  fouud  it  too  true, 
as  at  a  distillery  at  Williamsburg  we  found  a  large  byre,  or  cow-house,  containing 
about  eight  hundred  cf)ws,  with  very  many  of  them  in  the  last  stages  of  "contagious 
pleui'o-pueumoma."  Others  had  this  disease  in  a  milder  form.  The  place  was  very 
dirty,  the  coavs  very  much  crowded,  ceiling  low,  aud  everything  favorable  for  the  rapid 
spread  of  this  disease. 

Tbe  cows  l)eloiig  to  a  number  of  milkmen,  who  keep  them  there  very  cheap  on  hot 
swill  (from  the  distillery)  and  hay,  which  increases  the  milk  very  much.  This  place 
is  a  regular  pest-house  for  the  disease.  We  were  informed,  on  good  authority,  that 
just  before  the  cows  die  they  are  killed  and  dressed,  then  sent  into  the  New  York 
market  as  beef,  Avhere  wo  are  told  that  they  bring  a  good  price  because  they  are  ten- 
der and  not  too  fat.    Others  are  sold,  when  the  milli  dries  up,  to  farmers  on  Long  Island. 


CONTAGIOUS  LUNG  FEVER  OF  CATTLE.         223 

Tlii8  disease  is  very  prevalent  Avitliin  a  few  miles  of  Brooklyn,  and  has  been  for  some 
time.  Cannot  you,  sir,  try  and  stamp  it  out  ?  as  I  am  afraid  if  it  spreads  fi'om  there 
the  English  Government  will  not  receive  any  cattle  from  our  ports,  as  they  have  a  law 
ready  to  \}nt  in  force  as  soon  as  they-are  satisfied  this  or  any  contagious  disease  exists 
in  cattle.  I  have  made  inquiry  from  several  veterinary  surgeons  in  this  State  ;  they 
all  answer  there  are  no  contagious  diseases  in  cattle  in  their  district.  I  have  no  reason 
to  believe  there  is  any  in  Pennsylvania  or  in  the  Western  States;  so  I  do  hope  this 
disease  on  Long  Island  will  not  interfere  with  the  sending  of  live  cattle  ii-om  Phila- 
delphia to  England,  as  I  know  they  axe  making  great  preparations  for  this  spring's 
trade. 

Kespectfully,  tS:c., 

J.  W.  GADSDEN,  V.  S. 
Hon.  Wji.  G.  Le  Due, 

Commissioner  of  AgricuUure. 

On  the  morning  of  the  30th  of  January,  1879,  the  following  telegrams 
appeared  in  the  metropolitan  journals : 

Toronto,  Ontakio,  January  30. 

Intelligence  of  the  slauo-htering  of  cattle  lately  shipped  to  Liverpool  on  a  steam- 
ship creates  an  anxious  feeling  among  dealers  hero.  On  or  about  the  14th  instant  the 
steamship  Ontario  sailed  from  Portland  for  England  with  a  cargo  of  cattle,  the  ship- 
pers being  Messrs.  T.  Crawford  &  Co.,  of  this  city.  The  cattle  nmnbered  265  head, 
and  were,  according  to  Mr.  Crawford's  statement,  in  sound  condition,  having  been  ex- 
amined by  competent  men  at  both  Montreal  and  Portland.  The  Ontario  reached  Liv- 
erpool on  Sunday  last,  and  on  the  following  day  Messrs.  Crawford  &  Co.  received  a 
cable  dispatch  fi-om  their  agent  there  that  the  cattle  had  been  detained  for  inspection 
by  order  of  the  British  Government.  This  inspection  was  evidently  attended  with. 
unsatisfactory  results,  for  on  Tuesday  the  agent  cabled  that  the  cattle  had  been  con- 
demned on  account  of  disease  and  were  to  be  slaughtered.  The  disease  was  said  to 
be  pleiiro-pueumonia.  The  Toronto  Exportation  Company  and  Messrs.  Crawford  & 
Co.,  the  two  hrms  that  do  the  largest  shipping  business  in  their  line  in  the  city,  were 
instructed  by  their  agents  to  ship  no  more.  The  first  named  have  a  cargo  of  170  head 
on  the  steamship  State  of  Alabama,  which  it  is  anticipated  will  arrive  at  Liverpool 
on  Friday  next.  What  will  become  of  these  remains  to  be  seen.  The  general  feeling 
is  that  it  is  not  at  all  likely  that  a  trade  which  was  rapidly  becoming  a  necessity  for 
England  will  be  allowed  to  sulfer  interru]>tion  for  any  great  length  of  time  without  a 
good  cause  for  the  embargo  being  adduced. 

Ottawa,   Oxtario,  January  30. 

Information  having  been  received  that  the  British  Government  has  totally  x>rohib- 
ited  the  importation  of  cattle  from  the  United  States,  the  cabinet  met  last  evening  to 
consider  the  situation.  The  result  of  the  meeting  was  the  adoption  of  a  resolution 
that  steps  would  be  taken  to  prevent  any  injury  being  done  to  Canada. 

Montreal,  Quebec,  January  30. 
Considerable  anxiety  exists  in  regard  to  the  order  from  the  imperial  government 
prohibiting  the  importation  of  Canadian  cattle  into  England.     It  is  said  if  the  order 
is  continued  cattle  will  be  slaughtered  here  and  the  meat  will  be  taken  across  in 
refrigerators. 

The  following  letter  from  the  president  of  the  American  Veterinary 
CoUege  will  explain  itself : 

American  Veterinary  College, 

New  York,  February  1,  1879. 

Sir:  In  returning  from  Washington,  where  he  had  the  honor  of  seeing  you,  Pi-o- 
fcssor  McEachrau,  of  Canada,  asked  me  if  i)leuro-pneumonia  was  to  be  found  in  New 
York  State.  I  took  him  to  Long  Island,  and  there  had  the  o])poitunity  to  show  him 
a  barn  where  a  large- number  of  cows  (some  GOO)  are  kept,  and  where  wo  found  our- 
selves in  the  ditiicult  task,  not  to  detect  diseased  animals,  but  to  discover  healthy 
cows.  Fast  mortems  confirmed  our  diagnosis,  so  that  no  doubt  can  bo  had  of  its  cor- 
rectness. 

The  milk  and  the  carcasses  of  these  diseased  subjects  find  their  way  to  our  market 
in  New  York  City.  Our  boards  of  health  have  no  veterinarian  to  detect  the  dLsease 
and  enforce  the  laws!  Our  market  meat-inspectors  are  delicient  in  detecting  diseased 
from  healthy  meat!  Our  cattle  are  exposed  to  the  spreading  of  that  fearl'ul  disease! 
Our  exportation  is  now  impeded  to  such  extent  that  to-day  I  am  told  animals  exported 
to  France  oven  must  have  a  clean  bill  of  health,  and  England  is  threatening  closing 
her  ports  to  our  stock! 

May  I  respectfully  bo  allowed  to  call  your  attention  to  this  stato  of  aliaixs,  and  to 


224         CONTAGIOUS  LUNG  FEVEK  OF  CATTLE. 

place  myself  at  your  orders  for  Tvliatever  professional  assistance  I  may  be  able  to  give 
your  department  in  overcoming  this  great  danger  to  oui-  European  cattle  trade  and  to 
our  own  live  stock. 

I  am,  sij.',  your  obedient  servant, 

A.  LIAUTARD. 
Hon.  W.  G.  Le  Due, 

Commissioner  of  Agriculture. 

On  the  4tli  instant  I  received  the  following  telegram  from  Mr.  J.  B. 
Sherman,  superintendent  of  the  Chicago  Union  Stock- Yards : 

U^'ION  Stock-Yards,  Chicago,  III,  February  4, 1879. 
The  Commissioner  of  Agriculture: 

The  most  important  blow  struck  at  the  interest  of  tbis  city,  State,  and  Nortbwest  is 
the  report  in  circulation  in  reference  to  the  prevalence  of  cattle  disease  in  the  West, 
aEd  these  reports  are  absolutely  false.  I  have  sent  a  telegram  to  the  Secretary  of 
State,  on  whom  I  -wish  you  wouid  at  once  call. 

This  business  of  the  exjiort  of  live  cattle  to  England  has  developed  immense  propor- 
tions in  the  last  year,  and  we  must  not,  cannot,  remain  quiet  and  see  it  destroyed.  It 
is  worth  millions  to  the  country,  and  aflects  directly  every  farmer  in  the  Northwest, 
while  the  whole  country  feels  the  effect  of  this  large  increase  in  its  exports.  The 
action  of  the  British  and  Canadian  Governments  is  based  on  a  misconception  of  the 
facts,  and  we  need  such  final  investigation  as  will  put  the  matter  at  rest. 

J.  B.  SHERMAN, 

iSupo'intendent. 

To  which  the  annexed  reply  was  at  once  forwarded : 

Department  of  Agriculture, 

Washington,  D.  C,  February  4,1879, 
J.  B.  Sherman, 

Sujperintendent  Union  StocTc-Tards,  Chicago,  III.  : 

The  disease  to  which  your  tele^am  refers  appeared  in  this  coimtry  as  early  as  1843, 
and  there  is  no  more  reason  for  trie  present  action  of  the  British  Government  in  this 
matter  than  has  existed  for  years  past.  Pleuro-pneumonia  has  never  troubled  the  cat- 
tle-breeders of  the  West,  from  whence  alone  cattle  for  exportation  are  derived,  but  the 
existence  of  the  disease  on  our  eastern  coast  at  all  is  a  constant  threat  to  the  cattle- 
raising  country  beyond  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  for  the  extermination  of  which 
I  have  asked  authority  of  Congress.  I  hope  and  expect  that  action  will  be  taken 
that  will  speedily  remove  all  excuse  for  the  objectionable  orders  of  the  British  Govern- 
ment. 

WM.  G.  Le  DUC, 
Commissioner  of  Agriculture. 

On  the  recommendation  of  gentlemen  largely  interested  in  the  live- 
stock trade,  I  at  once  made  the  following  api)ointment  of  an  examiner 
for  the  port  of  New  York : 

Department  of  Agriculture, 

IVashington,  D.  C,  February  5,  1879. 
Sir:  You  are  hereby  appointed  an  examiner,  and  directed  to  make  as  thorough  in- 
quiry and  examination  as  the  owners  and  shippers  of  stock  will  permit  into  the  con- 
dition of  the  live  stock  sent,  or  about  to  bo  sent,  from  your  port,  and  certify  daily  to 
this  department  the  health  of  each  jiarticular  shipment,  so  f;ir  as  possible,  examining 
particularly  as  to  pleuro-pneumonia  in  cattle,  and  noting  the  presence  or  absence  of 
this  disease  in  each  case.  You  are  authorizecl  to  give  a  copy  of  your  certificate  for  the 
department  to  the  shippers,  if  desired. 

WM.  G.  Le  DUC, 
Commissioner  of  Agriculture. 
Dr.  John  J.  Craven, 

Jersey  City,  N.  J. 

I  also  forwarded  a  like  appointment  by  telegraph  to  H.  J.  Detmers, 
V.  S.,  Chicago,  111.,  and  received  prompt  replies  from  both  accepting  the 
positions  tendered. 

These  examiners  were  also  directed  to  furnish  a  certilicate  of  health  to 
such  sliippers  of  live  stock  as  might  desire  it,  a  copy  of  which  is  here- 
with appended; 


CONTAGIOUS   LUNG   FEVER    OF    CATTLE.  225 

IXSPECTION    OF    CATTLE    FROM    THE  PORT  OF   ,   AUTHORIZED    BY    THE    UNITED 

STATES  GOVERXMEXT,    AXD    UNDER    THE    IMMEDIATE    DIRECTIOX  OF    THE   COMMIS- 
SIONER OF  AGHICULTUllE. 

This  is  to  certify  that  I  have  this  day  inspected beef  cattle,  ovrned  by  Messrs. 

-,  to  be  shipped  l)y  them  upon sailing  February  — ,  for  the 


port  of  Liverpool,  England,  and  found  the  animals  sound. 
Dated  February  — ,  1879. 

(Signed)  , 

Inspector. 

These  letters  were  promptly  followed  by  the  following,  addressed  to 
the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  informing  hun  of  the  action  taken  by  this 
department: 

Departmext  OF  Agriculture, 

Washington,  Fchruayy  5,  1879. 
Sir:  I  have  the  honor  to  inclose  for  your  information  a  copy  of  a  letter  this  day  ad- 
dressed to  Dr.  John  J.  Craven,  of  Jersey  City,  N.  J.     I  have  also  telegraphed  to  Dr. 
Detmers,  of  Chicago,  substantially  the  same  instructions  as  are  noted  in  Dr.  Craven's 
letter. 

So  far  as  the  limited  funds  at  the  command  of  the  department  will  permit,  the  pro- 
posed examinations  Tvill  be  continued,  with  the  view  of  furnishing  shippers  informa- 
tion relative  to  the  health  of  the  stock,  and  thus  prevent  the  shipment  of  any  that 
are  diseased;  and  the  certilicate  of  the  veterinary  surgeon  of  this  department  making 
the  examination  will  bo  in  the  nature  of  a  "  bill  of  health,"  and  should  go  far  towards 
allaying  any  apprehensions,  real  or  fancied,  which  maybe  entertained  by  persons  who 
receive  the  stock. 

This  department  is  ready  to  second  any  efforts  made  by  the  Treasury  Department 
to  quiet  the  unnecessary  excitement  now  apparent  in  Europe  and  in  our  own  country 
on  this  subject. 

EespectfuUy,  your  obedient  servant, 

WM.  G.  Le  dug, 

Commissioner. 
Hon.  John  Sherman, 

Secretary  of  the  Treasury. 

To  which  the  following  reply  has  been  received : 

Treasury  Department, 

Office  of  the  Secretary, 
Washington,  D.  C,  February  7,  1879. 
Sir:  I  am  in  receipt  of  your  letter  of  the  5th  instant,  inclosing  a  copy  of  one  ad- 
dressed by  you  to  Dr.  John  J.  Craven,  of  Jersey  City,  N.  J.,  authorizing  him  to  make 
inquiries  into  the  condition  of  live  stock  about  to  be  sent  from  that  i)ort  to  foreign 
countries,  and  to  certify  daily  to  your  deijartmcnt  the  health  of  each  particular  ship- 
ment as  far  as  possible. 

I  inclose  herewith  for  your  information  twelve  copies  of  a  circular  issued  by  this 
department,  under  date  of  the  1st  instant,  requiring  as  a  condition  precedent  to  the 
shipment  of  live  cattle  abroad  an  examination  thereof  bj"^  the  customs-officers  with 
reference  to  their  freedom  from  disease,  and  the  issuance  of  a  certificate  by  the  col- 
lector that  they  are  free  from  such  disease,  if  the  facts  shall  bo  found  to  warrant  it. 

Doubtless  Dr.  Craven,  and  any  other  person  appointed  by  your  department  for  the 
purpose  named,  could  give  valuable  aid  to  the  collectors  of  the  ports  from  which  such 
shipments  are  made,  and  this  department  would  be  pleased  if  you  would  instruct  the 
experts  selected  by  you  to  afford  aid  to  the  customs-officers  in  this  respect  as  far  aa 
possible. 

You  will  see  that  the  circular  requires  that  the  officers  of  the  customs  shall  also  fur- 
nish this  department  from  time  to  time  such  information  u])on  the  subject  as  they  may 
be  able  to  procure,  and  I  would  be  pleased  if  yon  will  also  forward  such  infonnation 
as  you  receive  it. 

This  department  has  furnished  the  State  Department  with  copies  of  the  circulars 
before  mentioned,  and  the  Secretary  of  State  has  doubtless  furnished  them  to  the 
proper  reiiresentative  of  the  British  Government. 

This  department  perceives  the  importance  of  protecting  its  export  trade  in  live  ani- 
mals as  far  as  possible,  and  will  do  aU  iu  its  power  to  attain  the  desired  object. 
Very  respectfully, 

JOHN  SHERMAN, 
Secretary  of  the  Trcasurv. 
Hon.  Wm.  G.  Le  Due, 

Commissioner  of  Agriculture. 

15   SW 


226  CONTAGIOUS   LUNG   FEVER    OF    CATTLE. 

The  follovv-iiig  is  a  copy  of  tlie  circular  inclosed  by  the  Secretary  of  the 
Treasmy : 

[Circular.] 

INFORMATION  IN  REGARD  TO  CATTLE  DISEASE. 

Treasury  Department, 
WasMtujton,  D.  C,  Fclruari/  1,  1879. 
To  collectors  of  customs  and  others: 

By  department's  circular  of  December  18,  1878,  it  was  directed  that  live  cattle 
eMpped  from  tlio  various  ports  of  the  United  States  might  be  examined  -with  reference 
to  the  question  vrhether  they  were  free  ixom  contagious  diseases,  and  that,  if  found  to 
bo  fi'co  from  such  diseases,  a  certificate  to  that  effect  should  be  given. 

By  that  circular  such  inspection  Avas  not  made  compiVlsory,  but  the  certificate  was 
to  be  issued  only  upon  the  apx^lication  of  parties  iuterfi-.tiMl. 

As  the  export  trade  in  live  cattle  from  the  United  States  is  of  vital  importance  to 
large  interests,  every  precaiition  should  be  taken  <o  guard  against  the  ohipment  of 
diseased  animals  abroad,  and  such  a  guarantee  given  as  \rill  satisfy  foreign  countries, 
especially  Great  Britain,  that  no  risk  will  ensue  from  such  shipments  of  couimiinicat- 
ing  contagious  or  infectious  tliseases  to  the  anhuals  in  foreign  countries  by  shiiimonts 
Ixom  the  United  States. 

Collectors  of  customs  arc,  therefore,  instructed  that  in  no  case  will  live  animals  be 
permitted  to  be  shipped  from  theii-  respective  ports  ixutil  after  an  inspection  of  the 
animals  with  reference  to  their  freedom  from  disease,  and  the  issuance  ef  a  certificate 
showing  that  they  are  fi-eo  from  the  class  of  diseases  mentioned. 

Notice  of  rejected  cattle  should  bo  promptly  given  t©  this  department. 

In  order  that  this  department  may  be  fully  informed  in  regard  to  such  diseases  in 
any  part  of  the  United  States,  collectors  of  ciistoms  are  reiiuestcd  to  promptly  forward 
to  this  department  any  information  which  they  may  bo  able  to  obtain  of  the  presence 
of  contagious  or  infectious  diseases  prevailing  among  live  animals  in  their  vicinity. 

It  is  probable  that  if  the  disease  prevails  to  any  considerable  extent  it  will  be  no- 
ticed in  the  local  press,  and  collectors  are  requested  to  send  copies  of  any  such  notices 
to  this  deiiartmcnt  for  its  information. 

JOHN  SHERMAN, 

Secretary. 

The  following  letter  has  been  received  from  Prof.  James  Law,  who,  it 
will  be  seen,  has  been  ordered  to  the  port  of  New  York  by  the  governor 
of  that  State : 

AsTOR  House,  Xew  York,  Fehruary  8,  1879. 

Dear  Sir  :  I  came  down  here  last  night  in  accordance  with  instructions  from  the 
governor  of  New  York  to  ascertain  and  report  as  to  the  existence  of  the  lung  fever  in 
cattle.  From  what  I  have  seen  to-day  I  have  no  doubt  of  its  existence  in  Kings  and 
Queens  Counties,  but  I  hope  very  soon  to  be  able  to  report  on  the  i^ost-mortem  lesions 
as  well  as  the  an tc-mortcm  symptoms. 

I  hear  that  the  malatly  exists  in  Watertown,  Conn.,  perhaps  at  Ratonah,  Westches- 
ter County,  New  York,  and  around  Newark,  N.  J.  The  two  first  places  I  expect  to 
visit  in  the  interest  of  New  Y'ork,  and  I  shall  find  out  what  I  can  about  the  vicinity 
of  the  shipjiiug  yards  for  the  stock  exported  to  Great  Britain.  Would  it  be  well  for 
me  to  visit  Newark  also  before  returning  ? 

I  strongly  commend  the  position  you  have  taken  in  this  matter,  as  the  only  just  and 
tenable  one.    If  we  should  ever  sulibr  from  a  temporary  susiicnsion  of  the  foreign  trade 
in  cattle,  it  will  be  well  expended  if  it  should  lead  to  a  thorough  extinction  of  the 
luflg  plague  in  the  United  States. 
Yours,  very  truly, 

JAMES  LAW. 

lion.  Wm.  G.  Le  Due, 

Commissioner  of  AgriciiUurc. 

The  following  late  telegrams,  showing  the  action  of  the  British  Gov. 
erument,  are  apijeiided: 

THE  AMERICAN   CATTLE   TRADE— NO   FURTHER  INTERFERENCE  EXPECTED. 

London,  Februuru  8. 
A  committee  of  the  Cattle  Trade  Association  at  Liverpool,  in  order  to  avoid  inter- 
ruption to  tlio  trade,  have  offered  to  erect  the  necessary  lairage  and  abattoirs  to  com- 
ply with  the  requirements  of  the  Privy  Council.     It  is  believed,  however,  that,  in 
consocjucuco  of  the  growing  imi)ortanco  of  the  trade  to  Liverpool,  cither  the  authori- 


CONTAGIOUS  LUNG  FEVER  OP  CATTLE.  227 

ties  or  the  corporation  or  the  dock  board  will  undertake  the  work.  All  aiTivals  of 
catiilo  from  America  since  the  steamer  Ontario's  cargo  have  been  found  entirely  free 
from  disease.  The  severity  of  the  weather,  therefore,  it  is  believed  caused  the  out- 
break in  that  instance.  TJie  British  Government  is,  under  the  circumstances,  not  in- 
clined to  interfere  with  the  importation  of  cattle  from  America,  provided  there  is 
adequate  inspection  before  shipment  and  i^rovision  of  the  required  lairage  at  Liver- 
pool to  put  them  in  position  to  meet  such  cases  as  the  Ontario's.  It  is  not  believed 
that  slaughter  on  the  quays  will  be  enforced  where  no  disease  exists.  Persons  in  the 
trade  say  that  under  these  conditions  American  shippers  need  not  fear  any  interference 
with  the  business. 

LoxDON,  February  9. 
In  regard  to  the  importation  of  cattle  from  America,  no  action  of  the  Privy  Council 
lias  been  made  known  siuce  the  notice  read  in  the  Liverpool  town  council  on  Febru- 
aiy  5,  that  cattle  cannot  be  landed  at  the  Liverpool  docks  after  March  1,  unless  i)ro- 
vision  is  made  for  slaughter  on  the  quay. 

THE  CATTLE  EXPORT   TliADE — EFFECT  OF   THE  ElilTISU   ORDER  IN  COUNCIL. 

Li\TERrooL,  February  11. 
The  order  of  the  Privy  Council  adopted  yesterday  revoking  after  March  3,  1879, 
article  13  of  the  foreign  animals  order  so  far  as  it  relates  to  the  United  States  was  a 
great  surprise  to  the  trade  here.  All  cattle  fi-om  the  United  States  after  March  3  will 
have  to  be  slaughtered  in  abattoirs  now  being  prepared  on  the  dock  estates  of  Birken- 
Iiead  and  Liverjiool  within  ten  days  after  landing. 

I  also  forward  you  articles  on  tlie  subject  of  pleiiro-pneitmouia,  clipped 
from  the  IsTatioual  Live  Stock  Journal  of  Marcli,  1878,  and  November, 
1878,  from  the  pen  of  Dr.  James  Law.  They  were  inclosed  to  me  and 
my  attention  directed  to  them  by  Mr.  J.  H.  Sanders,  the  able  editor  of 
that  Journal. 

[From  the  Niitioual  Live  Stock  Journal  of  March,  1878.] 

THE    GREATEST    DANGER    TO    OUR    STOCK — THE  LUNG    FEVER— CONTAGIOUS    PLEURO- 
PNEUMONIA. 

The  Journal  has  frequently  called  attention  to  the  great  dangers  that  beset  oirr  live 
stock  fi'om  unpolled  plagues  of  foreign  origin.  During  the  jiast  year  the  sudden  in- 
vasion of  Western  Eiu'opo  and  England  by  the  rinderjiest  roused  the  agricultural  com- 
munity from  their  dream  of  safety,  and  called  forth  from  the  Treasury  an  order  remark- 
able alike  for  its  promptitude  and  good  intentions,  and  for  the  fatal  blunders  which 
rendered  it  worse  than  a  dead  letter.  Once  more  there  seems  a  i)rospect  of  a  renewal 
of  these  apx'rehensious,  the  Eusso-Turkish  war  having  led  to  an  extension  of  this  cat- 
tle plague  into  Hungary,  from  which  the  Atlantic  coast  and  Great  Britain  may  be  any 
day  infected,  owing  to  the  activity  of  the  stock  trade.  Should  this  unfortunately  take 
place,  it  will  find  us  no  better  prepared  than  wo  were  a  year  ago,  and  our  Treasury 
order,  now  in  force,  will  fi'cely  invito  the  disease  to  enter,  provided  it  makes  its  advent 
respectably — in  the  systems  of  blooded  stock;  and  not  in  poor  cross-bred  animals,  which 
it  would  be  ruinous  to  imjiort,  even  if  sound.  A  similar  welcome  is  extended,  by  im- 
plication, to  all  those  ruminants  which  arc  devoted  more  particularly  to  luxury,  and 
have  not  been  degraded  to  such  vulgar  utilitarian  objects  as  the  production  of  meat 
or  wool.  Yet  all  ruminants  are  subject  lo  rinderpest,  and  this  malady  was  carried  to 
France,  in  186G,  by  tv.-o  gazelles,  as  other  plagues  have  often  been  carried  to  new 
countries  by  the  privileged  blooded  atoclc. 

But  we  started  out  to  noiice  a  danger  which  is  no  longer  separated  from  us  by  the 
broad  barrier  of  the  Atlantic,  and  whose  malign  presence  is  not  to  be  dismissed  by  any 
oneof  ten  thousandcontiugencies,  as  is  the  ease  Avith  the  possible  advent  of  the  rinder- 
pest. This  danger  stands  i;i  iiur  midst,  and  is  steadily  gaining  in  force  as  it  encroaches 
further  and  furtlu'i,  showing  liow  certain  it  is,  if  unchecked,  1<i  lay  the  wliole  country 
under  contribution,  and  inillct  luo-it  disastrous  and  permanent  losses.  Tlie  lung  fever 
of  cattle,  imported  into  Ikooklyn,  li.  I. ,  for  the  iirst  1  ime,  in  1643,  in  a  Dnt  ch  cow,  has 
never  since  been  at  any  time  entirely  absent  from  our  soil.  From  this  center  it  lias 
slowly  and  irregularly  extended  over  a  jiortion  of  New  Yorlc,  New  Jersey,  Pennsyl- 
vania, ^Maryland,  Delaware,  and  Virginia,  besides  having  repeatedly  invaded  Con- 
necticut. The  slowness  of  its  extension  has  begotten  a  false  seuse  of  security,  and  no 
real  apprc;hensious  of  serious  cousequences  reniain  from  an  animal  ]ioison  which  has 
been  for  over  a  third  of  a  century  hidden  away  in  tlie  near  vicinity  of  the  Atlantic 
coast. 

To  disturb  this  comfoitable  and  restful  condition  of  the  public  mind  is  an  implcasant 


228         CONTAGIOUS  LUNG  FEVER  OF  CATTLE. 

task,  wliicli  notliing  but  the  imperative  sense  of  duty  would  compel  us  to  undertake. 
But  this  disease  has  a  history,  whicli  we  can  only  ignore  at  our  peril ;  and  as  its  records 
can  now  be  drawn  from  all  quarters  of  the  globe,  Ave  can  have  before  us  an  unequivo- 
cal testimony  as  to  what  wiU  inevitably  happen  under  given  conditions  of  climate, 
Burroundings,  and  treatment. 

England  imported  the  limg  fever  of  cattle  in  1842,  just  one  year  before  wo  did,  was 
soon  very  generally  infected,  and  has  contmued  so  to  the  present  time.  Up  to  1869,  it 
is  estimated  that  England  had  lost,  ahnost  exclusively  from  this  disease,  5,549,780  head 
of  cattle,  worth  £83,616,854  (say  $400,000,000).  For  the  succeeding  nine  years,  up  to 
1878,  the  losses  have  been,  in  the  main,  as  extensive,  so  that  we  may  set  them  down  as 
now  reaching  at  least  $500,000,000  in  deaths  alone,  without  counting  all  the  contin- 
gent expenses,  of  deteriorated  health,  loss  of  markets,  progeny,  crops,  manure,  &c., 
disinfection,  quarantine,  &c.  With  us  no  attempts  have  been  made  to  estimate  the 
losses,  but  they  cannot  exceed  an  inconsiderable  fraction  of  those  above  named ;  and 
thus  we  have  slept  on  in  a  pleasant  dream  of  immunity. 

It  is  even  alleged  that  the  disease  has,  in  a  great  measure,  been  shorn  of  its  virulent 
power,  by  being  transplanted  to  the  shores  of  the  New  World,  and  that  we  may  com- 
fort ourselves  with  this,  and  continue  to  ignore  its  presence.  If,  on  the  other  hand,  it 
can  be  shown  that  the  difference  is  in  no  material  respect  affected  by  climate,  but 
altogether  determined  by  the  surroundings,  it  will  be  well  for  us  to  attend  to  the  facts 
of  the  case,  and  face  the  real  danger.  The  lung  fever,  which  had  really  entered  Eng- 
land, by  a  special  importation,  some  time  before  the  free  trade  act  of  1842,  was,  by 
virtiie  of  this  act,  thrown  upon  her  in  constantly  accumulating  accessions.  The  ports 
at  which  the  continental  cattle  were  landed,  and  the  markets  in  which  they  were  sold 
— London  (Smithfield  Market),  Southampton,  Dover,  Harwich,  Hull,  Newcastle,  Edin- 
burgh, &c. — insured  the  mingling  of  the  imported  stock,  week  by  week,  with  the 
native  store  cattle.  Then,  if  they  failed  to  find  a  profitable  sale,  they  were  sent  by 
cars  to  other  and  inland  markets,  where  they  were  again  and  again  brought  into  con- 
tact with  numerous  herds  of  store  cattle,  by  which  the  germs  of  the  disease  were  taken 
in,  and  carried  all  over  the  country. 

With  us,  on  the  other  hand,  the  disease  was  long  confined  to  the  dairies  of  Brooklyn 
and  New  York,  where  the  cows  were  kept  until  they  died,  or  were  fattened  for  the 
butcher.  A  few  doubtless  found  their  way  to  the  country,  and  by  these  the  disease 
was  carried  to  different  farms,  which  were  thus  constituted  centers  of  contagion  from 
which  the  adjacent  country  became  infected.  But  any  such  movement  from  the  city 
dairies  was  necessarily  of  the  most  restricted  kind,  and  it  never  took  place  to  any  great 
distance.  It  would  have  been  folly  to  move  a  common  milch  cow,  worth  i|40  to  $70, 
to  the  West,  where  she  could  be  bought  for  one-half  or  one-third  of  that  sum.  The 
same  deterrent  condition  existed  in  the  case  of  the  farms  on  which  the  diseased  city 
cows  had  been  brought.  Sales  were  no  doubt  occasionally  made  from  infected  herds, 
to  secure  the  apparent  value  of  an  animal  which  the  owner  had  good  reason  to  believe 
to  be  doomed,  and  as  such  animals  would,  for  obvious  reasons,  be  sent  as  far  from 
home  as  possible,  this  became  a  principal  means  of  the  formation  of  more  distant  cen- 
ters of  contagion  and  the  wider  diffusion  of  the  malady.  But  with  us  the  disease  has 
hitherto  had  to  fight  against  the  heaviest  obstacles — the  ciuTcnt  of  cattle  traffic  hav- 
ing been  ahnost  without  exception  from  the  cheaply-raised  herds  of  the  West  to  the 
profitable  markets  of  the  East.  The  exceptions  have  only  been  in  the  case  of  thorough- 
bred stock,  and  hitherto  oiu-  Western  stock  has  escaped  contamination  by  this  means. 

The  wonder  is  not  so  much  that  the  plague  has  failed  to  reach  the  West,  but  that  in 
the  face  of  such  tremendous  obstacles  it  has  succeeded  in  invading  all  of  the  six  or  seven 
States  that  are  now  infected.  In  Great  Britain,  where  some  would  have  us  believe 
that  the  disease  is  more  virulent,  we  can  point  to  a  more  satisfactory  record.  There 
the  great  body  of  the  country  has  been  infected  for  thirty-five  years,  but  the  greater 
jiart  of  the  highlands,  exclusively  devoted  to  the  raising  of  cattle  and  sheep,  has  en- 
joyed the  most  iierfect  immunity.  Here,  under  nearly  all  possible  predisposing  causes 
of  lung  disease — altitude,  exposure,  cold,  chilling  rains,  and  fogs,  the  piercing  blasts 
of  the  Atlantic  and  German  Oceans — this  contagious  lung  disease  has  never  penetrated, 
though  severely  ravaging  the  lowlands  immediately  adjacent.  The  explanation  is, 
that  these  hills  support  none  but  the  native  black  cattle,  and  other  breeds  are  never 
introduced.  In  spite  of  the  alleged  virulence  of  the  disease  in  England,  it  has  proved 
powerless  to  enter  this  magic  circle  from  which  all  but  the  native  stock  is  excluded. 
The  same  holds  true  concerning  some  parts  of  Normandy,  Brittany,  the  Channel 
Islands,  Spain,  Portugal,  Norway,  Sweden,  &c. 

The  fact  that  the  disease  has  maintained  a  foothold  among  us  for  thirty-four  years, 
and  in  spite  of  all  obstacles  has  made  a  slow  but  constant  extension,  is  suflicicnt 
groimd  for  the  gravest  apprehensions.  A  disease-poison  which  shows  such  an  obsti- 
nate vitality  and  such  persistent  aggressiveness  cannot  be  allowed  to  exist  among  us 
without  the  certainty  of  future  losses  which  Avill  eclipse  those  of  Great  Britain  by  as 
much  as  our  herds  of  cattle  exceed  those  of  that  nation.  A  recent  outbreak  in  Clin- 
ton, N.  J.,  caused  by  a  cow  brought  from  Ohio,  suggests  the  possibility  of  the  disease 


CONTAGIOUS  LUNG  FEVEK  OF  CATTLE.         229 

having  already  reached  the  latter  State ;  an  occuiTence  -which  was  inevitablo  soonci 
or  later,  but  the  actual  existence  of  which  must  enormously  increase  our  dangers. 
With  every  suck  step  westward  there  is  the  introduction  of  more  diseased  and  infected 
cattle  into  the  natural  current  of  the  tratlic,  and  the  earlier  probability  of  the  general 
infection  of  all  parts  to  the  east  of  such  ultimate  centers  of  disease.  There  is,  further, 
the  infection  of  more  cattle  cars,  which,  can-ied  West,  may  be  the  means  of  seciu-ing  a 
rapid  extension  of  the  ijlaguo  to  our  most  distant  States  and  Territories. 

EELAXm^  DANGERS  OP   THE    POISOXS   OF  LUXG  FEVER  jV>'D   OTHER  PLAGUES. 

The  persistent  vitality  of  the  Inng-f ever  poison,  in  comparison  with  that  of  any  other 
animal  plagues,  is  noteworthy.  It  has  held  a  tenacious  grasp  on  the  United  States 
for  over  a  third  of  a  century,  though  forbidden  by  circumstances  to  make  a  wide  ex- 
tension. Aphthous  fever  (foot  and  mouth  disease),  on  the  other  hand,  though  twice 
imj)orted  into  Canada  within  the  last  ten  years,  and  on  one  occasion  widely  spread  in 
New  York  and  New  England,  was  on  each  occasion  easily  and  early  extinguished,  and 
with  little  or  no  effort  on  the  i^art  of  the  States.  It  might  indeed  almost  bo  said  to 
have  died  out  of  itself.  Even  the  dreaded  rinderpest  has  its  poison  early  destroyed  by 
free  exposure  to  the  au-,  in  thin  layers,  at  the  ordinary  summer  temperature.  Numer- 
ous experiments  on  hides  hung  up  and  freely  exposed  in  warm  weather  have  shown 
that  the  infecting  power  is  lost  as  soon  as  they  are  quite  dried.  But  the  poison  of 
lung  fever  maintains  its  virulence  for  months  in  the  dry  state  in  buildings,  and  we 
have  known  parks,  with  sheds,  that  proved  regularly  infecting  year  after  year  to  all 
cattle  turned  into  them.  In  other  eases  we  have  known  the  virus  carried  for  miles  on 
the  clothes  of  attendants,  and  thus  introduced  into  new  herds. 

A  far  greater  danger  hea  in  the  lengthened  period  during  which  the  poison  of  lung 
fever  remains  dormant  in  the  system.  This  averages  about  three  weeks  or  a  month, 
but  may  extend,  in  exceptional  cases,  to  not  less  than  two  months.  An  ox  or  a  cow 
which  has  been  exijosed  to  the  contagion  may,  therefore,  be  carried  from  one  extremity 
of  the  continent  to  the  other,  may  he  exposed  in  a  succession  of  markets,  and  may 
change  hands  an  indefinite  number  of  times,  and  bo  all  the  while  in  the  best  apparent 
health,  though  infallibly  approaching  the  manifestation  of  the  disease,  and  for  the 
latter  portion  of  the  time  spreading  the  germs  of  the  malady  to  others.  There  is  here 
an  opportunity  for  the  unscrupulous  to  sell  otf  exposed  and  infected  animals  without 
the  i)urchaser  having  the  least  suspicion  of  foul  play.  There  is  also  the  strong  proba- 
bility of  animals  that  have  contracted  the  disease  by  accident,  in  cars  or  otherwise,  in 
passing  to  a  new  home,  mingling  with  the  herd  of  the  new  owner  and  infecting  them 
extensively  before  there  is  a  suspicion  that  anything  is  amiss.  This  long  period  of 
incubation  after  the  animal  is  infected,  and  the  equally  long  period  of  latency  of  the 
malady  in  animals  he  has  infected,  one  or  two  of  which  only  will  bo  attacked  at  inter- 
vals of  a  month,  lull  suspicion  as  to  the  ])resence  of  contagion,  and  it  is  too  often  only 
after  great  damage  has  been  done  that  the  truth  dawns  on  the  mind. 

In  aphthous  fever  and  rinderpest,  on  the  other  hand,  the  disease  shows  itself  in 
from  one  to  four  days  after  infection,  and  the  surrounding  animals  .are  so  rapidly  at- 
tacked after  the  coming  of  the  infected  stranger,  that  there  is  no  room  for  hesitancy 
as  to  the  existence  of  contagion.  Nor  can  the  victims  of  these  diseases  be  carried  far 
from  the  point  where  they  have  been  infected  and  disposed  of  as  sound  animals ;  so 
that  in  the  very  vigor  and  promptitude  of  their  action  we  have  an  excellent  basis  for 
their  restriction  and  control. 

DANGER  OP  INFECTION  IN  OUR  UNFENCED   STOCK  R.VNGES. 

It  is  needful  to  note  the  above-named  insidious  progress  and  stealthy  invasions  of 
the  lung  fever,  and  to  contrast  them  with  the  more  prompt  and  open  manifestations  of 
the  other  animal  plagues,  in  order  to  show  the  great  peril  to  which  we  are  subjected 
by  the  presence  in  our  midst  of  ii  pestilence  which  literally  iraJketh  in  darkness.  Let  us 
now  consider  the  prosiiective  infection  of  our  great  stock  ranges.  That  this  is  inevi- 
table, though  slow,  at  the  present  rate  of  progress  of  the  plague,  has  been  sufficiently 
shown.  That  it  might  occur  aiiy  day  by  an  animal  infected  in  an  Eastern  farm  or 
stock-yard,  or  in  a  railroad  car  in  which  it  was  sent  for  the  improvement  of  the  West- 
ern herds,  nuist  be  al)undantly  evident  lo  every  one  who  has  read  this  article.  If  wo 
now  add  tho  fact  that  more  than  one  thorouf/hhred  Jyrshire  and  zrcrseji  \iQvd  has  been 
infected  with  this  disease  during  the  ])ast  year^  wo  are  at  once  confronted  with  a  strong 
probability  of  an  early  Western  infection.  Let  us  rcmcuiber  that  thoroughbreds  alone 
are  carried  West  for  improvement  of  native  h<T(ls,  and  that  a  bull  of  the  Ayrshire, 
Jersey,  Holstein,  or  short-horn  breed,  taken  from  a  herd  now  or  recently  infected,  may 
be  carried  to  any  of  our  Western  Territories  and  miughi  for  .a  month  with  the  native 
herds  before  his  own  infection  is  so  nnich  as  suspected,  and  wo  can  conceive  how  im- 
■jainent  is  the  danger  when  the  infection  has  reached  our  Eastern  thoroughbred  cattle. 

To  iUustrate  tho  result  of  tho  infection  of  our  unfeuced  stock  ranges,  I  must  quote 


230         CONTAGIOUS  LUNG  FEVER  OF  CATTLE. 

anotlier  page  from  llie  liistory  of  this  disease  iu  other  coiiutries.  The  instance  of  Aus- 
tralia is  the  most  recent  as  ■well  as  the  most  striking.  The  lung  fever  was  introduced 
into  Melboui'ne  in  1858,  by  a  short-horn  English  cow,  which  died  soon  after  landing. 
Having  been  confined  to  an  inclosed  jdace,  there  is  every  reason  to  believe  that  vrith 
her  the  disease  would  have  ended,  liad  not  a  teamster  turned  his  yoke  of  oxen  into 
the  infected  park  under  cover  of  the  night.  These  oxen  working  on  the  streets  infected 
others,  the  disease  soon  spread  to  the  open  country,  and  the  mortality  increased  at  an 
alarming  rate.  Vigorous  measures  for  its  suppression  were  adopted,  thousands  of  in- 
fected and  diseased  cattle  were  slaughtered,  but  all  proved  of  no  avail.  Not  only 
were  the  free,  roaming  herds  infected,  but  so  many  places  were  contaminated  that  it 
was  soon  perceived  that  helj)  from  this  source  was  not  to  be  expected.  Destroy  a 
whole  infected  herd,  and  you  still  left  the  infection  in  the  station  from  which,  in  its 
unfenced  state,  other  herds  could  not  be  excluded,  and  where  they  were  certain  to 
take  iu  the  germs  of  the  malady.  After  enormous  losses  had  been  sustained  by  the 
combined  operations  of  the  pest  and  the  pole-ax,  it  was  concluded  that  the  remedy 
was  worse  than  the  disease,  and  the  colonists  reluctantly  fell  back  on  the  expedient 
of  inoculation.  This  is  based  on  the  fact  that  the  disease  is  rarely  contracted  a  sec- 
ond time  by  the  same  animal,  and  it  can  be  practiced  on  all  calves  with  losses  at  the 
rate  of  from  two  to  five  per  cent,  only,  so  that  the  mortality  is  insignificant  as  com- 
pared with  the  thirty  to  fifty  per  cent,  which  jierish  where  the  afiection  is  contracted 
in  the  ordinary  way.  The  great  objection  to  inoculation  is,  that  it  can  only  be  prac- 
ticed at  the  expense  of  a  universal  diffusion  of  the  poison,  and  of  its  maintenance  in  a 
state  of  constant  activity  and  growth.  With  such  a  universal  diffusion  of  the  virus, 
the  stock  owners  are  virtually  debarred  from  introducing  any  new  stock  for  improving 
the  native  breeds,  or  infusing  new  vigor  or  stamina,  inasmuch  as  such  new  arrivals 
would  almost  certainly  fall  early  victims  to  the  plague.  Australia,  therefore,  now 
suffers  from  the  permanent  incubus  of  the  lung  plague,  and  can  only  import  high-class 
cattle  at  great  risk. 

This  is  an  occurrence  of  yesterday,  but  it  is  only  a  repetition  of  the  immemorial  ex- 
perience of  the  steppes  of  Russia.  There  we  find  the  same  conditions  of  great  herds 
roaming  free  over  immense  uninelosed  tracts,  and  all  the  facilities  for  an  easy  and 
wide  diffusion  of  animal  poisons.  There,  accordingly,  we  find  the  home,  in  all  ages, 
of  the  animal  plagues  of  the  Old  World.  To  these  endless  steppes  Europe  and  Euro- 
pean colonists  owe  their  frequent  invasions  oihmg  fever,  rinderpfnt,  aphthous  fever,  and 
sheep-pox.  To  these  are  to  be  charged  the  losses,  to  be  estimated  only  by  many  thou- 
sands of  millions,  which  have  repeatedly  fallen  on  the  other  civilized  countries  of  the 
world.  From  these  steppes  the  disease  has  spread  over  the  continent  on  the  occasion 
of  every  great  European  war,  dating  from  the  expulsion  of  the  Goths  from  Plungary 
by  Attila  and  his  Huns,  in  A.  D.  376,  down  to  the  present  Turkish  war,  which  has  se- 
cured the  extension  of  the  rinderpest  to  Hungary  at  least.  On  these  steppes,  too,  the 
Russian  veterinarians  believe  the  rinderpest,  at  least,  to  be  an  imported  disease 
derlrcf]  from  Eastern  and  Central  Asia,  yet  all  their  efforts  to  crush  out  this  or  the 
lung  fever,  though  receiving  the  freest  support  from  the  Russian  Government,  have 
failed.  The  same  conditions  exist,  to  a  largo  extent,  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope ;  and 
there,  too,  the  lung  fever,  imported  in  1854,  has  acquired  a  permanent  residence. 

PREVENTIVE  MEASURES  DEMANDED. 

Such  is  the  history.  Now  comes  the  qiiestion  pregnant  Avith  weal  or  woe  to  our 
future  stock,  agricultural,  and  national  interests :  Shall  we  learn  from  the  disastrous 
experience  of  others  and  extirpate  the  lung  plague  from  the  United  States  while  it  is 
still  possible,  or  shall  we  sit  quietly  l)y  with  folded  hands  and  await  the  inevitable, 
early  or  late,  infection  of  our  open  Western  stock  ranges,  and  then  repeat,  for  the 
benefit  of  other  nations,  the  already  twice-told  tale  of  a  desperate  and  extravagant 
but  fniitless  attempt  to  suppress  a  plague  which  we  have  criminally  allowed  to  pass 
beyond  our  control?  With  or  without  a  prodigal  but  vain  effort  to  crush  out  the 
I)oison,  the  results  maybe  thus  summed  up:  The  infection  of  stock-yards,  loading- 
banks,  cars,  and  markets,  and  a  general  diffusion  of  the  plague  over  the  Eastern  States. 
This  Avould  imply  a  national  loss,  by  cittle  disease,  like  that  of  England,  but  much 
more  extensive  in  ratio  with  our  great  numbers  of  stock.  Thus  England,  with  Iht 
0,000,000  head  of  cattle,  has  lost  in  deaths  alone  from  lung  fever  iu  the  course  of  forty 
years  over  $500,0(10,000.  We,  therefore,  with  our  28,000,000,  should  lose  not  Icsy  tlian 
$2,000,000,000  in  the  same  length  of  time,  allowing  still  a  wide  margin  for  the  lower 
average  value  per  head  in  America.  And  this  terrible  drain  is  for  deaths  alone,  with- 
out counting  all  the  expenses  of  deteriorated  health  in  the  survivors,  of  prixlnce  lost, 
of  loss  of  progeny,  of  loss  of  fodder  no  longer  safe  to  feo<l  to  cattle,  of  diiuinislied 
harvests  for  lack  of  cultivation  and  niauur<\  of  quarantine  and  separate  attendants 
whenever  new  stock  is  brought  on  a  farm,  of  ch^msing  .and  disinfection  of  slitHls  and 
buildings,  »fcc.,  w]ii(;h  heconie  absolutely  essential  in  the  circnmstances. 

Wo  do  not  include  the  expNcnse  of  supervising  the  tTade,  examining  and  quarantin- 


CONTAGIOUS  LUNG  FEVER  OF  CATTLE.         231 

in£»  the  stock  at  the  frontier  of  every  State,  and  of  the  disinfection  of  cars,  loading- 
banks,  stock-yards,  and  markets.  If  snch  were  resorted  to.  after  an  cstensiTC  infection 
of  onr  Western  lierds  by  lung  fever,  the  cattle  trade  Tronkl  lie  virtnally  ntoppcd.  Thns 
a  safe  quarantine  for  store  cattle  could  not  be  less  than  three  weeks,  and  a  registra- 
tion and  supervision  for  five  weeks  more  on  the  farms  to  which  they  arc  taken,  would 
he  absolutely  essential.  Thus  the  quarantine  yards  and  sheds  would  be  continual 
centers  of  infecticu,  and  would  require  to  be  very  extensive,  thoroughly  isolated  from 
each  other,  and  constantly  and  perfectly  disinfected,  the  air  as  well  as  the  solids,  to 
prevent  the  infection  of  newly-arrived  stock.  Such  an  incuhus  upon  the  trade  would 
amount  to  a  virtual  prohibition.  In  rinderpest,  sheep-pox,  and  aphthous  fever,  quar- 
antine is  a  comparatively  simple  and  available  expedient,  as  the  disease  shows  itself 
witlrin  a  week  :  but,  in  lung  fever,  with  the  germs  lying  unsuspected  in  the  system 
for  one  or  two  months,  a  protective  quarantine  is  practically  impossible  wherever  an 
active  catile  trade  is  carried  on.  Hence  in  the  countries  of  Centr.al  and  "Western 
Europe,  through  which  the  active  traffic  from  the  East  is  carried  on,  a  complete  con- 
trol is  usually  maintained  over  rinderpest  and  sheep-pos,  while  the  peoples  have 
resigned  i  hcmselves  to  the  prevalence  of  lung  fever  as  an  tinaA'oidable  intliction.  The 
same  holds  in  Great  Britain.  Twice  within  eleven  years  has  she  crushed  out  invasions 
of  rinderpest,  and  repeatedly  has  the  same  thing  been  accomplished  for  sheep-pox; 
but  the  lung  fever  is  accepted  as  a  necessaiy  evil,  between  which  and  her  large  im- 
portations of  continental  callle  she  must  make  a  deliberate  choice. 

Happily,  in  these  United  States  we  are  as  yet  under  no  snch  compnlsion.  The  lung 
fever  on  American  soil  is  still  confined  to  the  Eastern  States  and  to  inclosed  farms, 
from  which  it  is  quite  possible  to  eradicate  it  thorouglily.  Of  this  possibility  we  have 
abundant  evidence,  alike  in  the  Old  World  and  the  New.  In  several  countries  of 
Western  Eirrope,  tlirongh  which  there  is  no  continuous  cattle  traflic  between  nations 
on  opposite  sides,  this  disease  has  been  killed  out  and  permanently  excluded  by  an  in- 
telligent veterinary  sanitary  supervision.  Sweden  imported  the  disease  in  Ayi'shire 
stock  in  1847,  but  at  once  circumscribed  the  infected  herds  and  places,  slaughtered  the 
(Mseased,  disinfected  all  with  which  they  had  come  in  contact,  and  promptly  extin- 
gnished  the  outbreak.  Denmark,  invaded  the  same  year  from  a  similar  source,  and 
on  several  subsequent  occasions  from  Holland  and  England,  as  often  quenched  the 
poison  by  analogous  measures,  Oldenburg,  Schleswig,  and  Korw.ay,  successively  in- 
vaded by  the  importation  of  infected  Ayrshires,  in  1858,  1859,  and  1860,  respectively, 
enjoyed  a  similar  happy  riddance,  through  the  application  of  the  same  system  of  sup- 
pression. Switzerland,  long  slandered  as  the  native  homo  of  the  lung  jilague,  has  at 
last  awoke  to  the  truth  of  the  statement  of  the  immortal  Haller,  made  more  than  a 
century  ago,  that  this  disease  only  occurs  "  when  an  animal  has  been  brought  from  an 
infected  district" ;  and,  by  the  judicious  use  of  suppressive  measures,  has  permanently 
rid  the  country  of  the  pestilence,  and  demonstrated  that  their  Alpine  ail-  is  as  clear 
and  wholesome  for  beast  as  for  man. 

In  America,  Massachusetts  and  Connecticut  have  furnished  examples  cqnally  strik- 
ing. The  former  imjiorted  the  disease  in  Dutch  cattle  in  May,  18.59.  In  April,  1860, 
when  it  had  gained  nearly  a  year's  headway,  an  act  was  passed,  and  a  commission 
appointed,  with  full  power  to  extirpate  it.  After  the  slaughter  of  932  cattle,  it  was 
believed  that  this  had  been  achieved;  but  new  centers  of  infection  were  tliscovered  in 
the  two  succeeding  years,  and  it  was  not  until  18(i5_that  the  commonwealth  was 
purged  of  the  poison.  Since  that  year  the  lung  fever  has  been  unknown  in  Massachu- 
setts. Connecticut  has  had  a  similar  experience.  Her  proximity  to  New  York  City 
and  Long  Island  has  brought  upon  her  a  series  of  invasions;  but,  profiting  by  the  ex- 
perience of  her  neighbor,  she  has,  on  each  occasion,  grajipled  successfully  with  the 
enemy,  and  driven  him  from  her  midst. 

W'hat  has  been  done  by  the  Scandinavian  nations,  by  Oldenburg  and  Switzerland, 
by  Massachusetts  and  Connecticut,  can  be  done  by  all  of  onr  Eastern  States.  On  this 
point  the  teaching  of  history  is  as  unequivocal  as  on  the  certainty  of  the  irreparable 
results  if  our  open  Western  stock  ranges  were  infected.  The  one  indispensable  pre- 
requisite to  success  is  the  vigorous  and  simultaneous  action  of  the  various  infected 
Slates,  and  its  persistent  maintenance  until  the  last  infected  beast  has  disa])pearcd 
and  Lho  last  contaminated  place  or  thing  has  been  purified.  It  matters  little  whether 
controlled  by  State  or  national  governnieut,  if  vigor  and  uniformity  of  action  can  be 
secured ;  but,  as  snch  combined  and  unliagging  worlc  is  necessary,  it  could  be  best  con- 
trolled by  an  intelligent  central  authority.  The  United  States  Government  is  as  much 
called  upon  to  defend  her  possessions  against  an  enemy  like  this — so  im])lacable,  so 
relentless,  and  so  certain,  if  not  repelled,  to  lay  us  under  an  incubus  which  will  in- 
crease wilh  the  coming  centuries,  and  dwarf  <ho  ])ros]ievity  to  which  we  aii"  t'Utitled — 
as  against  the  less  insidious  one  who  attacks  us  openly  with  lire  and  sword.  Let  the 
national  Congress  consider  this  matter  well.  Let  every  stock-owner  press  it  upon  hia 
iCepresentative  as  a  matter  that  cannot  be  safely  ignored  evon  for  a  single  day.  Let 
boards  of  .'igriculture,  farmers'  clubs  ,and  conventions,  granges,  and  all  citizens  who 
value  the  future  well-being  of  the  nation,  nuito  in  a  strong  representation  on  the  sub- 


232         CONTAGIOUS  LUNG  FEVER  OF  CATTLE. 

iect.  Tbo  danger  tliroateus  all  classes  alike,  tliongli  tlie  first  sufferers  will  bo  the  stock- 
owners;  for  every  tax  upou  productiou  necessarily  eulianccs  the  value  of  the  product ; 
and,  as  agricultural  progress  must  be  seriously  retarded,  the  tax  will  not  fall  upon  meat 
alouo,  but  upou  every  product  of  the  farm.  Nothiug  can  excuse  a  continued  neglect 
of  this  subject,  the  dangers  surrounding  which  increase  from  day  to  day,  and  tho  tlual 
results  of  which,  if  once  it  reaches  our  Western  and  Southern  States  and  Territox».-ir, 
can  only  be  computed  by  the  prospective  increase  of  our  population  and  our  herds  of 
cattle.  For  this  is  not  like  an  evil  preying  on  our  currency,  banking,  trade,  or  manu- 
factures, the  fuU  extent  of  which  may  be,  in  a  great  measure,  seen  from  the  beginning, 
and  the  repair  of  which  may  be  at  any  time  inaugurated  by  legislative  enactment. 
The  animal  plague  only  increases  its  devastations  as  we  increase  the  numbers  of  our 
herds,  and  threatens  soon  to  acquire  an  extension  to  which  no  legislation  can  oppose 
a  check,  and  a  prevalence  in  the  face  of  which  the  most  desperate  efforts  of  the  nation 
will  i^rove  of  no  avail.  Thus  our  cattle  are  increasing  at  the  rate  of  i:},500,000  every 
ten  years,  so  that  by  the  end  of  this  century  they  may  bo  exactly  doubled,  with  a 
prospective  loss,  if  our  Western  and  Southern  ranges  are  infected,  of  $130,000,000 
yearly  in  deaths  alone. 

The  choice  is  now  in  o^^r  power.  So  far  as  wo  knoAv,  our  stock-raising  States  and 
Territories  are  still  unaffected.  We  can  still  successfully  meet  and  expel  the  invader; 
next  year  it  may  be  too  late. 

[From  the  National  Live  Stock  Journal  of  November,  1878.] 

OUR  GOVERNMENT  AND  THE  ENGLISH  CONTAGIOUS  DISEASES  ACT. 

By  an  Associated  Press  dispatch  from  Washingt(»i  we  learn  that  "The  Secretary  of 
State  has  been  officially  notified  of  the  passage  of  an  act  by  the  British  Parliament 
entitled  'The  Contagious  Diseases  (Animal)  Act,  1878,'  under"  which,  except  in  the  case 
of  countries  specially  exempted  by  the  Privy  Council,  in  Avhole  or  in  part,  from  the 
operations  of  the  act,  all  animals  landed  from  abroad  in  any  part  of  the  United  King- 
dom will,  after  the  1st  of  January  next,  be  slaughtered  at  the  port  of  debarkation. 
The  British  Government  has  also  notified  Secretary  Evarts  that,  in  case  the  United 
States  desire  to  bo  exempted  from  the  operations  of  the  act,  the  lords  will  require  a 
statement  of  the  laws  Avhich  regulate  the  importation  of  animals  into  this  country, 
and  the  method  adopted  to  prevent  the  spreading  of  any  contagious  disease  when  k; 
exists  in  any  part  of  the  United  States.  Secretary  Evarts  has  sent  a  copy  of  the  act 
of  the  British  Parliament  to  tho  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  in  order  that  he  may  fur- 
nish the  desired  information  preliminary  to  any  action  being  taken  to  have  the  animals 
shipped  from  the  United  States  into  the  United  Kingdom  exempted." 

We  think  it  will  puzzle  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  to  find  rtw^  methods  that  have 
been  adopted  by  our  general  government  "  to  ^irevent  the  spreading  of  any  contagious 
disease  when  it  exists  in  any  part  of  tho  United  States";  and  if  ho  will  take  the  trouble 
to  iuvestigato  the  matter  pretty  thoroughly,  he  will  find  that  all  tho  regulations  that 
have  from  time  to  time  been  ordered  by  his  department  to  j^revent  the  introduction  of 
contagious  and  infectious  diseases  into  the  United  States  from  foreign  coimtries  are 
practically  worthless.  When  this  fact  comes  to  be  reported  to  the  British  Govern- 
ment, it  is  not  unlikely  that  the  exemption  which  tho  United  States  now  enjoys  from 
the  operation  of  the  act  will  be  revoked,  notwithstanding  our  present  comparative 
freedom  fi'om  any  diseases  likely  to  be  transmitted  by  exi^ortation  to  England.  When 
this  condition  of  things  is  brought  about,  and  the  business  of  expoi-tiug  fat  cattle, 
sheep,  and  swine  from  this  country  to  England — which  has,  within  the  past  few  years, 
grown  to  such  enormous  proportions  and  exercised  so  powerful  an  iufiucnce  ui)on 

{n'ices  in  this  country — comes  to  a  sudden  halt,  wo  shall  expect  such  a  jiressure  to  be 
jrought  to  bear  upon  Congress  as  will  comiiel  the  passage  of  some  such  act  as  that 
introduced  into  the  House  last  May  by  Hon.  J.  S.  Jones,  of  Ohio,  to  which  reference 
was  made  in  these  columns  in  Juno  last. 

But  is  it  wise  in  us  to  await  unfavorable  action  on  the  part  of  the  British  Govern- 
ment bcibre  taking  such  steals  as  will  preclude  ail  probability  of  this  country  being 
included  in  the  jn-ohibition?  Clearly,  the  interest  is  too  large,  and  the  efi'ect  of  a(l- 
verse  action  on  tho  part  of  the  Government  of  Great  Britain  upon  our  farming  com- 
munity would  bo  too  disastrous,  to  justify  us  in  taking  any  chances  in  the  matter. 
Tho  regulations  now  provided  by  law  against  the  importation  of  plagues  and  infectious 
diseases  from  abroad  are  confessedly  worthless ;  and  as  for  the  stamping  out  of  such 
diseases  wheu  they  do  make  their  appearance,  avo  have  absolutely  no  law  that  is  gen- 
eral in  its  operation.  A  few  of  llie  States  have  attempted  it  on  their  own  account, 
but  most  of  them  have  no  laws  at  all  upon  the  subject,  and  none  can  bo  effectiuil 
without  the  sanction  of  our  general  government ;  for  Congress  alone  has  tho  power  to 
regulate  connuerco  with  foreign  nations  and  ])etween  the  seveml  States. 

It  is  imperative  that  early  and  elhcient  action  bo  taken  by  our  Congress  upon  this 
matter,  if  avo  Avonld  not  have  our  present  lucratiA^e  trade  in  fat  cattle  and  sheep  Avith 


CONTAGIOUS  LUNG  FEVER  OF  CATTLE.         233 

England  seriously  crippled.  Members  of  Congress  are  now  at  home  among  tlie  people, 
and  sucli  a  pressure  ought  to  be  brought  to  bear  upon  them  as  will  compel  them  to 
act  ux3on  this  question  as  soon  as  they  reassemble  at  Washington. 

In  addition  to  the  foregoing,  I  inclose  you  copies  of  the  laws  passed 
by  the  legislatures  of  Massachusetts  and  Kew  York  for  the  suppres- 
sion and  extirpation  of  the  disease  during  its  prevalence  in  those  States, 
and  the  rules  adopted  and  enforced  by  the  British  Government  for  the 
extirpation  of  this  and  other  contagious  diseases  among  farm  animals 
in  its  Indian  possessions.  * 
All  of  which  is  respectfully  submitted. 

TOI.  G.  LeDUC, 
Commissioner  of  Agriculture. 
Hon.  A.  S.  Paddock:, 

Chairman  Senate  Committee  on  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Since  the  publication  of  the  above  letter  (Senate  Mis.  Doc.  Ii^To.  71, 
Forty-fifth  Congress,  third  session),  many  additional  facts  in  relation  to 
the  prevalence  of  this  disease,  and  the  measiu'es  taken  to  sui)press,  and, 
if  possible,  eradicate  it  in  the  various  localities  in  which  it  has  been  found 
to  exist,  have  come  into  the  possession  of  the  department.  To  the  in- 
formation contained  in  the  following  letter  from  the  pen  of  Dr.  James 
Law,  which  appeared  in  the  New  York  Tribune  of  February  25,  is  due 
in  part  the  active  measures  instituted  by  the  authorities  of  that  State 
for  the  suppression  of  this  destructive  malady: 

A  REVIEW  OF  THE  DISEASE. 

To  the  Editor  op  The  Tribune  : 

Sir  :  The  excitement  about  the  cattle  disease  has  had  its  proverbial  course  of  nine 
days,  and  there  are  already  signs  of  reaction.  From  every  side  we  begin  to  hear  state- 
ments that  the  danger  has  been  exaggerated,  that  the  disease  only  exists  in  three  or 
four  herds,  that  it  is  seen  only  sporadically — not  epidemically ;  that  the  English  live- 
stock trade  must  be  speedily  re-established  ;  and  that,  in  short,  the  whole  thing  has 
been  a  gigantic  mistake.  Should  this  spirit  prevail  so  as  to  prevent  a  uniform  and 
concerted  action  by  the  different  infected  States  to  crush  out  this  baneful  exotic,  it 
will  rob  the  country  of  her  best,  antl  perhaps  her  only  chance,  of  seeming  and  main- 
taining the  European  live-stock  market. 

If  the  object  ef  this  laisser  faire  argument  is  to  soothe  the  minds  of  our  European 
cousins,  and  persuade  them  that  this  disease  is  less  dangerous  than  that  of  Europe, 
they  may  as  well  save  their  labor.  Eiu'ope  has  learned  by  centuries  of  sad  experience 
the  true  nature  of  the  contagious  pleuro-pneumonia  of  cattle.  Europeans  now  realize 
that  wherever  there  is  one  animal  suiiering  from  this  disease,  there  is  a  standing  men- 
ace to  the  whole  cattle  of  the  country.  They  know  that  where  they  allow  the  disease 
to  exist  at  all  it  decimates  their  herds  yearly.  Tliey  know  that  wherever  they  have 
boldly  grappled  with  the  enemy,  crushed  out  every  remnant  of  the  malady  and  its  vi- 
rus, and  jealously  guarded  their  frontiers  against  its  further  importation,  they  have 
permanently  cleared  their  folds  of  a  disastrous  iicstilenco.  They  see  that  wherever 
the  disease  has  appeared  in  Western  Europe,  or  in  the  western  or  southern  hemi- 
spheres, it  has  only  been  where  a  diseased  animal  or  its  virulent  products  have  carried 
tlie  seeds  into  sucli"  a  land.  They  know  that  so  long  as  they  allow  the  free  importa- 
tion of  cattle  from  an  infected  country,  all  their  ettbrts  to  crush  it  out  of  their  homo 
stock  will  bo  absolutely  futile. 

Turning  to  England,  which  has  been  the  main  agent  in  drawing  public  attention  to 
the  matter,  she  was  absolutely  ignorant  of  this  disease  until  forty  years  ago,  and  in 
Youatt's  and  other  veterinary  works  published  prior  to  this  date  we  lind  the  most  un- 
Batisfactory  accounts  of  this  and  other  plagues  known  only  on  the  continent.  But  from 
1839,  when  it  was  first,  in  the  presimt  century,  brought  to  the  British  Isles,  and  above 
all  since  1842,  which  brought  the  free-trade  act  and  the  free,  importation  of  continental 
stock,  Great  Britain  has  siill'tTcd  more  from  this  than  from  all  other  auiiiial  jjlagues 
put  together.  It  was  estimated  that  in  the  lirst  quarter  of  a  ctutury  alter  its  intro- 
duction this  plague  cost  Engl.and  Jj^SO, 000,000  in  deaths  alone.  The  additional  losses 
fi'om  deterioration  and  lack  of  livestock,  and  from  the  infection  of  forage,  &c.,  which 

*  For  these  acts  and  the  rules  alluded  to  in  this  paragraph,  see  appendix. 


234         CONTAGIOUS  LUNG  FEVER  OF  CATTLE. 

could  no  longer  bo  put.  in  their  most  profitaljlc  uses,  have  never  been  comjiutcd,  but 
nnist  enonnoiisly  .s'lvcll  the  snra  total. 

England  had  a  hard  lesson  to  learn,  and  she  has  been  forty  years  in  learning  it,  but 
wo  may  depend  npon  it  ushe  has  now  learned  it  most  thoronghly,  and  can  no  more 
forget  it  nor  treat  it  with  indifTereuce  while  the  present  generation  .survives.  Many 
years  ago  I  was  engaged,  with  other  veterinarians  who  had  acquainted  themselves 
witli  the  continental  experience  and  literature,  in  enforcing  on  Great  Britain  the  truth 
that  to  deal  with  this  disease  economically  they  must  kill  out  the  poison  within  their 
own  borders,  and  exclude  all  stock  from  infected  countries.  Then,  as  now,  we  found 
many  alleging  that  the  disease  was  native  to  the  soil,  and  occurred  sporadically,  not 
epidemically.  Then,  as  now,  we  found  men  bearing  the  name  of  veterinarians,  who 
had  fallen  so  far  behind  the  age  as  to  support  these  allegations,  being  either  criminally 
ignorant,  or  so  morally  oblique  that  they  preferred  the  wrong  because  the  iiopular  side. 
So  long  as  it  can  bo  shown  that  this  disease  never  invades  a  new  country,  but  as  im- 
ported in  the  animal  body  or  in  some  of  its  products,  so  long  will  all  claims  for  its 
spontaneons  generation,  its  sporadic  appearance,  or  its  develojjment  from  certain  local 
conditions,  like  swill-feeding,  be  ptit  out  of  court. 

THE  DISEASE  PROPAGATED  BY  CONTAGION. 

The  history  of  the  malady  in  all  time,  and  in  all  countries  and  hemispheres,  east, 
west,  north,  and  south,  testifies  with  one  voice  that  out  of  the  steppes  of  Eastern 
Europe  and  Asia  it  is  propagated  by  contagion  alone.  The  nnreasoning  and  misleading 
talk  about  ' '  no  epidemic  "  is,  therefore,  in  the  highest  degree  reprehensible.  The  atfec- 
tion  is  not  an  epidemic  in  the  sense  of  being  due  to  sonio  generally  diffused  influence, 
which  acts  alike  upon  all  the  stock  of  the  country,  and  strikes  them  down  indiscrimi- 
nately, and  without  regard  to  proximity  or  contact.  Were  this  the  case,  onr  efforts  to 
permanently  extirpate  it  were  vain.  But  its  spread  is  always  and  only  proportionate 
to  the  facilities  for  contagion  and  infection.  And  the  i)re,sent  comparative  immunity 
of  America  is  only  due  to'the  fact  that  the  plague  reached  here  at  that  seaporti  toward 
which  the  greater  part  of  the  cattle  traffic  of  "the  country  tends,  and  from  which  few 
animals  are  removed  inland.  Given  in  the  United  States  the  same  free  movement  of 
cattle  from  our  infected  points  to  all  points  inland  as  was  till  recently  seen  in  Great 
Britain,  and  there  would  speedily  follow  the  same  general  infection  of  the  conntry. 
This  is  sufficiently  illustrated  in  our  past  American  experience.  Massachusetts  im- 
ported the  disease  from  Europe,  and  although  it  was  met  by  repressive  measures  as 
soon  as  recognized,  it  cost  the  commonwealth  two  years  and'  $70,000  to  extirpate  it. 
It  was  imported  into  Brooldyn,  and  though  it  had  to  fight  its  way  against  the  uniform 
current  of  cattle  traiSc  eastward  and  northward,  it  hasextended  to  New  Jersey,  Penn- 
sylvania, Maryland,  Virginia,  and  the  District  of  Columbia. 

My  recent  observations  in  this  neighborhood  are  in  perfect  harmony  with  the  above. 
The  stables  at  Blissville,  holding  800  to  900  cattle,  fatting  and  milking,  the  property 
of  different  owners,  who  could  jiurchase  when  they  chose  in  the  suiTounding  infected 
locality,  could  not  fail  to  become  a  prominent  hot-bed  of  the  disease.  Had"  snch  sta- 
bles, with  all  their  drawbacks  of  overcrowding,  filth,  and  swill-feed,  been  thoronghly 
disinfected,  filled  with  healthy  "Western  stock  and  sedulously  secluded  from  all  neigh- 
boring cattle  and  visitors,  they  would  not  have  become  infected  with  contagious  pleu- 
ro-pnenmonia.  Again,  at  Fifteenth  street,  Brooklyn,  I  found  that  all.  or  nearly  all, 
the  dairies  in  the  vicinity  had  recently  suffered  from  the  disease,  and  that  this  infected 
center  was  within  two  blocks  of  Prospect  Park,  where  the  herd  of  Jerseys  had  been 
subjected  to  its  ravages  in  August  and  September.  At  New  Lots,  Km,^s  County,  where 
I  found  seven  infected  herds  in  a  very  limited  area,  the  testimony  ot  the  owners  was 
to  the  effect  that  the  disease  only  appeared  and  spread  through  their  herds  as  they 
bought  new  cows  from  jobbers.  At  Roslyn,  Queens  County,  I  found  two  infected  herds ; 
the  first  contaminated  by  two  cows  bought  from  a  New  York  jobber,  and  the  second  by 
two  cows  bought  from  the  first.  In  New  York  City  I  found  one  infected  herd,  caused 
by  a  co\y  ])urchascd  from  the  same  jobber  whose  cows  took  the  disease  to  Roslyn.  Tho 
Conne<-ticut  herd  which  I  examined  at  Morrisauiawas  infected  by  two  cows  purchased 
from  a  New  York  jobber,  and  the  same  man,  according  to  his  own  swoni  testi)nony, 
was  proceeding  to  resell  members  of  the  same  infected  herd  into  other  dairies  when  his 
career  was  cut  short  by  tho  action  of  the  metropolitan  board  of  health.  Nor  were  tho 
results  in  snch  cases  but  the  infection  of  one  or  two  in  a  herd;  where  the  diseased  cow 
was  introduced  a  general  infection  was  the  usual  consequence.  All  that  I  could  learn 
alK)ut  the  progress  of  tho  disease  in  this  and  former  ye.ars  was  to  the  same  effect.  The 
malady  never  appeared  apart  from  the  introduction  of  strange  animals,  and  when  in- 
troduced the  general  infection  of  the  herd  was  the  consoqueuce. 

RAPID  SPREAD  OF  THE  PLAGUE. 

The  disease  is  not  widely  prevalent,  because  it  extends  its  r.avagcs  only  by  contagion 
and  infection,  and  the  conditions  of  tho  American  cattle  trade  have  been  strongly  op- 


CONTAGIOUS  LUNG  FEVER  OF  CATTLE.         235 

posed  to  tliis.  But  the  disease  lias  not  only  held  its  own  for  thirty-six  yeara,  biit  ha3 
slowly  gaiued  against  every  obstacle  until  it  numbers  its  victims  in  six  dihcrent  States. 
It  is  not  wanting  in  virulence,  but  will,  when  it  has  a  fair  opportunity,  sweep  with 
remorseless  force  over  the  entire  land.  To  this  it  is  daily  tending.  From  Brooklyn  it 
has  laboriously  crept  onward  as  far  as  Maryland  and  Virginia,  and  unlerss  extirpated 
it  will  continue  its  baleful  coiu'se  until,  reaching  our  open  pasturages  of  the  West  and 
South,  it  will  poison  the  sources  of  our  cattle  trade,  descend  upon  our  Eastern  States 
with  every  cattle-train,  infect  the  rolling  stock  on  all  our  great  railroad  Trunks,  and 
bid  defiance  to  all  control.  Wherever  it  has  met  with  similar  conditions  it  has  proved 
thus  intractable.  In  the  steppes  of  Eastern  Europe  it  has  held  perennial  sv»ay  despite 
the  best  directed  eiibrts  of  the  Russian  Government,  and  on  the  open  pastures  of  Aiis- 
tralia  it  still  prevails,  notwithstanding  the  most  persistent  and  almost  ruinous  efforts 
for  its  extermination.  So  will  it  prove  should  we  neglect  the  present  opportunity  and 
allow  it  to  spread  until  it  reaches  our  uufenced  ranges  of  Texas,  Kansas,  Colorado, 
Wyoming,  &c. 

We  are  advised  to  employ  inoculation.  But  what  is  inoculation?  If  successful,  the 
production  of  the  disease  artificially,  with  its  prominent  lesions,  in  a  less  vital  organ. 
In  every  stable  where  cattle  are  successfully  inoculated  the  poison  is  produced  in 
unlimited  quantity.  It  is  diffused  through  tlio  air.  It  lodges  in  the  dry  parts  of  the 
building,  in  the  fodder,  etc.,  and  is  preserved  for  months  and  years.  Unless  these 
buildings  are  subsequently  disinfected,  they  are  deadly  to  the  first  susceptible  animal 
that  enters  them.  Finally,  the  immunity  obtained  by  inoculation  is  not  permanent, 
but  lasts  at  the  most  for  about  two  years.  Inoculation,  therefore,  is  a  ruinous  recourse, 
unless  a  country  is  already  generally  infected.  It  is  itself  a  prolific  means  of  spread- 
ing the  poison.  It  cannot  be  effectual,  unless  the  whole  bovine  race  of  the  country 
ai'e  operated  on  and  all  the  calves  as  soon  as  dropped ;  and  so  long  as  it  is  practiced, 
the  stables  must  be  considered  infected,  and  the  stock  coming  from  such  infected  cen- 
ters must  be  held  to  be  dangerous  to  the  animals.  No  country  in  Europe  has  practiced 
inoculation  to  so  great  an  extent  as  Holland,  and  no  country  in  Europe  is  to-day  more 
extensively  ravaged  by  this  disease.  England  has  tried  iuociilation  to  a  very'large 
extent,  and  England  has  been  reluctantly  compelled  to  abandon  it.  Aiistralia  has 
fallen  back  upon  it  as  a  dernier  resort,  and  she  has  foimd  that  it  only  lessens  the  losses, 
■while  it  has  failed  to  exterminate  the  diseasa 

THE  INFECTION  MUST  BE  STAMPED  OUT. 

The  day  may  come  when  we,  too,  may  wisely  follow  Australia  in  adopting  a  general 
inoculation  as  a  palliative  of  the  disease.  But  this  can  only  be  if  we  criminally  neg- 
lect the  plague  until  it  reaches  om-  Western  stock-ranges  and  bids  defiance  to  all 
efforts  at  its'extinction.  To  follow  such  a  course  at  the  present  time  would  be  ruinous, 
indeed,  and  those  who  counsel  it  cannot  understand  the  problem  we  have  to  deal  with. 
As  already  remarked,  England,  engaged  in  extirpating  the  disease  from  her  own  herds, 
will  never  offer  us  an  unrestricted'trade  in  cattle  so  long  as  we  harbor  this  insidious 
enemy.  A  maintenance  of  infection  by  continued  inoculation  of  our  herds  assuredly 
means  the  indefinite  suspension  of  oui-  foreign  live-cattle  trade;  and  nothing  will  se- 
cure the  resumption  of  this  trade  short  of  the  entire  extermination  of  the  malady. 

Certificates  of  soimdness  of  the  cattle  shipped  are  not  worth  the  paper  they  are  writ- 
ten on.  No  one  would  knowingly  exfjort  sick  animals  to  Europe,  and  no  one  is  capa- 
ble of  detecting  the  existence  of  this  disease  during  its  lengthened  period  of  incuba- 
tion. We  need  not  shut  oiu-  eyes  to  this  fact,  for  assuredly  the  English,  who  have  had 
a  far  longer  and  harder  experience  of  the  disease,  will  not.  Those  who,  knowing  the 
character  of  the  malady,  counsel  any  measures  short  of  its  speedy  and  absolute  ex- 
tinction, are  the  true  enemies  of  the  iive-stock  interests  and  of  the  country.  If  their 
words  should  prevail,  the  future  generations  of  Americans,  seeing  their  country  more 
ravaged  tiian  even  the  States  of  Europe,  and  by  plagues  exotic  to  her  soil,  will  look 
back  with  regret  to  1  he  time  when  it  had  been  possible  for  their  fathers  to  have  averted 
such  a  baleful  legacy. 

It  is  still  possible  for  us  as  a  nation  to  do  what  lias  been  done  by  Norway,  Sweden, 
Denmark,  Ilolstein,  Oldenburg,  Switzerland,  Massachusetts,  and  Connecticut,  and 
what  is  now  being  attempted  in  England,  to  stamp  out  this  plague,  which  as  .an 
exotic  should  never  have  gained  a  footing  on  our  shores.  If  llie  governors  and  legis- 
latures of  the  States  now  infected  and  if  Congress  do  their  duty,  they  Aviil  follow  the 
lead  of  Governor  Robinson,  of  New  York,  and  spare  no  ellbrt  nor  expense  until  this 
plague  has  been  banished  to  the  Old  World,  v.hence  it  came.  And  if  every  citizen 
will  do  his  duty  ho  will  cause  such  power  to  be  exerted  on  tliese  State  and  national 
authorities  as  will  forbid  any  further  neglect  of  this  matter.  No  one  having  a  full 
acqu.aiutanco  with  the  subject  can  afford  to  remain  silent  in  face  of  the  existing  facts, 
and  this  feeling  alone  has  impelled  me  to  jten  the  aliove  remarks.  New  Y(u-k  may  act 
alone,  but,  if  so,  she  must  either  establish  a  long  ([uarantine  at  her  border  or  she  will 
Boon  again  import  the  disease  from  New  Jersey.    New  Jersey  may  act  independently, 


236         CONTAGIOUS  LUNG  FEVER  OF  CATTLE, 

but  she  must  bo  left  iu  constant  danger  of  infection  from  Pennsylvania  and  Maryland. 
So  with  the  other  States.  The  only  path  of  safety  is  to  wage  a  war  of  exterminatiou 
simultaneously  in  all  the  infected  States ;  and  should  the  State  legislatures  and  Con- 
gress fail  to  meet  the  need,  they  will  prove  recreant  to  their  trust,  and  entail  a  great 
evil  upon  this  continent. 
Yours,  &c., 

JAMES  LAW. 
Ithaca,  N.  Y.,  February  21,  1879. 

In  pursuance  of  the  provisions  of  an  act  passed  by  the  legislature  of 
New  York  in  the  year  1878,  entitled  "An  act  in  relation  to  infectious  and 
contagious  diseases  of  animals,"  on  the  12th  day  of  February  last  Gover- 
nor Eobinson  appointed  General  Marsena  R.  Patrick  his  assistant,  and 
directed  him  to  take  active  measures  for  the  suppression  and  extirpation 
of  the  disease  in  Bangs  and  Queens  Counties  of  that  State.  The  follow- 
ing instructions  were  issued  to  General  Patrick  by  the  governor: 

It  has  been  made  known  to  me  that  the  infectious  and  contagious  disease  among 
neat  cattle,  called  pleuro-pneumonia,  has  been  broxight  into  and  exists  in  various 
places  in  the  counties  of  Kings  and  Queens  of  this  State.  You  are  therefore  directed, 
as  such  assistant,  to  prohibit  the  movement  of  cattle  within  said  counties,  except  on 
license  from  yourself  after  skilled  examination  under  your  direction.  You  are  also 
directed  to  compel  all  o^vne^^  of  cattle,  their  agents,  employes,  or  servants,  and  all 
veterinary  surgeons,  to  rei)ort  forthwith  to  you  all  cases  of  disease  by  them  suspected 
to  be  contagious.  When  such  notification  is  received,  you  are  directed  to  have  the 
cases  examined,  and  to  cause  all  such  animals  as  are  found  to  bo  infected  with  the  said 
disease  destroyed  and  buried  with  slashed  hides.  You  are  directed,  further,  to  quaran- 
tine all  cattle  which  have  been  exposed  to  the  infection  of  said  disease,  or  are  located 
in  an  infected  place ;  but  you  may,  in  your  discretion,  permit  such  animals  to  be 
slaiightered  on  the  premises  and  the  carcasses  to  be  disposed  of  as  meat  if,  vipon  ex- 
amination, they  shall  be  found  fit  for  such  use.  You  will  forbid  and  prevent  all  per- 
sons not  employed  in  the  care  of  the  cattle  there  kept  from  entering  any  infected 
premises.  You  will  likewise  prevent  all  animals  and  fowls  from  entering  siich 
premises.  You  will  prevent  all  persons  so  employed  in  the  care  of  animals  from  going 
into  stables,  or  yards,  or  premises  where  cattle  are  kept,  other  than  those  in  which 
they  are  employed.  You  will  cause  the  clothing  of  all  persons  engaged  in  the  care, 
slaughter,  or  rendering  of  diseased  or  exposed  cattle,  or  in  any  employment  which 
brings  them  in  contact  with  such  diseased  animals,  to  be  disinfected  before  they  leave 
the  premises  where  such  animals  are.  You  will  prevent  the  manure,  forage,  and  litter 
upon  infected  premises  from  being  removed  therefrom  ;  and  you  will  cause  such  dis- 
position to  be  made  thereof  as  will,  in  your  judgment,  best  prevent  the  spread  of  in- 
fection. You  will  cause  all  buildings,  yards,  and  premises  in  which  said  disease 
exists,  or  has  existed,  to  be  thoroughly  disinfected. 

You  are  further  directed,  whenever  the  slaughter  of  diseased  or  infected  animals  is 
found  necessary,  to  certify  the  value  of  the  animal  or  animals  so  slaughtered  at  the  time 
of  slaughter,  taking  account  of  their  condition  and  circumstances,  and  to  deliver  to 
their  owner  or  owners,  when  requested,  a  duplicate  of  such  certificate.  Whenever 
any  OAvner  of  such  cattle,  or  his  agent  or  servant,  has  willfully  or  knowingly  withheld, 
or  allowed  to  l>e  withheld,  notice  of  the  existence  of  disease  upon  his  premises  or 
among  his  cattle,  you  v/ill  not  make  such  certificate.  You  are  further  directed  to 
take  such  measures  as  you  deem  necessary  to  disinfect  all  cars,  or  vehicles,  or  movable 
articles  by  which  contagion  is  liable  to  bo  transmitted.  You  are  also  to  take  such 
measures  as  will  secure  a  registry  of  cattle  introduced  into  any  premises  in  which  dis- 
ease has  existed,  and  to  keep  such  cattle  under  supexvision  for  the  period  of  three 
months  after  the  removal  of  the  last  diseased  animal  and  the  subsequent  disinfection 
of  such  premises.  You  are  further  authorized  and  empowered  to  incur  such  expenses 
in  carrying  out  the  provisions  of  the  foregoing  order  as  may,  in  your  judgment,  be 
necessary,  and  to  see  to  it  that  the  bills  for  such  expenses  bo  transmitted  to  this  de- 
partment only  through  yourself,  after  you  have  examined  and  aiiproved  them,  iu 
writing. 

L.  EOBINSON. 

By  the  governor. 

General  Patrick  at  once  established  his  headquarters  at  the  Brooklyn 
board  of  health,  and  called  to  his  assistance  Professor  Law  and  many 
other  eminent  veterinarians.  Active  measures  were  immediately  insti- 
tuted for  a  suppression  of  the  disease,  which  will  no  doubt  be  continued 
with  the  same  energy  uutil  it  is  extirpated. 


CONTAGIOUS  LUNG  FEVER  OF  CATTLE.         237 

Fnrtlier  legislation  having  been  found  necessary  for  the  speedy  and 
complete  eradication  of  this  malady,  an  additional  act  was  jiromptly 
passed  by  the  legislature  of  2s  ew  York,  on  the  15th  day  of  April.  (For 
provisions  of  this  act,  see  appendix.) 

During  the  latter  part  of  February  last,  and  shortly  after  the  com- 
mencement of  this  investigation  of  the  condition  of  the  dairy  stock  in 
the  vicinity  of  BrookljTi,  Dr.  Law  was  siunmoned  before  the  Senate 
Committee  on  Agriculture,  which  was  then  engaged  in  taking  testimony 
in  regard  to  the  i^revalence  of  pleuro-pneumonia  among  cattle  in  this 
country.  At  the  request  of  this  committee  he  submitted  the  following 
written  statement : 

PLEUR0-PNETOI0NL4.  IN  NEW  YORK  AND  ELSEWHERE. 

Statement  op  Dr.  James  Law. 

tnttectiox  and  infected  places  aroukd  new  york. 

Up  to  tlie  time  of  my  leaving  New  York  we  had  found  in  that  neigliborliood  tliir 
teen  centers  of  the  contagious  pleuro-pneumonia,  embracing  over  twenty  separate 
herds,  and  more  than  one  thousand  animals.  Atone  place  alone  (BUpsville),  wo  are 
now  kilHng  the  sick  at  the  rate  of  twenty  head  and  upward  per  day.  We  are  further 
doing  all  vro  can  to  encourage  the  slaughter  under  our  owti  supervision  of  the  ani- 
mals that  are  in  such  infected  stables,  but  which  do  not  yet  show  signs  of  illness. 
These  are  being  disposed  of  at  the  rate  of  from  thirty  to  seventy  per  diem. 

Healthy  animals  slaughtered  in  this  way  are  sold  as  human  food  and  their  hides  dis- 
infected. All  infected  places  are  placarded  as  such,  and  placed  in  quarantine,  within 
which  neither  man,  beast,  nor  bird  is  allowed  to  enter  or  pass  out,  save  the  necessary 
attendants,  who  are  disinfected  and  forbidden  to  go  near  other  cattle. 

In  the  infected  counties  no  movement  of  cattle  is  allowed  save  under  special  per- 
mit given  after  examination.  All  are  compelled,  under  penalty,  to  report  to  General 
Patrick  the  existence  of  cases  of  contagious  disease  as  well  as  all  suspicious  cases. 
Finally,  all  sick  cattle  Idlled  to  stay  the  progress  of  the  malady  are  paid  for  by  the 
State,  according  to  appraisement,  which  shall  in  no  case  exceed  one-half  the  original 
value  of  the  animal.  This  point  I  consider  all  essential  to  encourage  the  owners  of 
sick  stock  to  report  them,  and  at  the  same  time  to  avoid  the  risk  of  artificial  or  care- 
less infection  of  unmarketable  animals  for  the  pui-pose  of  selling  them  to  the  State. 

The  minor  details  of  our  action  I  need  not  record. 

CATTLE  KEPT  AT  THE  BLISS\TLLE  SWILL-STABLES. 

It  having  been  testified  before  the  committee  that  the  cows  in  the  stables  of  Gaff, 
Fleischmann  &  Co.  were  there  for  dairy  purposes  only,  I  think  it  requisite  to  correct 
the  statement.  The  stables  were  filled  not  only  with  cows,  but  also  steers  and  bulls. 
The  stock  belonged  to  many  difi'erent  i)artics,  but  mostly  to  dealers  and  butchers  who 
hired  their  board.  The  owners  of  the  stock  had  on  their  part,  as  a  rule,  no  interest 
in  the  milk,  which  went  to  third  parties  as  payment  for  the  care-taking  of  the  ani- 
mals. The  healthy  cattle  fattened  rapidly  and  were  sold  for  beef,  and  as  there  was  a 
constant  change  of  stock  the  contagion  had  an  amjde  field  among  the  newly-come  and 
susceptible  animals,  and  had  a  chance  of  extension  to  other  places  and  herds  with 
every  beast  removed,  fat  or  otherwise. 

I  have  had  testimony  that  the  fat  stock  frequently  went  out  of  Long  Island,  but 
have  no  pergonal  knowledgd  of  this.  Now  any  such  movement  is  pjeveuted,  and  the 
consequent  danger  is  at  an  end. 

NATURE  OF  THR  CONTAGIOUS  PLEURO-PNEUMONIA. 

When  speaking  of  this  disease  we  should  strike  out  of  our  vocabulary  such  words 
a.fi  epidemic  iiwl  sporadic.  Out  of  Eastern  Europe  or  Asia  the  malady  is  aisohitely  un- 
A/JOic)?,  save  as  propagated  hy  eontagion  or  infeeiion. 

Wherever,  out  of  these  regions,  it  has  made  an  inroad,  it  can  always  be  traced  to 
the  importation  of  a  sick  or  convalescent  animal,  or  of  some  product  of  such  an  ani- 
mal. Jlany  such  instances  could  bo  «lrawn  from  the  records  of  its  existence  on  the 
continent  of  Europe,  but,  manifestly,  those  cases  are  more  satisfactory  which  refer  to 
the  extension  of  tlu!  disease  to  distant  islands  and  continents.  During  the  European 
wars  at  the  beginning  of  the  century,  this  malady,  like  the  rinderpest,  prevailed  all 
over  Europe,  wherever  the  armies  marched,  and  the  eastern  or  steppe  cattle  were 


238         CONTAGIOUS  LUNG  FEVEE  OF  CATTLE. 

drawn  for  their  support.  But  tlie  Britisli  Isles  remained  perfectly  exempt  until  1839, 
when  the  pleuro-ijueumonia  reached  Ireland  by  some  cattle  sent  by  the  British  consul 
at  the  Hague. 

It  spread  from  this  center,  reached  England  some  time  in  1841,  and  since  the  passage 
of  the  tree-trade  act  of  1842  has  been  kept  up  by  continual  arrivals  of  infected  conti- 
nental stock. 

Yet  it  only  reached  where  the  railroads  j)enetrated,  and  seemed  to  respect  the  High- 
lands of  Scotland,  where  the  native  black  cattle  only  are  bred,  and  into  which  outside 
stock  are  never  broiight. 

The  United  /States  laiew  no  such  contagious  disease  until  the  importation  of  aa 
infected  Dutch  cow  in  Brooklyn,  in  1843,  and  tliis,  together  with  one  or  two  other  im- 
portations, have  fiu-nished  the  material  for  its  extension  over  seven  different  States. 

Australia,  with  her  thousands  of  herds,  Avas  respected  until  1858,  when  an  English 
cow  conveyed  the  poison  which  has  since  ravaged  her  herds  without  intermission. 

The  Cape  of  Good  Hope  remained  clear  until  1854,  when  an  English  cow^  carried  the 
infection  which  still  prevails  in  the  capo  herds. 

The  same  truth  is  shown  negatively  by  the  fact  that  every  country  and  State  that 
has  vigorously  stamped  out  the  lirst  arrivals  of  disease,  and  taken  measures  to  prevent 
fiu'ther  importation,  has  rid  its  territorj'  of  the  pestilence.  Among  them  may  be  named 
Norway,  Sweden,  Denmark,  Schleswig,  Oldenburg,  Switzerland,  Massachusetts,  and 
Connecticut.  Some  of  the  countries  have  been  again  infected  in  connection  with  the 
Danish  and  Franco-German  wars,  which,  for  the  time,  destroyed  all  safeguards,  but 
until  such  a  contingency  arrived  their  herds  were  preserved  in  health. 

The  fact  that  in  our  country  and  in  Western  Europe  this  disease  is  propagated  only 
by  contagion,  ia  the  grand  central  truth  round  which  all  our  thoughts  of  the  malady 
should  revolve,  and  ux^n  Avhich  avo  should  base  every  measure  adopted  for  its  extinc- 
tion. If  the  affection  could  arise  spontaneously,  from  any  faulty  conditions  of  hygiene 
in  our  own  land,  then  farewell  to  all  hoi)e  of  permanently  ridding  our  herds  of  the 
plague.  But  all  history  testifies  to  the  contrary,  and  wo  can  foretell  with  as  much 
confidence  as  wo  can  the  rising  of  to-morrow's  sun,  that  if  we  coiild  once  extiuguisk 
the  products  of  the  imported  poison,  we  need  fear  no  more  contagious  pleuro-pneu- 
monia  until  it  is  again  imported  from  an  infected  land. 

There  is  no  such  thing  as  a  sporadic  case  of  contagious  pleuro-pneumonia,  and  no 
epidemic  case  in  the  sense  that  it  is  due  to  some  condition  of  life  apart  fi'om  the  pres- 
ence of  the  virus  in  the  country.  Every  case  in  this  country,  as  in  Western  Europe, 
the  Capo  of  Good  Hoioe,  and  Australia,  is  the  result  of  direct  or  indirect  contagion,  and 
of  that  alone. 

It  is  true  that  affections  of  the  chest  will  occur  in  all  future  time  as  they  occur  in 
other  animals,  and  in  man  himself,  and  as  they  occurred  in  cattle  before  the  importa- 
tion of  the  contagious  germ,  but  such  cases  have  not  been  in  the  past  and  will  not  be 
in  the  future  the  cause  of  the  propagation  of  the  disease  from  animal  to  animal,  or  in 
otner  words  of  the  develoi)ment  of  a  contagium. 

Extirpate  fiom  the  country  this  exotic  contagium  and  we  can  supjily  unassailable 
beef  to  the  world. 

DANGER  TO  THE   COUNTRY  OF  THE  TOSSIBLE  INFECTION  OF  WESTERN  HERDS. 

For  ten  years  I  have  been  publicly  warning  the  country  of  the  danger  of  allowing 
this  disease  to  extend  to  our  Western  States  and  Territories.  (See  especially  National 
Live  Stock  Journal,  March,  1878,  and  Transactions  of  New  York  State  Agricultural 
Society,  1877-78.)  Infection  of  the  Western  herds  means  speedy  infection  of  all  the 
cattle  cars  of  the  railways,  yards,  loading-banks,  &c.,  and  the  starting  of  a  constant 
stream  of  infected  animals  towards  our  Eastern  States  and  markets. 

This  means  a  uniform  infection  of  the  country  and  losses  of  thousands  of  millions 
of  dollars  in  a  short  space  of  time. 

Worse  than  this,  should  the  malady  extend  to  our  unfenced  cattle-ranges  it  will  be 
practically  unmanageable.  Such  has  been  the  experience  on  the  open  steppes  of  Rus- 
sia and  the  cattle-ranges  of  Austraha,  where  the  most  costly  efibrts  at  the  extinction 
of  the  disease  have  proved  futile  and  the  poor  palliation  of  inoculation  has  been  estab- 
lished.    (See  National  Live  Stock  Journal,  March,  1878.) 

DANGER  OF  INOCULATION. 

The  public  advocacy  of  inoculation  demands  a  word  on  this  subject. 

Successful  iuoculaiion  in  favorable  conditions  leads  to  the  loss  of  but  two  or  three 
per  cent,  of  animals  o])orated  on.  The  survivors  are  jirotected  from  contagious 
pleuro-pneumonia  for  a-  variable  period  averaging  two  years.  But  every  inoculated 
aniuial  is  infected,  the,  iilaees  where  inoculated  animals  are  kept  are  infected,  all  their 
products  are  infected,  and  there  must  bo  the  most  thorough  system  of  disinfection  for 
all  such  i)lace3  and  things  before  immunity  can  bo  gained.     Every  new  animal  intro- 


CONTAGIOUS  LUNG  FEVER  OF  CATTLE.         239 

ducecl  and  every  calf  born  must  be  inoculated.  It  becomes  evident,  therefore,  that 
to  the  stock  of  the  country  at  iarc?e  inoculation  jiroduces  all  the  dangers  of  an  equal 
extension  of  the  di.scaso  in  the  ordinary  way. 

Inoculation,  thei'cfore,  is  ruinous  to  any  attempt  at  extinguishinr;  the  poison.  It 
has  been  tried  in  Holland  more  extensivelj^  than  in  any  country  in  Europe,  and  Hol- 
land is  to-day  the  most  plague-ravaged  country  on  the  continent.  It  has  been  fol- 
lowed extensively  in  Great  Britain,  but  she  has  been  reluctantly  compelled  to  abandon 
it  in  favor  of  a  system  of  absolute  extinction.  It  has  been  i^racticed  widely  around 
Now  York,  yet  this  district  is  probably  now  the  most  prolific  center  of  the  disease  in 
America. 

Australia  has  fallen  back  upon  it  as  a  dernier  resort,  after  a  fruitless  attempt  to  expel 
the  majady  from  the  open  pastures.  We,  too,  must  one  day  come  to  this  wretched 
palliation,  if  we  neglect  to  stamj)  out  the  disease  while  still  confined  to  our  eastern 
and  inclosed  farms,  and  allow  it  to  reach  our  western  open  prairies. 

DANGER  OF  JIKDICINAL  TKEATMENT. 

•  As  with  inoculation,  so  with  the  maintenance  of  sick  animals  alive  for  treatment. 
The  production  and  diffusion  of  the  poison  is  in  exact  ratio  to  the  period  during  which 
the  animal  is  allowed  to  survive  after  illness  has  been  detected.  To  treat  the  sick, 
therefore,  is  almost  equivalent  to  propagating  the  disease,  because  on  a  large  scale 
and  in  all  sorts  of  stables  it  is  imxjossiblo  to  keep  up  a  constant  disinfection  of  the  air 
and  other  diseased  products. 

"Wherever  extinction  of  the  poison  is  attemi)ted,  treatment  of  the  disease  must  be 
forbidden  under  heavy  iienalties. 

mrorvTANCE  of  uxited  states  action. 

The  isolated  action  bj"^  individual  Staies  is  eminently  unsatisfactory.  In  New  York 
wc  are  workiug  at  the  extermination  of  the  disease,  but  after  wo  have  accomplished 
this  wc  can  ouly  preserve  our  immunity  by  subjecting  all  New  Jersey  cattle  to  a 
quarantine  of  one  or  two  months  at  our  frontier.  If  New  Jersey  on  her  part  kills  it 
out,  she  must  quarantine  against  Pennsylvania,  Pennsylvania  against  Jlarylaud  and 
Vii'ginia,  and  so  on  as  far  as  the  disease  is  found  to  extend.  Isolated  action  will  be 
incomparably  more  expensive,  tardy,  and  uncertain  than  a  uniform  movement  under 
one  central  head,  and  everything  ought  to  give  way  to  secure  such  a  desirable  result. 
The  question  involves  tens  of  millions  of  dollars  of  our  foreign  commerce  annually, 
and  the  trade  has  been  steadily  increasing,  so  that  it  is  surely  a  matter  in  which  the 
central  government  can  properly  act. 

SUGGESTION  OF   MEASURES  FOR  THE  EXTINCTION  OF  THE  DISEASE. 

1st.  A]ipoint  a  veterinary  sanitary  staff  to  act  with  the  Commissioner  of  Agriculture 
in  stamping  out  the  contagion.  * 

2d.  Make  it  incmnbent  on  all  stock-owners  and  their  rei)resentatives,  and  on  all 
veterinarians,  to  report  all  suspicious  cases  to  the  Commissioner  under  a  ])enalty. 

3d.  Let  the  sanitaiy  staii'  promptly  investigate  all  such  cases  and  take  measures 
accordingly. 

4th.  Let  every  infected  county  be  proclaimed  and  placaxded,  and  let  all  movements 
of  cattle  within  such  county  bo  forbidden  excepting  by  special  license. 

5t  Ii.  Let  all  sick  animals  iu  an  infected  herd  bo  at  once  slaughtered,  their  hides 
slashed,  and  the  carcasses  deej^ly  buried;  and  i)i  ease  the  owner  has  not  Avithheld 
notice  of  the  existence  of  the  disease  let  him  obtain  an  order  on  the  treasury  for  a 
suitable  indcmnil y,  which  should  in  no  ease  exceed  one-half  the  value  of  the  animals  ; 
failure  to  notify  should  entail  loss  of  tlu^  indemnity. 

(5th.  lict  all  cattle  found  in  infected  ])laces  be  likewise  slaughtered,  their  hides  dis- 
infected, and  their  beef  alloweil  to  pass  into  consumption  as  food,  if  fit  for  this  pur- 
pose. I'or  such  auiiruiis,  iudcjunity  should  be  allowed  to  the  extent  of  not  more  than 
two-thirds  of  the  value,  afh'r  deihicting  salvage  obtained  from  meat  and  hides. 

7'th.  Let  all  infected  stal)les,  all  nuuuu'e,  aiul  all  movable  objects  that  have  come  in 
contact  with  diseased  cattle,  be  subjected  to  an  exhaustive  clisinfection,  aud  let  all 
cattle  afterward  placed  iu  such  buildings  be  sequestered  in  quarantine  inuler  the 
supervision  of  the  veterinary  sanitary  authorities  until  at  least  three  months  after 
the  removal  of  the  last  sick  animal  and  the  disinfection  of  the  premises. 

bth.  Let  all  raih'oad  cars,  shi])S,  boats,  vvagons,  and  other  movable  ol)jeets  that 
have  become  infected  be  cleansed  and  disinieeted  under  the  dircclion  of  the  veterinary 
saniti'.ry  staff  l)efbrc  they  are  again  used  for  the  transportation  of  cattle. 

The  advice  to  slaughter  the  exposed  as  well  as  the  sick  cattle  I  think  very  import- 
ant, as  it  enables  us  to  stamp  out  the  disease  quickly  and  to  disinfect  once  for  all,  and 


240         CONTAGIOUS  LUNG  FEVER  OF  CATTLE. 

ob^^ates  tlie  necessity  for  a  long-coutinnecl  and  expensive  supervision  in  the  ca«e  of 
every  infected  herd.  If  such  exposed  animals  are  placed  in  quarantine,  as  Tre  are  still 
compelled  to  do  by  a  defeat  of  the  law  in  New  York,  we  lind  that  every  three  weeks 
or  a  month  a  new  case  develops,  necessitating  continued  visitation,  professional  ex- 
amination, and  slaughter,  and  repeated  and  expensive  disinfection,  without  taking 
into  account  the  enormously  enhanced  danger  of  the  extension  of  the  disease  to  other 
herds. 

One  other  question  will  not  brook  an  hour's  delay.  The  testimony  concerning  the 
two  ship-loads  of  cattle  slaughtered  at  Liver]^)ool  may  be  misleatliiig,  but  unless  a 
gigantic  blunder  has  been  committed  it  impUes  that  the  disease  has  already  reached  one 
or  more  isolated  spots  in  the  West.  TJiis  was  inevitable  sooner  or  later  if  the  disease 
was  not  crushed  out  in  the  East,  and  I  have  constantly  uttered  warnings  on  the  sub- 
ject. If  it  has  already  taken  place  it  should  be  treated  at  once,  for  the  evidence  im- 
plies that  not  only  has  the  malady  gained  a  footing  in  the  West,  but  that  the  owners 
of  the  infected  stock  are  acting  unfairly  by  the  country,  and  selling  off  their  infected 
stock  to  make  what  salvage  they  can.  There  are,  then,  not  only  of  infected  cars,  stock- 
yards, &c.,  but  of  the  sale  of  lean  stock  to  different  locaUties  in  the  West,  whence  we 
shall  have  new  streams  of  infection,  until  our  uufenced  ranges  suffer.  No  delay  should  . 
occur  in  ascertaining  the  facts  of  the  case.  If  there  has  been  a  mistake  it  will  rehevo 
the  country  to  know  it,  whereas  if  there  is  even  one  center  of  infection  in  the  West  it 
should  be  stamped  out  promptly  at  any  cost. 

REPORT  OX  THE  STOCK- YARDS  AT  THE  PORT  OF  NEW  YORK. 

In  investigating  the  existence  and  status  of  lung  fever  in  the  cattle  of  Long  Island 
and  Manhattan  Island,  I  met  with  several  outbreaks  in  which  the  disease  was  traced 
to  cows  sold  into  the  herds  in  qiiestion  by  Patrick  McCabc,  a  New  York  jobber.  Three 
such  instances  may  be  named:  First,  Mi\  Wheelock,  farmer,  at  Eoslyn,  Queens  County, 
purchased  two  cows  of  McCabe  in  August,  which  communicated  the  disease  to  the 
whole  herd  of  eighteen  head,  and  to  that  of  a  farm  about  two  mUes  diitant,  to  which 
tAvo  of  his  (Wheelock's)  cows  were  taken.  Second,  Mr.  Brazzel,  Eighty-first  street. 
New  York,  got  a  cow  from  McCabe  the  week  after  Christmas  which  conveyed  the  dis- 
ease to  his  herd.  Third,  Mrs.  Stur,  Fiftieth  street,  New  York,  had  a  cow  fi'om  McCabe 
about  ten  days  ago  on  trial.  This  cow  had  been  sick  ever  since  her  arrival,  and  when 
I  saw  her  on  Saturday  was  in  a  condition  of  advanced  pleuro-pneumonia.  I  had  fur- 
ther information,  from  a  man  in  the  trade  who  has  a  high  reputation  for  honor,  that 
the  cattle  that  had  passed  through  the  hands  of  this  McCabe  had  been  for  two  years 
the  most  prolific  source  of  disease  in  the  dairies  of  Brooklyn  and  Long  Island. 

Accordingly  on  Saturday  last,  in  company  with  Dr.  Lautard,  I  went  to  examine  his 
(McCabe's)  premises  and  stock,  when  wo  were  much  surprised  to  find  that  he  kept 
them  in  the  New  York  public  stock-yards  at  Sixtieth  street,  and  I  could  not  discover 
that  he  had  any  other  place.  The  clerk  found  in  charge  of  the  oflice  at  the  yards  as- 
sured us  that  he  constantly  kept  his  cows  there,  and  only  removed  them  as  he  found 
purchasers.     He  did  not  think  he  could  have  any  other  place  for  keeping  cows. 

Af  the  time  of  our  visit  he  had  a  number  of  cows  in  the  yards.  At  these  yards  the 
cows  of  all  the  dealers  are  usually  placed  in  the  sheep-house  for  warmth,  but  this  is 
immediately  adjacent  to  the  inclosures  for  the  other  stock,  and  all  ahke  must  enter 
and  leave  by  the  same  roads  and  gates  or  wharves.  Further,  when  the  sheep-house  is 
crowded  the  cows  are  turned  out  into  the  open  cattle  inclosures  in  the  yard.  Cows 
are  received  in  these  yards  indiscriminately  from  near  as  well  as  remote  places,  in- 
cluding among  the  former  Westchester,  Eockland,  and  Orange  Counties,  which,  accord- 
ing to  the  best  evidence  I  can  obtain,  are  infected.  (I  have  not  yet  verified  the  last 
fact  by  personal  observation.)  No  iirecaution  is  taken  to  j)revent  the  proximity  or 
contact  of  these  cows  with  the  other  stock. 

There  seems,  therefore,  no  alternative ;  we  must  consider  the  New  York  stock-yards 
at  Sixtieth  street  as  infected,  and  that  stock  shipped  fi-om  these  yards  to  Europe  will 
be  liable  to  develop  the  disease  after  landing  if  kept  alive  long  enough  to  allow  of 
the  completion  of  the  period  of  incubation.  That  the  evil  results  have  been  seen 
mainly  in  the  cows  is  explained  by  the  fact  that  they  are  allowed  time  after  leaving 
the  yards  for  the  completion  of  the  period  of  incubation  (one  to  two  mouths),  whereas 
the  fat  cattle  even  if  sent  to  Europe  are  slaughtered  before  this  time  has  elapsed. 

JERSEY   CITY  STOCK-YARDS. 

In  these  as  in  the  New  York  stock-yards  there  is  the  entire  absence  of  any  means  of 
separating  cows  brought  from  near  and  infected  neighborhoods  and  stock  brought  fi-om 
the  West  or  other  uuiiiiVcted  localities.  The  cow-stable  is  at  the  north  side  of  the  yards 
and  can  only  lie  reached  by  cattle  that  have  ])assed  through  among  the  inclosures  for 
the  other  stock.     The  stable  itself  is  furnished  with  ojien  gates,  not  doors,  facing  the 


CONTAGIOUS  LUNG  FEVER  OF  CATTLE.         241 

inclosures  for  other  stock  and  separated  from  them  only  by  a  narrrow  wagon  road, 
perhaps  fifteen  feet  wide. 

Mr.  Fowler,  whom  I  found  in  charge  of  the  yard,  was  violently  denunciatory  of  the 
mere  idea  that  this  disease  existed  anywhere,  and  of  all  who  would  mention  such  a 
subject,  and  could  with  difiiculty  bo  persuaded  to  give  any  information  regarding  tho 
yards,  the  stock,  its  proximity  in  tho  incloaxires,  and  its  disposal.  lie  admitted,  how- 
ever, that  they  got  four  or  live  cows  per  Avcek,  and  on  rare  occasions  one  or  two  car- 
loads ;  that  they  mostly  came  from  Eastern  Pennsylvania,  and  that  they  remained  iu 
the  yards  until  they  were  sold  to  parties  in  New  York  City,  Brooklyn,  Jersey  Citj', 
Stateu  Island,  &c.  I  may  hero  state  that  on  tho  occasion  of  my  visit,  late  on  Satur- 
day night,  the  cow-stable  contained  eighteen  cows  and  eight  calves  waiting  for  sale  ; 
8o  that,  according  to  Mr.  Fowler,  I  must  have  hit  ujjon  the  Aery  exceptional  case  of 
an  arrival  of  two  car-loads. 

I  further  drew  from  Mr.  Fowler  that  the  fat  stock  for  exportation  Avere  taken  from 
any  part  of  the  yards,  whercA'er  suitable  animals  could  be  found,  and  carried  by  boats 
to  the  ocean-going  steamers.  There  Avas  no  attempt  made  to  keep  such  animals  apai't 
from  such  as  might  possibly  come  fr-om  infected  districts  in  Noav  Jersey  and  adjacent 
States,  nor  from  the  inclosures  Avhero  such  cattle  had  formerly  been,  as  indeed  tchy 
should  there  l>e,  seeing  the  whole  story  of  the  disease  icas  a  fabrication  ? 

As  bearing  on  the  question  of  the  probable  infection  of  these  yards,  I  shall  add  that 
the  malady  is  well  known  to  exist  iu  Alexandria,  Va.  I  have  had  tho  most  circum- 
stantial reports  of  its  existence  around  Washington.  According  to  Dr.  Corliss,  it  pre- 
vails to  some  extent  around  NcAvark,  N.  J.  Last  year  it  made  havoc  in  the  town  of 
Clinton,  and  tho  year  before  uear  Burlington,  N.  J.  Further,  in  making  inquiry  among 
the  farmers  at  New  Lots,  Kings  County,  New  York,  whoso  herds  are  noAv  infected,  I 
found  that  they  had  repeatedly  traced  the  disease  to  Jersey  cows  brought  into  their 
herds.  There  is,  therefore,  the  strongest  circiunstantial  evidence  that  both  the  Jersey 
and  New  York  stock-yards,  the  two  points  from  which  cattle  are  shipped  to  Europe, 
are  infected  jilaces,  and  that  the  apjiarent  absence  of  disease  in  American  cattle  when 
landed  in  England  is  due  to  the  fact  that  they  have  not  yet  had  time  to  pass  through 
the  long  incubation  period  of  the  disease. 

ABSUKDITY  OF  A  CERTIFICATE  OF  SOUNDNESS. 

The  professional  examination  at  the  yards  of  animals  destined  for  exportation  can 
never  be  better  than  a  farce.  The  most  accomplished  veterinarian  has  no  means  of 
detecting  the  presence  of  the  specific  poison  until  the  period  of  incubation  has  passed, 
and  as  this  lasts  for  from  three  weeks  to  two  months,  tho  CAddence  of  infection  con- 
tracted in  the  New  York  stock-yards  cannot  jiossibly  be  recognized  until  long  after 
the  animals  have  landed  iu  England.  The  great  mass  of  our  Western  cattle  is  sound 
Bo  far  as  the  contagious  pleuro-pneumonia  is  concerned,  and  if  infected,  it  is  presuma- 
bly only  after  they  have  been  sent  East.  The  disease,  therefore,  can  only  be  in  the 
incubation  stage  so  long  as  they  remain  on  our  shores,  aud  in  this  stage  no  man  can 
recognize  it,  though  it  only  Avants  time  for  its  deA"elopmcnt.  Any  examination  in 
such  a  case  must  be  tho  most  empty  of  forms,  and  must  be  prejudicial  rather  than 
beneficial,  inasmuch  as  it  leads  to  the  certifying  of  tho  soundness  of  animals  that  may 
be,  and  often  probably  are,  infected.  It  is  quite  manifest  that  in  tho  case  of  cattle 
that  may  haA-e  been  infected  in  tho  New  York  or  New  Jersey  stock  yards,  an  examina- 
tion a  fortnight  later  on  their  landing  in  Liverpool  would  be  almost  as  great  a  farce 
as  the  examination  prior  to  shipment  at  New  York.  Hence  the  soundness  of  the  Eng- 
lish position  in  ordering  the  slaughter  at  the  quays  of  all  cattle  from  an  Lofected 
country. 

TIIE  COURSE  OF  SAFETY. 

If  we  can  be  assured  that  there  is  not  yet  an  infected  center  in  the  great  stock- 
raising  regions  of  the  West,  the  cattle  from  there  might  be  safely  shipped  to  England 
under  the  following  regulations: 

1st.  Lot  tho  Western  cattle-trains  bo  made  up  of  cars  that  have  ncA'cr  been  used  for 
tho  local  cattle  traffic  iu  tlie  eastern  parts  of  the  Atlantic  States  or  of  such  as  have  been 
thoroughly  cleansed  aud  disinfected  before  use. 

2d.  Let  all  such  trains  bo  from  tho  West  through,  and  lot  these  take  on  board  no 
liA'o  nor  dead  cattle,  nor  other  unnianufactured  products  of  cattle,  east  of  given  points 
on  the  respective  linos,  such  points  to  1)0  designated  as  soon  as  aa'o  knoAV  conclusiA'ely 
hoAV  far  the  pleuro-pneumonia  has  extended  AvcstAvard.  Let  such  traius  pass  to  des- 
ignated stock-yards  on  tlio  quays  at  least  ono-fourth  of  a  mile  apart  from  all  other 
stock-yards,  or  cattle  stables,  or  pastures. 

3d.  Let  such  yards  be  rigidly  closed  against  all  visitors,  no  one  being  admitted  ex- 
cept the  necessary  attendants,  and  no  one  being  employed  as  such  Avho  has  recently 
been  in  charge  of  other  cattle  iu  the  East. 

4th.  Should  it  be  necessary  to  sell  any  such  stock  ibr  homo  consumption,  they  mugt 

10  pw 


242  CONTAGIOUS   LUNG   FEVER    OF    CATTLE. 

be  driven  by  their  attendants  to  other  yards  or  pastures  at  a  distance,  or  to  the  other 
stock-yards",  \rhere  buyers  may  see  them.  The  attendants  on  the  foreign  stock-yards 
may  drive  such  animals  into  the  common  stock-yards,  but  must  not,  on  any  account, 
enter  tliemselves. 

5th.  The  cattle  intended  for  export  must  be  transferred  to  the  oceau-going  ships 
direct,  or  carried  to  them  on  boats  that  have  never  been  used  for  convej-iug  other 
cattle,  or  that  have  been  subjected  to  the  most  thorough  disinfection  subsequent  to 
such  use. 

6th.  It  should  be  shown  that  the  ocean-going  vessels,  in  which  the  export  cattle  are 
ehipped,  have  not  carried,  and  do  not  now  carry,  any  hides  or  other  unmanufactured 
products  of  cattle ;  or,  if  they  have  previously  carried  such  articles,  that  thoy  have 
been  thoroughly  disinfected  since. 

PLEUE.O-Prn3U3IONIA— THE  LL"NG  PLAGUE — CONTAGIOUS  LUNG  DISEASE 

OF  CATTLE. 

Pleiiro-pneumonia  is  a  malignant  contagious  fever  to  which,  as  far  as 
known,  cattle  only  are  liable,  and  in  them  is  accompanied  by  inflamma- 
tion and  other  diseased  conditions  of  the  lungs  and  their  membranes, 
together  with  great  prostration  of  the  entke  system. 

It  proceeds  "from  a  poisoned  condition  of  the  blood.  How,  when,  or 
where  this  poison  was  first  generated  it  is  impossible  to  tell.  Nor  is  it 
less  difficult  to  determine  its  specific  nature.  So  far  as  reliable  informa- 
tion has  yet  reached,  it  is  never  generated  spontaneously,  but  depends 
entirely  on  the  introduction  of  a  ^drus  or  contagion  into  the  system  of  a 
healthy  animal.  A  single  animal  so  infected  infects  the  herd;  the  herd, 
subdivided  and  scattered,  infects  other  herds  until  in  time  large  areas 
of  country  have  been  visited  and  devastated  by  the  fearful  scourge. 

Beginning,  as  we  have  reason  to  believe,  in  the  far-off  East,  and  at  a 
remote  date,  its  course  has  been  westward  until,  crossing  the  Atlantic 
in  the  system  of  stock  imported  from  European  states,  it  has  at  length 
found  lodgment  here. 

The  earliest  symptoms  of  the  disease  are  not  always  easily  detected, 
there  being  no  intensity  of  inflammation  at  first,  and  the  period  of  in- 
cubation varying  often  from  eight  or  nine  days  to  three  or  four  months. 
The  knowledge  of  the  existence  of  the  disease  in  adjoining  States  or 
farms,  or  even  in  remote  sections  from  which  cattle  have  been  tutro- 
duced,  should  serve  to  put  every  one  on  guard  and  lead  to  frequent 
thermometric  trials  even  with  cattle  apparently  hi  perfect  health. 
While  such  trials  would  not,  perhaps,  in  every  case  determine  infallibly 
the  existence  or  non-existence  of  the  disease,  yet  in  a  very  large  ma- 
jority of  cases— possibly  in  nine  out  of  ten,  and  particularly  if  other 
symptoms  were  present — they  would  lead  to  a  right  conclusion.  The 
trial  is  made  by  inserting  the  thermometer  in  the  rectiun.  If  a  rise  of 
temperature  to  103c-106^  Fahrenheit  is  observed  we  may  be  reasonably 
Bure  that  the  disease  exists,  at  least  iu  an  incipient  state. 

Its  fiu-ther  development  is  indicated  by  fits  of  shivering,  often  so  slight 
and  transient  as  to  escape  the  notice  of  all  save  the  practiced  eye ;  by  a 
dull,  staring  coat,  with  (frequently)  a  rigid  skin;  by  a  harsh,  dry  cough, 
the  more  apparent  when  the  animal  is  made  to  move  briskly;  by  irreg- 
ular chewing  of  the  cud;  constipated  bowels;  excrement  dry;  urine 
diminished,  but  with  high  color;  and,  in  the  case  of  cows,  by  a  tailing 
oft"  in  the  quantity  of  milk. 

At  an  early  stage  of  pleuro-pneumonia  there  is  a  liarsh  sound  ov  roar 
produced  l)y'^the  passage  of  air  through  the  wind-i)ipo  r.nd  its  subdivis- 
ions, wliich'may  sometimes  be  heard  at  some  distance  IVom  the  sick  ani- 
mal. Occasionally  the  air  rushing  through  the  bronchial  tube  (made 
rigid  by  a  mass  of  hardened  king)  produces  a  very  decided  whistling 
noise.    A  somewhat  watery  discharge  from  the  nose,  increased  in  the 


CONTAGIOUS  LUNG  FEVER  OF  CATTLE.         243 

act  of  conghing,  is  noticed  early  iu  the  disease,  and  dri\-ing  sick  cattle 
in  the  earliest  stage  produces  much  thirst,  and  there  is  sometimes  a  ropy 
saliva  discharged  from  the  mouth,  while  the  muzzle  is  hot  and  diy. 

As  the  malp^dy  progresses  the  pulse  rises  to  seventy,  eighty,  and  even 
a  hundi-ed  beats  per  mmute ;  the  respirations  to  thirty-five  and  forty 
per  minute,  and  are  labored  and  audible,  while  each  expiration  is  ac- 
companied in  most  cases  by  a  short  distnictive  grunt  or  groan,  the  more 
marked  whenever  iiressure  is  apphed  to  the  ribs  over  the  lungs. 

At  this  stage  the  cough  increases,  the  gait  becomes  more  languid,  the 
eyes  more  prominent  and  fixed ;  the  countenance  assumes  an  uneasy, 
pained  expression,  and  a  disposition  is  manifested  by  the  sick  to  sepa- 
rate from  the  well.  When  the  animal  stands  the  elbows  are  turned  out, 
the  fore  limbs  extended,  the  hind  feet  dra^Mi  forward  under  the  body, 
the  head  and  neck  stretched  out,  and  the  back  arched,  while  the  nostrils 
are  more  or  less  convulsively  expanded  at  each  inspiration.  When  lying, 
to  which  there  is  a  tendency,  the  animal  rests,  especially  in  the  latter 
stages  of  the  disease,  on  its  brisket,  or  on  the  affected  side,  leaving  the 
ribs  on  the  healthy  side  as  much  freedom  of  motion  as  possible. 

With  a  still  further  advance  in  the  disease,  the  pulse  becomes  more 
frequent  (often  rising  to  120  per  minute)  and  the  heart-beats,  at  first 
subdued,  are  now  marked  and  palpitating ;  the  tongue  becomes  foul  and 
covered  with  fur,  and  the  breath  has  a  nauseous  smell.  Listlessness, 
grunting,  grinding  of  the  teeth,  diminished  secretions,  and  weakness 
rapidly  increase ;  the  breathing  is  more  frequent  and  labored ;  the  animal 
gasps  for  breath;  the  spasmodic  action  of  the  nostrils  is  more  marked, 
the  groan  more  audible ;  the  temj)erature  is  irregular,  the  tendency  being 
to  coldness  of  the  horns  and  extremities.  These  conditions  are  followed 
by  a  mattery 'or  watery  discharge  from  the  eyes  and  nose,  rapid  loss  of 
flesh,  hide  bound,  and  either  obstinate  constipation  or  else  a  violent 
watery  diarrhcea  of  foetid  matter  associated  often  with  a  considerable 
discharge  of  clear-colored  urine. 

Percussion  over  the  lungs  wiU,  in  the  beginning,  often  reveal  the  dis- 
ease when  not  otherwise  api)arent.  W^ith  some  practice  and  a  little  care 
almost  any  one  can  distingTush  the  sick  from  healthy  cattle  by  listening 
to  the  sides  of  the  chest.  In  the  earher  stages  of  the  disease  percussion 
gives  out  a  clear  or  resonant  sound,  followed,  as  the  malady  increases, 
by  a  dull,  heavy  one,  easily  distinguished  from  the  sound  caused  by 
the  lungs  in  health. 

Where  one  lung  only  is  affected,  partial,  sometimes  complete,  restora- 
tion may  result ;  but  acute  pleuro-pneumonia,  in  which  both  lungs  are 
affected,  we  may  safely  assert  is  never  terminated  except  by  death. 

As  stated  above,  the  period  of  incubation  of  this  disease  varies  from 
eight  or  nine  days  to  three  or  four  mouths  ;  the  usual  average  period 
being  from  twenty-five  to  forty  days.  The  acute  stage  of  the  disorder 
varies  from  seven  to  twenty-one  days.  Convalescence  extends  over  a 
period  of  from  one  to  three  mouths,  during  the  greater  part  of  which 
time  the  convalescent  animal  is  often  capable  of  infecting  healthy  cattle. 

As  a  rule,  in  mild  outbreaks,  the  mortality  attains  twenty-five  per 
cent.,  and  in  severe  epidemics  sixty,  seventy,  or  even  one  hundred  per 
cent. 

In  England,  the  lung  disease  has  more  than  doubled  the  ordinary 
mortality  of  the  country,  entailing  a  loss  of  many  millions  of  dollars. 

While  various  remedies  for  this  insidious  disease  have  from  time  to 
time  been  recommended  and  tried,  not  one  of  them,  nor  all  of  them  com- 
bined, have  proved  a  specific  against  its  destructive  efiects;  aiul  as  a 
means  to  be  relied  on  for  the  protection  of  the  stock  of  the  country ^  they 


244         CONTAGIOUS  LUNG  FEVER  OF  CATTLE. 

are  worse  than  useless.  As  a  rule,  the  malady  baffles  the  skill  of  the 
most  learned  veterinary  practitioners,  frequently  attaining  its  greatest 
mortality  where  most  they  have,  combated  it. 

Nevertheless,  as  there  may  be  circumstances  under  which  partial  re- 
lief might  be  aflbrded  by  timely  remedial  agents,  it  is  deemed  expedi- 
ent to  give  in  this  place  the  treatment  which,  in  general,  has  been  found 
most  efiicacious. 

The  coui'se  most  obviously  to  be  pursued,  when  the  slightest  sj^Tuptom 
of  the  disease  is  observed,  or  where  the  slightest  cause  for  suspicion  ex- 
ists, is  to  apply  the  thermometer,  to  separate  at  once  every  suspected 
animal  from  the  rest,  to  use  disinfectants,  to  adopt  a  low  diet,  and  to 
watch  carefully  for  further  developments.  The  weight  of  testimony  is 
against  bleeding.  If  constipation  is  detected  it  should  be  removed 
by  a  moderate  dose  of  salts.  Slight  diarrhoea  need  not  be  checked; 
but  when  violent  use  a  mixture  of  gallic  acid  (or  its  equivalent)  and 
gruel,  one-half  ounce  of  the  former  to  one-half  pint  of  the  latter;  or  else, 
one-half  ounce  powdered  alum  to  one  quart  of  milk.  Sometimes  there 
is  considerable  swelling  or  bloating  of  the  stomach,  which  may  be  re- 
moved by  carbonate  of  ammonia — one  ounce  in  a  moderate  quantity  of 
gruel,  repeated  if  necessary.  To  lower  the  temperature  and  ease  the 
breathing  give  acid  sulphite  of  soda,  one  ounce,  twice  a  day.  In  an  ad- 
vanced stage  of  the  disease  administer  one  or  two  ounces  of  whiskey  or 
of  oil  of  turpentine  every  three  or  four  hours.  If  no  relief  is  observed 
emi)loy  copious  warm- water  injections,  and  give  two  or  three  times  a 
day  an  ounce  of  carbonate  of  aiomonia  in  a  quart  of  linseed-tea.  Al- 
though out  of  place  in  the  acute  stage  of  the  disease,  blisters,  setons, 
rowels,  and  cauterization  may  be  applied  in  some  cases  to  advantage 
after  the  fever  has  abated.  Several  prepamtions  of  carbolic  acid  have 
been  tried  with  more  or  less  success.    Perhaps  the  best  is — 

Pure  carbolic  acid,  1  drachm; 
Water,  1  pint; 

given  at  a  dose,  three  times  a  day. 

Convalescence  begun,  restoration  to  health  will  be  hastened  by  giving 
a  teaspoonful  of  sulphate  of  kon  in  the  food  at  each  meal.  The  herd 
itself  from  which  the  sick  have  been  removed  should  be  placed,  as  a 
l)0ssib]y  preventive  measure,  on  daily  doses  of  the  same  preparation, 
(sulphate  of  iron,)  aUoving  about  half  a  drachm  to  a  drachm  j;er  capita^ 
mixed  with  an  equal  amount  of  coriander  seeds,  given  in  meal  or  bran, 
the  better  to  disguise  the  iron. 

A  i)ost-mortem  examination  of  the  chest  generally  reveals  layers  of 
yellowish,  friable,  false  membrane  (covering-skin)  stretching  across  and 
around  the  sack  containing  the  heart.  With  them  is  found  a  yellowish, 
clotted  fluid,  highly  charged  with  albumen  and  shreds  of  sohd  deposit. 
Diseased  portions  of  one  or  both  lungs  are  found  adhering  to  the  mem- 
brane of  the  ribs  and  diaphragm,  from  which  there  is  more  or  less  difti- 
culty  in  detaching  them.  The  membrane  covering  the  lung,  usually 
smooth  and  glistening,  is  rough  and  mottled  with  a  number  oi'  more  or 
less  marked  pimples  or  warts. 

The  fluid  around  one  or  both  lungs  varies  from  a  few  ounces  to  sev- 
eral gallons.  At  times  it  is  tolerably  clear  Avhen  warm,  and  gelatinizes 
on  cooling;  at  others  it  is  dillicidt  to  separate  it  from  the  shreds  of 
lymph  and  false  membranes  in  which  it  is  held.  Pas-cells  often  abound 
in  it,  and  it  assumes  in  some  cases  the  character  of  pus,  from  which  an 
intolerable  stench  sometimes  proceeds. 

On  removing  the  lungs  tlie  essential  aj)pearances  of  the  disease  in  aU 


CONTAGIOUS  LUNG  FEVER  OF  CATTLE.         245 

cases  will  bo  foimd  quite  miiform,  altliougli  differing  considerably  in 
extent. 

In  recent  and  mild  cases  in  wliich  only  one  lung  is  affected,  the  sur- 
face of  the  lung  may  be-  smooth ;  parts  of  it  collapsed,  as  in  health,  with 
the  normal  pink  color  preserved.  The  affected  part  is  swollen,  hard, 
and  mottled.  On  cutting  into  this,  the  older 'diseased  portions  present  a 
very  peculiar  marbled  appearance.  The  substance  of  the  lobules  is  solid 
and  of  a  dark  red  color,  and  the  tissue  between  the  lobules  is  of  a  yel- 
lowish-red, more  or  less  spotted  with  red  points,  but  sometimes  of  al- 
most pure  yellowish-white  color.  The  more  recent  deposits  are  dis- 
tinguished mainly  by  a  lighter  red  color  of  the  thickened  lobules. 

At  a  more  advanced  stage  of  the  disease  the  lung  will  bo  found  harder 
and  of  darker  color,  its  tissues  having  lost  a  portion  of  the  marbled  ap- 
pearance, the  blood-vessels  obstructed,  and  showing  how  nourishment 
had  been  cut  off"  from  the  lungs,  while  the  older,  darker,  and  more  solid 
portion  of  the  latter  have  become  detached,  so  that  they  remain  as  for- 
eign bodies  imbedded  in  the  cavities  of  the  diseased  tissue.  The  admis- 
sion of  air  into  these  cavities,  by  dissolution  of  the  lung  tissue,  produces 
the  cavernous  sounds  which  the  ear  can  detect  in  the  living  animal. 

On  taking  a  warm  diseased  lung,  severing  the  still  healthy  portions, 
making  incisions  into  the  parts  sohdified,  and  suspending  them  so  that 
they  may  drain,  a  large  amount  of  yellowish  serum,  of  a  translucent 
character,  and  varying  greatly  in  weight,  is  obtained.  The  quantity  of 
this  serum,  and  of  the  solidified  deposit  in  a  diseased  lung,  is  so  large 
that,  from  a  normal  weight  of  four  or  five  pounds,  a  lung  attains  ten, 
twenty,  forty,  or  even  fifty  iiounds. 

The  condition  of  the  air-passages  will  be  found  to  vary  from  one  of 
perfect  freedom  in  the  healthy  portions  of  the  lungs  to  a  state  in  which 
the  mucous  surface  is  coated  with  false  membrane,  or  sohd  exudations 
of  lymph  in  the  diseased  parts.  These  passages  are  sometimes  found 
nearly  filled,  throughout  their  whole  extent,  with  a  deposit  similar  to 
that  usually  found  on  the  surface  of  the  diseased  lung. 

The  heart's  sack  is  sometimes  found  to  be  thickened  by  deposits 
around  it,  and  not  unfrequently  to  contain  an  excess  of  serum.  The 
heart  itself  is  contracted  and  pale,  containing  a  little  dark  blood. 

The  organs  of  digestion  at  different  stages  manifest  a  state  of  dryness. 
The  third  stomach,  which  is  so  constantly  packed  with  dry  food  in  fe- 
brile diseases,  is  in  the  same  condition  in  pleuro-pneumonia.  In  ad- 
vanced cases  there  is  found  a  more  or  less  diffuse  redness,  and  even 
effusion  of  blood  in  the  large  intestines,  with  fluid,  fetid,  and  sometimes 
slightly  blood-stained  excrement,  such  as  is  discharged  in  life. 

Such  briefly,  and  in  language  free  from  technicaUties,  are  the  descrip- 
tion, cause,  symptoms,  treatment,  and  post-mortem  appearances  of 
pleuro-pneumonia  as  gathered  from  previous  publications  of  this  De- 
partment and  other  recognized  authorities. 


246  coirrAGious  lung  fever  of  cattle. 


APPENDIX 


MASSACHUSETTS. 

LUNG  FE-VTLR  OR  PLEITRO-PNEUMONIA  OF   CATTLE. 

The  following  act,  for  the  suppression  and  extirpation  of  the  disease 
called  plenro-pneiimonia  among  cattle^  T;vasi)assedl)y  the  Massachusetts 
legislature  April  4,  18G0 : 

AIT  ACT  to  provide  for  the  extirpation  of  tlio  disease  called  pleuro-pncumonia  among  cattle. 

Be  it  evaded,  ifr.,  as  follows  : 

Section  L  The  governor  is  hereby  authorized  to  appoint  three  commissioners,  who 
shall  visit  without  delay  the  several  places  in  this  commonwealth  where  the  disease 
amonp;  cattle  called  pleuro-pneumonia  may  be  known  or  suspected  to  exist,  and  shall 
have  lull  power  to  cause  all  cattle  belonging  to  the  herds  in  which  the  disease  has  ap- 
peared, or  may  appear,  or  which  have  belonged  to  such  herds  since  the  disease  may 
be  known  to  have  existed  therein,  to  l>e  forthwith  killed  and  buried,  and  the  premises 
where  such  cattle  have  been  kept  cleansed  and  purified ;  and  to  make  such  order  in 
relation  to  the  further  use  and  occupation  of  such  premises  as  may  seem  to  them  to  be 
necessary  to  prevent  the  extension  of  the  disease. 

Sec.  2.  The  commissioners  shall  cause  all  cattle  in  the  aforesaid  herds  not  appear- 
ing to  be  affected  by  the  disease  to  be  appraised  before  being  killed  at  what  would 
have  been  their  fair  market  value  if  the  disease  had  not  existed ;  and  the  value  of  the 
cattle  thus  appraised  shall  be  allowed  and  paid  out  of  the  treasury  of  the  common- 
wealth to  the  owner  or  owners  thereof. 

Sec.  3.  Any  person  who  shall  knowingly  disregard  any  lawful  order  or  direction  of 
said  commissioners,  or  who  shall  sell  or  otherwise'dispose  of  an  animal  which  he  knows, 
or  has  good  reason  to  suspect,  has  been  exposed  to  the  aforesaid  disease,  shall  forfeit 
a  sum  not  excediug  five  hundred  dollars. 

Sec.  4.  The  commissioners  shall  make  a  fiill  report  to  the  secretary  of  the  hoard  of 
agriculture  of  their  proceedings  and  of  the  result  of  their  observations  and  iuquii-ies 
relative  to  the  nature  and  character  of  the  disease. 

Sec.  5.  The  commissioners  shall  duly  certify  all  allowances  made  under  the  second 
section  of  this  act,  and  other  expenses  incuiTed  by  them,  or  under  their  direction,  in 
the  execiition  of  their  service,  to  the  governor  and  council ;  and  the  governor  is  here- 
by authorized  to  draw  his  warrant  therefor  upon  the  treasury. 

Sec.  C.  This  act  shall  take  effect  from  its  passage,  and  continue  in  force  for  the  term 
of  one  year  thereafter,  and  no  longer. 

[Approved  Ajiril  4,  18G0.] 

On  the  12th  of  June,  1860,  the  following  additional  acts  were  passed: 

AN  ACT  concerning  contagious  disease  among  cattle. 

Section  1.  The  selectmen  of  towns,  and  the  mayor  and  aldermen  of  cities,  in  case 
of  the  existence  in  this  commonwealth  of  the  disease  called  pleuro-pneumonia,  or  auy 
other  contagious  disease  among  cattle,  shall  cause  the  cattle  in  their  respective  towns 
and  cities  which  are  infected,  or  which  have  been  exposed  to  infection,  to  be  secured 
or  collected  in  some  suitable  place  or  places  within  such  city  or  town,  and  kept  iso- 
lated ;  and,  when  taken  from  the  possession  of  their  owners,  to  be  maintained,  one- 
fifth  of  the  expense  thereof  to  be  paid  by  the  town  or  city  wherein  the  animal  is  kept, 
and  four-fifths  at  the  expense  of  the  commonwealth,  such  isolation  to  continue  so  long 
as  the  exist(;nco  of  such  disease  or  other  circumstances  renders  the  same  necessary. 

Sec.  2.  Said  selectmen  and  mayor  and  aldermen,  when  any  such  animal  is  adjudged 
by  veterinary  surgeon,  or  physician  by  them  selected,  to  be  infected  with  the  disease 
called  pleuro-pneumonia,  or  any  other  contagions  disease,  may,  in  their  discretion, 
order  such  diseased  animal  to  be  forthwith  killed  and  buried  at  the  expense  of  such 
town  or  city. 

Sec.  :5.  Such  selectmen  and  mayor  and  aldermen  shall  cause  all  cattle  which  they 
shall  so  order  to  bo  killed  to  bo  ajipraised  by  three  competent  and  disinterested  men, 
under  oath,  at  the  value  thereof  at  the  time  of  the  appraisal,  and  the  amount  of  the 
appraisal  shall  bo  paid  as  provided  in  the  first  section. 


CONTAGIOUS  LUKG  FEVER  OF  CATTLE         247 

Sec.  4.  Said  selectmen  and  mayor  and  aldermen  are  hereby  autborized  to  proLibit 
the  departure  of  cattle  li-om  any  inclosure  or  to  exclude  cattle  therefrom. 

Sec.  5.  Said  selectmen  and  uiayor  and  aldermen  may  make  regulations  in  writing 
to  regulate  or  prohibit  the  passage  Irom,  to,  or  through  their  respective  cities  or  towns, 
or  from  place  to  place  within  the  same,  of  any  neat  cattle,  and  may  arrest  and  detain, 
at  the  cost  of  the  owners  thereof,  all  cattle  found  passing  in  violation  of  such  regrila- 
tions,  and  may  take  all  other  necessary  measures  for  the  enforcement  of  such  prohibi- 
tion, and  also  for  preveuting  the  spread  of  any  such  disease  among  the  cattle  in  their 
respective  towns  and  cities  and  the  immediate  vicinity  thereof. 

Sec.  G.  The  regidations  made  by  selectmen  and  mayor  and  aldennen  in  pursuance 
of  the  foregoing  section  shall  be  recorded  upon  the  records  of  their  towns  and  cities 
respectively,  and  shall  be  published  in  such  towns  and  cities  in  such  manner  as  may 
be  provided  in  such  regulations. 

Sec.  7.  Said  selectmen  and  mayor  and  aldermen  are  authorized  to  cause  all  cattle 
infected  with  such  disease,  or  which  have  be«n  exposed  thereto,  to  be  forthwith 
branded  upon  the  rump  with  the  letter  P,  so  as  to  distinguish  the  animal  from  other 
cattle ;  and  no  cattle  so  branded  shall  be  sold  or  disposed  of  except  with  the  knowledge 
and  consent  of  such  selectmen  and  mayor  and  aldermen.  Any  person,  without  such 
knowledge  and  consent,  selling  and  disposing  of  an  animal  known  to  be  efiected  with 
such  disease,  or  known  to  have  been  exposed  thereto  within  one  year  from  such  sale 
or  disposal,  shall  be  punished  by  fine  not  exceeding  five  hundred  dollars,  or  by  im- 
prisonment not  exceeding  one  year. 

Sec.  8.  Any  person  disobeying  the  orders  of  the  selectmen  or  mayor  and  aldermen, 
made  in  conformity  with  the  fourth  section,  or  tlriving  or  transporting  any  neat  cattle 
contrary  to  the  regulations  made,  recorded,  and  published  as  aforesaid,  shall  be  piin- 
ished  by  fine  not  exceeding  five  hundred  dollai's,  or  by  imprisonment  not  exceeding 
one  year. 

Sec.  9.  Whoever  knows,  or  has  reason  to  suspect,  the  existence  of  any  such  disease 
among  the  cattle  in  his  possession  or  under  his  care,  shall  forthwith  give  notice  to  the 
selectmen  of  the  town  or  mayor  and  aldermen  of  the  city  where  such  cattle  may  be 
kept,  and  for  failure  so  to  do  shall  be  punished  by  a  fine  not  exceeding  five  hundred 
dollars,  or  by  imprisonment  not  exceeding  one  year. 

Sec.  10.  Any  tovra  or  city  whose  officers  shall  neglect  or  refuse  to  carry  into  effect 
the  provisions  of  section  one,  two,  three,  four,  five,  six,  and  seven,  shall  forfeit  a  sum 
not  exceeding  five  hundred  dollars  for  each  day's  neglect. 

Sec.  11.  All  appraisals  made  under  the  pro%asions  of  this  act  shall  be  in  writing, 
and  signed  by  the  appraisers,  and  the  same  shall  be  certified  to  the  governor  and 
councS,  and  to  the  treasurer  of  the  several  towns  and  cities  wherein  the  cattle  appraised 
belong,  by  the  selectmen  and  mayors  and  aldermen  respectively. 

Sec.  12.  The  selectmen  of  the  towns  and  mayor  and  aldermen  of  the  cities  are  here- 
by authorized,  when  in  their  judgment  it  shall  be  necessary  to  cany  into  efiect  the 
purjioses  of  this  act,  to  take  and  hold  possession,  for  a  term  not  exceeding  one  year, 
within  their  respective  towns  and  cities,  of  any  lands,  without  buildings  other  than 
bams  thereon,  upon  which  it  may  bo  necessary  to  enclose  and  isolate  any  cattle,  and 
they  shall  cause  the  damages  sustained  by  the  owners  in  consequence  of  such  taking 
and  holding  to  be  appraised  by  the  assessors  of  the  town  or  city  wherein  the  lands  so 
taken  are  situated,  and  they  shall  fiuther  cause  a  description  of  such  land,  setting 
forth  the  boundaries  thereof,  and  the  aiea  as  nearly  as  may  be  estimated,  together 
with  said  appraisal  by  the  assessors,  to  be  entered  upon  the  records  of  the  town  or  city. 
The  amount  of  said  appraisal  shall  be  paid  as  provided  in  the  first  section,  in  such  sums 
and  at  such  times  as  the  selectmen  or  mayor  and  aldermen  respectively  may  order. 
If  the  owner  of  any  land  so  taken  shall  be  dissatisfied  with  the  appraisal  of  said  as- 
sessors, he  may,  by  action  of  contract,  recover  of  the  town  or  city  wherein  the  lands 
he,  a  fair  compensation  for  the  damages  sustained  by  him  ;  but  no  cost  shall  be  taxed 
unless  the  damages  recovered  in  such  action,  exclusive  of  interest,  exceed  the  appraisal 
of  the  assessors.  And  the  commonwealth  shall  reimburse  any  town  or  city  four-fifths 
of  any  sum  recovered  of  such  town  or  city  in  any  such  action. 

AN  ACT  in  addition  to  an  act  concerning  contagious  diseases  among  cattle. 
Section  1.  In  addition  to  the  commissioners  appointed  under  the  provisions  of 
chapter  one  hundred  and  ninety-two  of  the  acts  of  the  year  one  thousand  eight  hun- 
dred and  sixty,  the  governor,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  council,  ia 
hereby  authorized  to  appoint  two  additional  persons  to  constitute,  with  those  now  in 
office,  a  board  of  commissioners  upon  the  subject  of  plcuro-pueumonia,  or  any  other 
contagious  disease  now  e.^istiug  among  the  cattle  of  the  commonwealth. 

Sec.  2.  When  said  commissioners  shall  make  and  pubhsh  any  regulations  concern- 
ing the  extirpation,  cure,  or  treatment  of  cattle  infected  with,  or  which  have  been  ex- 
posed to  the  disease  of  pleuro-pneumonia,  or  other  contagious  disease,  such  regulations 
shall  supersede  the  regulations  made  by  selectmen  of  towns  and  mayors  and  aldermen 
of  cities,  upon  the  same  subject-matter,  and  the  operation  of  the -regulations  made  by 
such  selectmen  and  mayors  and  aldermen  shall  be  suspended  diuing  the  time  those 


248  CONTAGIOUS  LUNG  FEVER  OF  CATTLE. 

made  by  tlic  commissioners  as  aforesaid  shall  bo  in  force.  And  said  selectmen  and 
mayors  and  aldermen  shall  carry  ont  and  enforce  all  orders  and  directions  of  said  com- 
missioners, to  thena  directed,  as  they  shall  from  time  to  time  issne. 

Sec.  3.  In  addition  to  the  jiower  and  authority  conferred  on  the  selectmen  of  towns 
and  mayors  and  aldermen  of  cities,  by  the  act  to  which  this  is  in  addition,  and  which 
are  herein  conferred  upon  said  commissioners,  the  same  commissioners  shall  have  jiower 
to  provide  for  the  establishment  of  a  hospital  or  quarantine  in  some  suitable  place  or 
places,  with  proper  accommodations  of  buildings,  laud,  &c.,  wherein  may  be  detained 
any  cattle  by  them  selected,  so  that  said  cattle  so  infected  and  exposed  may  be  there 
treated  by  such  scientilic  i^ractitioners  of  the  healing  art  as  may  be  there  appointed 
to  treat  the  same.  And  for  this  purpose  said  commissioners  may  take  any  lands  and 
buildings  in  the  manner  proA^ided  in  the  twelfth  section  of  the  act  to  which  this  is  an 
addition. 

Sec.  4.  The  governor,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  council,  is  hereby 
authorized  to  appoint  three  competent  persons  to  be  a  board  of  examiners  to  examine 
into  the  disease  called  pleuro-pneumouia,  and  Avho  shall  attend  at  the  hospital  at  quar- 
antine established  by  the  commissioners  mentioned  in  the  foregoing  section,  and  there 
treat  and  experiment  upon  such  number  of  cattle,  both  sound  and  infected,  as  will 
enable  them  to  study  the  symptoms  and  laws  of  the  disease,  and  ascertain,  so  far  as 
they  can,  the  best  mode  of  treating  cattle  in  view  of  the  prevention  and  cure  of  the 
disease,  and  who  shall  keep  a  full  record  of  their  proceedings,  and  make  a  report  thereon 
to  the  governor  and  council,  when  their  investigation  shall  have  been  concluded: 
Provided,  That  the  expense  of  said  board  of  examiners  shall  not  exceed  ten  thousand 
dollars. 

Sec.  5.  The  selectmen  of  the  several  towns,  and  the  mayors  and  aldermen  of  the 
several  cities,  shall,  within  twenty-four  hours  after  they  shall  have  notice  that  any 
cattle  in  their  respective  towns  and  cities  are  infected  with,  or  have  been  exposed  to, 
any  such  disease,  give  notice  in  writing  to  said  commissioners  of  the  same. 

Sec.  6.  The  commissioners  are  authorized  to  make  all  necessary  regulations  for  the 
treatment,  cure,  and  extirpation  of  said  disease,  and  may  direct  the  selectmen  of  towns 
and  mayors  and  aldermen  of  cities  to  enforce  and  cany  into  eifect  all  such  regulations 
as  may,  from  time  to  time,  be  made  for  that  end ;  and  any  such  officer  refusing  or  neg- 
lecting to  enforce  and  carry  out  anyregulation  of  the  commissioners,  shall  be  punished 
by  fine  not  exceeding  five  hundred  dollars  for  every  such  otfense. 

Sec.  7.  The  commissioners  may,  when  in  their  j  udgment  the  public  good  shall  require 
it,  cause  to  be  killed  and  buried  any  cattle  which  are  infected  with,  or  which  have 
been  exposed  to  said  disease,  and  said  commissioners  shall  cause  said  cattle  to  be  ap- 
praised in  the  same  manner  provided  in  the  act  to  which  this  is  an  addition ;  and  the 
appraised  value  of  such  cattle  shall  be  paid,  one-fifth  by  the  towns  in  which  said  cattle 
are  kept,  and  the  remainder  by  the  commonwealth. 

Sec.  8.  Whoever  shall  drive  or  transport  any  cattle  from  any  jiortion  of  the  common- 
wealth east  of  the  Connecticut  Eivor  toanyjiart  west  of  said  river  before  the  first  day 
of  April  next  without  consent  of  the  commissioners,  shall  bo  punished  by  fine  not  ex- 
ceeding five  hundi'ed  dollars,  or  by  imprisonment  in  the  county  jail  not  exceeding  one 
year. 

Sec.  9.  Whoever  shall  drive  or  transport  any  cattle  from  any  portion  of  the  com- 
monwealth into  any  other  State  before  the  first  day  of  April  next,  Avithout  the  consent 
of  the  commissioners,  shall  bo  punished  by  fine  not  exceeding  five  hundred  dollars,  or 
by  imprisonment  in  the  county  jail  not  exceeding  one  year. 

Sec.  10.  If  any  person  fails  to  comply  with  any  regulations  made,  or  with  any  order 
given,  by  the  commissioners,  he  shall  bo  punished  by  fine  not  exceeding  five  hundred 
dollars,  or  by  imprisonment  not  exceeding  one  year. 

Sec.  11.  Prosecutions  under  the  two  preceding  sections  may  bo  prosecuted  in  any 
county  in  this  commonwealth. 

Sec.  12.  All  appraisals  made  under  this  act  shall  be  in  writing  and  signed  by  the 
appraisers  and  certified  by  the  commissioners,  and  shall  be  by  them  transmitted  to 
the  govcrnnor  and  council,  and  to  the  treasurers  of  the  several  cities  and  towns 
wherein  th(s  cattle  appraised  were  kept. 

Sec.  13.  The  provisions  of  chapter  one  hundred  and  ninety-two  of  the  acts  of  one 
thousand  eight  hundred  and  sixty  [except  so  far  as  they  authorize  the  appointment 
of  commissioners]  are  hereby  repealed,  but  this  re^jeal  shall  not  all'ect  the  validity  of 
the  proceedings  heretofore  lawfully  had  under  the  iirovisions  of  said  chapter. 

Sec.  14.  The  conuuissionci's  and  examiners  shall  keep  a  full  record  of  their  doings, 
and  make  report  of  the  same  to  the  next  legislature,  on  or  before  the  10th  day  of  Jan- 
uary next,  unless  sooner  required  by  the  governor;  and  the  said  record,  or  an  abstract 
of  the  same,  shall  bo  printed  in  the  annual  volume  of  Transactions  of  the  State  Board 
of  Agriculture. 

Sec.  15.  The  governor,  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  council,  shall  have  power 
to  terminate  the  commission  and  board  of  examiners  whenever,  in  his  judgment,  the 
public  safety  may  permit. 


CONTAGIOUS   LUNG   FEVER    OF   CATTLE.  249 

STATE  OF  NEW  YOPtK. 

AN  ACT  to  prevout  tlio  introdnction  and  spread  of  tlie  disease  tncwn  as  rinderpest,  and  for  the  pro* 
tection  of  tho  Hocks  and  herds  of  sheep  aucl  cattle  in  the  State  of  Kew  Yorli  from  this  and  other  in- 
fectious and  contagious  diseases.    Passed  April  liO,  180G. 

Be  it  enacted  hy  the  senate  and  assemhiy  of  New  Yoric: 

Section  1.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  health  officer  of  the  port  of  New  York,  in 
addition  to  tho  duties  novp-  imposed  on  him  by  existing  law,  to  examine  and  inquire 
whether  any  animals  are  brought  in  any  vessels  arriving  at  said  port  in  violation  of 
any  regulation  of  law  passed  by  the  Congress  of  the  United  States  prohibiting  the  im- 
portation of  such  animals. 

2.  Whenever  any  animal  is  brought  as  a  ship's  cow,  with  no  intention  of  landing  the 
same  or  of  violating  any  such  law  or  regulation  of  Congress  as  aforesaid,  tho  same 
shall  be  carefully  examined  and  kept  in  quarantine  for  the  space  of  at  least  twenty- 
one  days,  and  if  any  symijtoms  of  the  infection  or  incubation  of  the  disease  commonly 
known  as  the  rinclerpest  or  any  other  infectious  or  contagious  disease  shall  present 
themselves,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  said  health  officer  immediately  to  cause  the 
said  animal  or  animals  to  be  slaughtered,  and  their  remains  boxed  with  a  sufficient 
quantity  of  quicklime,  sulphate  of  iron,  or  other  disinfectant,  and  with  sufficient 
weights  placed  in  said  box  to  prevent  the  same  from  floating,  and  to  be  cast  into  the 
waters  of  the  said  port.  It  shall  also  be  his  duty  to  cleanse  and  disinfect  by  suitable 
agencies  the  berth  or  section  of  tho  ship  in  which  said  animal  or  animals  were  lying 
or  slaughtered,  and  also  to  cause  tho  clothing  and  persons  of  all  taking  care  of  the 
same  or  engaged  in  slaughter  and  burial  to  be  cleansed  and  disinfected. 

3.  William  Kelley,  of  Dutchess  County,  Marsena  E.  Patrick,  of  Ontario  County, 
and  Lewis  F.  Allen,  of  Erie  County,  are  hereby  appointed  as  commissioners  under 
this  act,  and  with  powers  and  duties  as  hereinafter  enmnerated. 

4.  In  the  event  of  any  such  disease  as  the  rinderpest  or  infectious  disease  of  cattle 
or  sheep  breaking  out  or  being  suspected  to  exist  in  any  locality  in  this  State,  it  shall 
be  the  duty  of  all  persons  owning  or  having  any  interest  whatever  in  the  said  cattle, 
immediately  to  notify  the  said  commissioners  or  any  one  of  them  of  the  existence  of 
such  disease;  whereupon  tho  said  commissioners  shall  establish  a  sanitary  cordon 
around  such  locality.  And  thereupon  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  said  commissioners 
to  appoint  an  assistant  commissioner  for  such  district  with  all  j»ower3  conferred  by 
this  act  on  the  said  commissioners  or  their  agents  or  appointees,  which  said  assistant 
commissioner  shall  immediately  jjroceed  to  the  place  or  places  where  such  disease  is 
reported  to  exist,  and  cause  the  said  animal  or  animals  to  be  separated  from  all  con- 
nection or  proximity  with  Or  to  all  other  animals  of  the  ruminant  order,  and  take 
such  other  precautionary  measures  as  shall  be  deemed  necessary ;  and  if  in  his  opinion 
the  said  disease  shall  be  incurable  or  threaten  to  spread  to  other  animals,  to  cause  the 
same  immediately  to  be  slaughtered,  their  remains  to  be  deeply  biu'ied,  and  all  places 
in  which  tho  said  animals  have  been  confined  or  kept  to  be  cleansed  and  disinfected 
by  any  of  the  agencies  above  mentioned ;  and  also  to  cause  the  same  to  be  carefully 
locked  or  barred  so  as  to  prevent  all  access  to  the  same  by  any  animals  of  a  like  kind 
for  a  period  of  at  least  one  month.  Any  animal  thus  slaughtered  shall  be  appraised 
imder  the  supervision  of  said  commissioners,  and  one-half  of  the  value  of  said  animal 
shall  be  paid  by  the  State  to  the  owner  thereof. 

5.  It  shall  be  tho  duty  of  the  said  assistant  commissioner,  immediately  on  liis  being 
notified  of  his  appointment,  or  at  any  time  thereafter  of  the  breaking  out  of  the  said 
disease  in  any  place  contiguous  to  the  same  and  within  the  county  in  which  he  resides, 
to  give  public  notices  of  the  same  in  at  least  one  newspaper  printed  or  published  in  the 
said  county,  and  to  cause  notice  to  be  posted  up  in  at  least  five  conspicuous  places  in 
said  neighborhood,  and  it  shall  be  his  duty  to  enjoin,  in  said  notice  and  otherwise,  all 
l)ersons  concerned  in  the  care  or  supervision  of  neat  cattle  or  sheep  not  to  come  within 
one  hundred  feet  of  the  said  locality  without  the  special  permission  of  the  said  assist- 
ant commissioner. 

G.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  commissioners  appointed  under  this  act,  whenever 
they  are  advised  that  any  such  disease  has  made  its  appearance  within  the  limits  of 
tho  State,  to  jniblish  in  the  State  paper  and  in  at  least  one  paper  published  in  any 
county  whore  such  disease  exists,  a  statement  of  the  methods  approved  by  the  New 
York  Agricultural  Society  for  the  treatment  of  cattle  afiected  therewith,  for  the  isola- 
tion of  the  same,  for  the  disinfection  of  the  premises  or  building  in  which  said  cattle 
are  found  afiected  as  aforesaid,  and  for  tho  prevention  of  the  spread  of  tho  same 
through  any  agencies  of  whatever  kind. 

7.  The  commissioners  aforesaid,  and  all  such  assistants  as  they  may  appoint,  when- 
ever in  their  judgment  or  discretion  it  shall  appear  in  any  case  that  the  disease  is  not 
likely  to  yield  to  any  remedial  treatment,  or  whenever  it  shall  seem  that  the  cost  or 
worth  of  any  such  remedial  treatment  shall  bo  greater  than  the  value  of  any  animal 
or  animals  so  afiected,  or  whenever  in  any  case  such  disease  shall  assume  such  form  of 
malignity  as  shall  thi-eaten  its  Bj)road  to  premises,  either  contagious  or  infectious  or 


250         CONTAGIOUS  LUNG  FEVER  OF  CATTLE. 

otherwise,  are  lierchy  cmpowcrecl  to  cause  tlie  said  animals  to  be  slanglitcred  fortli- 
Avitb  and  buried,  as  above  provided,  and  to  do  all  sucb  things  as  are  mentioned  in  the 
fourth  section  of  this  act. 

8.  The  said  commissioners  or  their  assistants  are  hereby  empowered  to  enter  upon 
and  take  ])osseKsion  of  all  ]n-cmises  or  parts  thereof  where  cattle  so  affected  as  afore- 
said are  found,  and  to  cause  the  said  cattle  to  be  confined  in  suitable  inclosures  or 
buildings  for  any  time  requisite  in  the  judgmeiit  of  the  said  commissioners  or  their 
assistants,  and  prior  to  the  slaughter  and  burial  of  tlio  said  animals  and  the  full  and 
complete  disinfecting  and  cleansing  of  such  premises ;  and  all  persons,  whether 
owners  of  or  interested  in  such  cattle  or  otherwise,  who  shall  resist,  impede,  or  hinder 
the  said  conmiissioners  or  their  assistants  in  tlie  execution  of  their  duties  under  this 
act  shall  be  deemed  guilty,  and  on  conviction  of  the  same,  of  a  misdemeanor,  and  shall 
be  pnnisliable  with  fine  not  exceeding  one  thousand  dollars,  or  imprisonment  not  ex- 
ceeding the  term  of  six  months,  or  of  both,  in  the  discretion  of  the  court  before  which 
they  shall  be  adjudged  guilty  as  aforesaid. 

9.  The  commissioners  shall  have  jiower  to  establish  all  such  quarantine  or  other  reg- 
ulations as  they  may  deem  necessary  to  prevent  the  spread  of  tlie  disease,  or  its  transit 
in  railroad  cars,  by  vessels,  or  by  driving  along  the  public  highways ;  and  it  shall  be 
proper  for  the  governor  of  the  State,  by  public  proclamation  as  aforesaid,  to  enjoin  all 
persons  concerned  or  engaged  in  the  traffic  or  transit  of  cattle  or  sheep,  not  to  enter 
upon  any  such  places,  or  take  therefrom  any  such  animal,  or  to  pass  through  any  such 
locality,  and  within  such  distances  from  the  same  as  in  the  said  proclamation  may  be 
prescribed. 

10.  The  sum  of  one  thousand  dollars,  or  so  much  thereof  as  may  be  necessary,  is 
hereby  appropriated  to  pay  to  the  said  commissioners  for  their  services,  while  actually 
engaged  in  the  duties  enjoined  upon  them  in  this  act,  at  the  rate  of  five  dollars  per  day 
to  each,  and  such  further  sums  as  may  cause  them  actual  exi^enditures  in  traveling  to  and 
from  the  places  they  may  be  called  uiJon  to  inspect  or  visit,  and  in  the  printing  or  pub- 
lishing of  all  regulations  or  notices  mentioned  in  this  act.  And  the  further  sum  of 
fifteen  thousand  dollars,  or  so  much  thereof  as  may  bo  necessary,  is  hereby  appropri- 
ated out  of  any  money  in  the  treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated,  to  pay  for  animals 
slaughtered  by  the  provisions  of  this  act,  and  the  comptroller  is  hereby  directed  to  pay 
for  the  same  on  the  warrant  of  the  said  commissioners. 

11.  The  assistant  commissioners  are  to  receive  for  each  and  every  day  while  actually 
engaged  in  duties  provided  by  this  act  the  sum  of  three  dollars  per  day,  and  aU  actual 
expenses  and  disbursements  paid  or  incurred  in  the  discharge  of  their  duties  as  afore- 
said, which  said  sums  shall  bo  a  charge  upon  the  county  for  which  he  is  appointed, 
and  shall,  when  duly  audited  by  the  board  of  supervisors  of  the  said  county,  be  paid 
hy  the  county  treasurer. 

12.  The  slaughtering  of  animalsfor  beef  after  having  been  exposed  to  the  contagion, 
or  supposed  to  have  been  so  exposed,  may  be  permitted  by  the  commissioners,  or  pro- 
hibited by  them,  as  they  may  judge  proper. 

13.  This  act  shall  take  effect  immediately,  and  shall  continue  in  force  for  one  year. 

AN  ACT  in  relation  to  infectious  and  contftgious  diseases  of  animals.    Passed  April  15,  1878;  tliree- 

fifths  being  present. 

llie people  of  the  Staie  of  New  Yorlc,  represented  in  the  senate  and  assembly,  do  enact  as 
follows  : 

Section  1.  ^Vhenever  any  infectious  or  contagious  disease  affecting  domestic  ani- 
mals shall  be  brought  into  or  shall  break  out  in  this  State,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the 
governor  to  take  measures  to  suppress  the  same  promptly,  and  to  prevent  the  same 
Irom  spreadiu,^. 

$  2.  For  such  purpose  the  governor  shall  have  power — 

To  issue  his  proclamation,  stating  that  infectious  or  contagious  disease  exists  in  any 
county  or  counties  of  the  State,  and  warning  all  persons  to  seclude  all  animals  in  their 
possession  that  are  afi'ected  with  such  disease  or  have  been  exposed  to  the  infection  or 
contagion  thereof,  and  ordering  all  persons  to  take  such  precautions  against  the 
spreading  of  such  disease  as  the  nature  thereof  may  in  his  judgment  render  necessary 
or  expedient. 

To  order  that  any  premises,  farm  or  farms  where  such  disease  exists  or  has  existed 
be  put  in  quarantine,  so  that  no  domestic  animal  bo  removed  from  or  brought  to  the 
premises  or  places  so  quarantined,  and  to  prescribe  such  regulations  as  he  may  judge 
necessary  or  expedient  to  prevent  infection  or  contagion  being  coumaunicated  in  any 
way  from  the  places  so  quarantined. 

To  call  upon  all  sheriffs  and  deputy  sheriffs  to  can-y  out  and  enforce  the  provisions 
of  such  proclamations,  orders,  and  regulations;  and  it  shall  bo  the  duty  of  all  sherifts 
and  de])uty  sheriffs  to  obey  and  observe  all  orders  and  instructions  which  they  may 
receive  from  the  governor  in  the  premises. 

To  employ  such  and  so  many  medical  and  veterinary  practitioners  and  such  other 


CONTAGIOUS  LUNG  FEVER  OF  CATTLE.         251 

persons  as  he  may  from  time  to  time  deem  necessary  to  assist  liim  in  performing  Ids 
duty  as  set  fortli  in  the  first  section  of  tliis  act,  and  to  fix  their  compensation. 

To  order  all  or  any  animals  coming  into  the  State  to  be  detained  at  any  place  or 
placee  for  the  pur])ose  of  insy)ectiou  and  examination. 

To  xJrescrihe  regulations  for  the  destruction  of  animals  affected  with  infectious  or 
contagious  disease,  and  for  the  jiroper  disposition  of  thfir  hides  and  carcasses,  and  of 
all  objects  which  might  convey  infection  or  contagion,  provided  that  no  animal  shall 
be  destroyed  luiless  itrst  examined  by  a  medical  or  veterinary  practitioner  in  the  em- 
ploy of  the  governor,  as  aforesaid. 

To  prescribe  regulations  for  the  disinfection  of  all  premises,  buildings,  and  railway 
cars,  and  of  all  objects  fi-om  or  by  which  infection  or  contagion  may  take  place  or  be 
conveyed. 

To  alter  and  modify  from  time  to  time,  as  ho  may  deem  exi:>edient,  the  terms  of  all 
such  proclamations,  orders,  and  regiilations,  and  tb  cancel  or  withilruw  the  same  at 
any  time. 

$  3.  Any  person  transgressing  the  tenns  of  any  proclamation,  order  or  regulation 
issued  or  prescribed  by  the  governor  under  authority  of  this  act  shall  be  gtiilty  of  a 
misdemeanor. 

§  4.  All  expenses  incurred  by  the  governor  in  carrying  out  the  provisions  of  this  act 
and  in  performing  the  duty  hereby  devolved  upon  him,  shall  be  audited  by  the  comp- 
troller as  extraordinary  expenses  of  the  executive  department,  and  shall  be  paid  out 
of  any  moneys  in  the  treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated. 


THE   i:\rPORTATION  OF  CATTLE  PEOHIEITED. 

The  following  is  an  official  copy  of  the  act  passed  by  Congress  to 
prohibit  the  importation  of  cattle  in  18G5 : 

AIT  ACT  to  prevent  the  spread  of  foreign  diseases  among  the  cattle  of  the  TJiiited  States. 

Be  it  enacted  hy  the  Senate  and  House  of  Bepreseniativcs  of  the  United  States  of  Aniei-ica 
vi  Congress  assemhled,  That  the  importation  of  cattle  be,  and  hereby  is,  prohibited. 
And  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  to  make  such  regulations  as 
win  give  this  law  full  and  immediate  effect,  and  to  send  copies  of  them  to  the  proper 
officers  in  this  country  and  to  all  officers  or  agents  of  the  United  States  in  foreign 
countries. 

Section  2.  And  he  it  further  enacted,  That  when  the  President  shall  give  thirty  days' 
notice  by  proclamation  that  no  further  danger  is  to  be  apprehended  from  the  spread 
of  foreign  infectious  or  contagious  diseases  among  cattle,  tliis  law  shall  be  of  no  force, 
and  cattle  may  be  imported  in  the  same  way  as  before  its  passage. 

Passed  the  House  of  Representatives  December  11, 18G5. 

Attest : 

EDAVARD  McPKERSON,  Clerl: 


THE  BEITISH  GOVEENIVIENT. 

The  follov.'ing  is  an  abstract  of  the  rules  and  regulations  adopted  by 
the  British  Government  to  prevent  the  spread  of  the  rinderpest  and 
pleuro-pneumonia  among  cattle,  and  foot  and  mouth  disease  among 
sheep  in  its  Indian  possessions: 

1.  Wlicn  cattle  or  sheep  are  purchased  at  a  fair,  they  should  always  be  treated  aa 
having  been  probably  exposed  to  contagion. 

2.  Wheu  cattle  or  sheep  are  being  removed  from  one  locality  to  another,  they  should 
not  be  allowed  to  mix  with  other  cattle  or  sheep  en  route,  aud  should  never  V)o  kejit 
overnight  in  or  near  quai'tcrs  previously  occupied,  as  such  quarters  are  often  contami- 
nated by  having  recently  been  occupied  by  diseased  animals. 

:?.  When  cattle  or  sheep  are  purchased  in  |i>  fair  or  elsewhere,  they  should,  on  being 
brought  to  the  purchaser's  premises,  bo  kept  by  themselves,  and  not  allov.-ed  to  mix 
with  the  old  cattle  of  the  farm,  at  jiasture,  or  watering  time,  or  any  other  time. 
They  should  be  kept  l)y  themselves  in  complete  isolation  for  one  month  or  six  weeks, 
in  order  to  have  proof  afforded  v/hether  they  are  affected  with  a  contagious  disease  or 
not. 

4.  When  cattle  are  traveling,  or  are  moved  from  one  district  to  another,  they  are 


252         CONTAGIOUS  LUNG  FEVER  OF  CATTLE. 

liable  to  bo  exposed  to  contagion  and  contract  disease ;  therefore,  on  their  arrival  at 
home,  they  shonld  be  carefully  inspected,  and  if  they  have  passed  throujjh  an  infected 
district,  they  should  be  kept  by  themselves  for  some  time.     (See  Rules  20  and  21.) 

5.  When  diseases  of  a  contagions  nature,  or  supposed  to  be  of  a  contagious  nature, 
appear  among  cattle,  the  iirst  important  duty  is  to  separate  the  sick  from  the  healthy 
animals. 

6.  Carefully  inspect  all  the  animals,  and  remove  to  the  hospital  any  showing  the 
slightest  symptoms  of  disease. 

7.  Divide  the  healthy  cattle  into  several  lots,  making  each  lot  as  small  in  number 
as  space  will  permit.  JPicket  the  cattle  in  such  lots  a  good  distance  apart  and  to 
■windward  of  the  sick  cattle.  Frequently  inspect  each  lot,  and  remove  at  once  any 
animal  in  the  least  unwell.  By  steadily  adopting  this  plan,  the  disease  will  be  found 
in  a  few  days  to  exist  only  among  one  or  two  lots,  and  by  at  once  removing  to  the 
hospital  any  becoming  sick,  the  disease  will  speedily  be  arrested  in  spreading  through 
the  herd.  Each  lot  should  be  kept  isolated  from  other  cattle  for  a  period  from  four 
to  six  weeks. 

8.  The  hos^iital  to  contain  the  diseased  cattle  should  be  inclosed  by  a  strong  fence 
and  isolated.  The  attendants  and  the  sick  cattle  must  not  be  permitted  to  leave  the 
isolated  area.  Food  and  water  may  be  taken  to  the  attendants  and  cattle,  but  no 
forage,  water,  litter,  clothing,  or  anything  else  should  be  taken  from  the  hospital. 
Dogs  should  not  be  allowed  to  go  to  and  from  the  hospital,  as  they  may  carry  con- 
tagium  to  places  where  healthy  stock  may  be. 

9.  The  dry  litter,  &g.,  of  the  hospital  should  be  burnt  inside  the  hospital  area,  and 
the  moist  dung  and  discharges,  &c.,  should  be  frequently  removed  from  the  stalls  and 
buried  in  jjits  dug  in  the  hospital  i:)remises.  These  pits  should  be  six  feet  or  more 
deep,  and  shonld  be  filled  with  the  wet  litter,  dung,  &c.,  of  the  hospital  up  to  within 
two  feet  of  the  surrounding  ground  surface,  and  then  quicklime  and  good  fresh  earth 
should  be  used  to  fill  up  the  remaining  two  feet. 

10.  The  stalls,  walls,  &c.,  and  ground  of  the  hospital  should  be  scrupulously  cleaned 
by  frequent  sweepings  and  washings,  and  after  every  cleansing  disinfectants,  lime, 
ashes,  or  even  dry  earth,  should  bo  plentifully  scattered  over  the  floors  and  ground, 
and  the  wood-work  and  walls  should  be  first  washed  and  then  whitewashed. 

11.  The  hospital  should  be  well  ventilated;  sulphur  fumigation  should  be  daily 
carried  out  for  an  hour  or  so  in  the  hospital  building,  and  at  this  time  the  doors  and 
windows  may  be  closed  and  the  ventilators  only  kept  partly  open. 

12.  The  constant  biu'uiug  of  sufficient  litter,  opposite  the  doors  or  tho  windward 
side  of  the  building,  at  seasons  when  flies  are  numerous  and  troublesome  to  cattle. 

13.  The  sick  cattlo  should  be  kept  scrupulously  clean,  and  have  thin  gruel  and 
fresh  green  grass  in  its  season  for  diet.  The  healthy  cattle  should  also  bo  kept  on 
laxative  food,  as  cattle  fed  on  hard  dry  food  have  the  disease  in  a  more  severe  form 
than  those  fed  on  laxative  fodder. 

14.  When  these  contagious  diseases  have  prevailed  among  cattle  or  sheep,  they 
should  not  be  allowed  to  pasture,  or  to  be  kept  with  unaffected  herds,  until  a  month 
or  six  weeks  have  expired  after  the  last  case  of  disease  occurring  among  the  affected 
lot. 

15.  Animals  that  recover  should  be  well  washed  with  warm  water  and  soap  prior 
to  being  removed  from  the  hospital,  and,  if  obtainable,  carbolic  acid  should  be  added 
to  the  warm  water  in  the  proportion  of  one  wineglassful  of  the  acid  to  a  gallon  of  warm 
water. 

16.  Carcasses  of  stock  that  die  of  rinderj^est,  black-quarter,  and  other  forms  of  an- 
thi-ax  fever,  and  pleuro-pneumonia,  should  be  buried  and  covered  with  at  least  four 
feet  of  earth. 

17.  The  hides  of  cattle  that  die  of  these  contagious  diseases  should  be  either  well 
scored  or  slashed  with  a  knife,  thus  destroying  their  value,  and  shoidd  be  then  buried 
with  the  carcasses. 

18.  Tho  surface  of  earth  floors  of  stalls  and  ground  on  which  cattle  affected  with 
contagious  diseases  have  been  kept  should  be  removed  and  bxiried,  and  the  earth 
below  should  be  well  dug  up  and  turned  over,  and  tho  floor  remade  with  fresh  earth. 
Brick  and  stone  floors  may  be  scraped,  washed,  and  disinfected  with  quicklime  or 
carbolic  acid. 

19.  Poles  of  carts  and  harness,  or  saddlery,  &c.,  used  by  animals  affected  with  con- 
tagious diseases,  should  be  washed  and  disiiufected. 

20.  The  periods  of  incubation  of  rinderpest,  black-quarter,  and  other  forms  of  an- 
thi'ax  fever  all  believed  to  bo  within  twanty-eight  days ;  so  a  month  has  been  named 
as  tho  time  for  an  animal  supposed  to  navo  been  cxiiosed  to  the  contagium  of  these 
diseases  to  be  kept  isolated. 

21.  Tho  period  of  incubation  of  pleuro-pneumonia  varies  from  two  to  six  weeks,  but 
has  been  found,  as  a  rule,  to  bo  about  forty  days;  so,  Avhen  cattle  have  been  exposed 
to  tho  contagium  of  this  disease,  they  should  bo  kept  isolated  for  forty-five  days. 


A   STEANGE    CATTLE    DISEASE.  253 


A  STRAJfGE  CATTLE  DISEASE. 

Mr.  W.  W.  Lenok,  of  Shull'S  Mills,  Watauga  Coimty,  North  Carolina, 
gives  the  follovring  account  of  a  strange  disease  "\A'hich  has  prevailed 
among  cattle  in  that  State  for  several  years  past : 

Sir:  Your  letter,  directed  to  my  former  residence  in  Haywood  county,  North  Caro- 
lina, reached  me  after  long  delay,  but  ought  to  have  been  answered  sooner.  I  retained 
no  copy  of  the  letter  -written  by  me  in  1872,  to  which  you  refer,  in  relation  to  the 
strange  disease  among  cattle  which  has  been  of  late  years  in  the  Northv.est  and  North, 
incori'ectly  called  the  Texas  fever,  but  which  was  kno-mi  throughout  a  large  portion 
of  the  South  for  many  years  before  the  independence  and  annexation  of  Texas  by  the 
Tague  name  of  the  distemper,  and  is  still  so  named. 

It  evidently  prevailed  first  near  the  coast,  and  a  dim  outline  of  its  history  and  prog- 
ress, and  of  the  imperfect  knowledge  and  erroneous  theories  which  prevailed  con- 
cerning it,  can  be  traced  in  this  State,  and  probably  in  other  Southern  States,  in  the 
legislation  concerning  it. 

In  North  Carolina  we  have  a  broad  belt  of  land  adjoining  the  coast,  stretching 
entirely  across  the  State  from  Virginia  to  South  Carolina,  which  is  almost  a  level  plain, 
and  which  extends  far  enough  inland  to  include  many  counties  and  parts  of  counties. 
This  belt  is  composed  of  large  bodies  of  exceediagly  rich  alluvial  swamp-lands,  which 
are  rarely  dry  enough  for  cultivation  without  artilicial  di'atuage,  and  which  lie  along 
the  streams,  and  are  separated  trom  each  other  by  bodies  of  lt»vel,  sandy,  dry  land 
which  form  the  remainder  of  this  level  belt. 

These  swamp-lands  are  covered  with  dense  forests  of  cypress,  juniper,  oak,  and  quite 
a  variety  of  other  kinds  of  trees,  many  of  them  of  immense  size.  The  dry  sandy  lauds 
between  the  swamps  are  covered  ahnost  exclusively  with  forests  of  pine  trees. 

Above  this  level  belt  lies  another  broad  belt,  which  also  sweeps  entirely  across  the 
State,  and  is  called  the  sand  hills.  The  alluvial  lands  along  the  streams  extend 
through  and  above  the  sand  hills,  and  have  a  similar  forest  growth,  but  are  narrowei', 
and  form  sometimes  swamps  and  sometimes  rich  alluvial  bottoms  dry  enough  for  culti- 
vation in  grain  without  ditchinfj.  The  uplands  of  the  sand-hill  region  are  composed  of 
innumerable  hillocks,  and  low  liat  ridges,  and  nan-ow  plains  of  very  sandy  land,  the 
forest  growth  of  Avhich  is  almost  exclusively  pine. 

Above  the  sand-hills  and  extending  from  them  to  the  Piedmont  region,  another 
broad  belt  runs  across  the  State,  which  may  be  called  the  midland  belt  of  North  Car- 
olina. This  is  an  undulating  region,  composed  of  clay  upland,  interspersed  v.'ith  fine 
alluvial  bottoms  along  the  streams.  This  belt  is  almost  destitute  of  pine,  except  in  the 
old  fields,  of  which  there  are  far  too  many — lands  which  have  been  once  in  cultivation, 
and  have  now  grown  up  in  thickets  of  what  are  called  old-field  pines.  The  principal 
native  forest  growth  of  this  belt  of  the  State  is  oak,  with  an  abundant  mixture,  how- 
ever, of  hickory,  poplar,  walnut,  dogwood,  sourwood,  gum,  and  a  variety  of  other 
trees. 

Above  this  midland  belt  of  the  State  comes  the  Piedmont  region,  extending  to  the 
foet-hills  and  lower  portions  of  the  southeastern  slojies  of  the  Blue  Kidge,  and  includ- 
ing the  secondary  ranges  southeast  of  the  Blue  Eidge,  called  Laiu-atown,  Brushy,  and 
South  Mountains,  &c. ;  and  the  fine  Piedmont  valleys  of  the  Dan,  Yadkin,  Catawba, 
Broad,  and  other  rivers;  which  lie  between  the  smaller  mountain  ranges  and  the  Blue 
Eidge. 

The  Piedmont  region  is  marked  by  a  surface  becoming  by  degrees  more  and  more 
undulatory,  broken,  and  at  length  mountainous ;  by  the  presence  still  of  alluvial  bot- 
toms along  the  streams;  by  a  greater  variety  of  soil  as  well  as  surface  of  the  tiplands, 
portions  of  which  are  here  found  to  bo  somewhat  sandy ;  by  a  greater  variety  of  forest 
trees,  and  by  the  ]>artial  reappearance  of  pines,  which  are  now  found  scattered  over 
the  uphinds  among  the  other  trees,  not  in  excess,  but  in  ample  abiuulanco. 

Finally,  we  have  the  mountain  region,  including  the  summit  of  the  Blue  Eidge, 
•which  in  North  Carolina  fonns  the  water-shed  between  the  Atlantic  and  Mississippi 
waters,  and  extending  from  it  to  the  AHeghany  range,  which  forms  the  State  lino  be- 
tween North  Carolina  and  Tennessee.  This  highly  elevated  moimtain  belt  has  a  cool, 
moist,  temj)erate,  healthful  climate,  and  a  delightfully  varied  surfac^e  of  lovely  val- 
leys and  rich  mountain  sides.  Its  agricultural  resources  are  wonderfully  varied  and 
extensive.  It  is  a  land  eminently  suitable  for  permanent  pastures  and  meadows;  and 
Avhen  its  immense  forests  arc  subdued  and  its  lines  of  transportation  opened  uj),  it  wiU 
soon  become  the  finest  grazing,  stock-raising,  and  dairying  land  in  the  United  States. 

Please  excuse  this  slight  outline  of  the  State,  which  is  interesting  in  itself  and  has 
some  bearing  on  the  sul)ject. 

An  early  statute  on  the  subject  of  the  "distemper,"  enacted  in  North  Carolina  many 
years  ago,  iirohibited  the  driving  of  cattle  from  the  pine  lands  in  the  eastern  portion 


254  A    STRANGE    CATTLE    DISEASE. 

of  tlio  State  to  tlio  oaklands  intlie  middleportionoftlio  State.  TMs  marlied  the  prog- 
ress the  tliseaso  was  mailing  at  that  date,  and  indicated  the  belief  that  its  cause  ex- 
isted in  aud  was  coulincd  to  the  piue  lands  in  the  eastern  portion  of  the  State.  But 
the  flisease  has  slowly  crept  across  the  midland  belt  and  into  and  nearly  across  the 
Piedmont  belt  of  this  State.  A  recent  North  Carolina  statute,  passed  I  think  in  1876- 
'77,  prohibits  the  dri-viujic  of  cattle  from  below  the  Blue  Eidge  into  Watauga  county, 
which  is  on  and  west  of  the  Blue  Eidge,  in  the  mountain  region  of  the  State. 

I  regret  that  I  have  not  the  means,  in  this  secluded  locality,  of  giving  you  exact 
dates  aud  fuller  references.  I  think  that  when  I  wrote  the  letter  in  1872,  to  which 
you  refer,  the  "distemper"  had  just  reached  Morganton,  in  Burke  county,  North 
Carolina,  within  a  few  miles  of  the  foot-hills  of  the  Blue  Eidge.  I  am  glad  to  be  able 
to  state  that  its  progress,  as  it  approaches  the  Blue  Eidge  and  reaches  higher  eleva- 
tion, seems  to  bo  slower;  and  strengthens  the  bcUef  generally  held  here,  that  it  will 
not  get  a  permanent  foot-hold  in  the  cool  climate  of  our  mountains  west  of  the  Blue 
Eidge. 

Some  of  the  facts  connected  with  the  progress  and  contagious  character  of  this  dis- 
ease are  so  strange  as  to  challenge  credulty;  and  yet  so  important  and  so  easily  veri- 
fied,' that  it  is  still  more  strange  that  they  are  so  little  known,  aud  have  been  sub- 
jected to  so  little  careful  and  systematic  investigation. 

The  progress  of  the  disease  over  the  region  which  it  infests  may  be  compared  to  that 
of  the  disease  called  ringworm  on  a  surface  of  the  human  body.  There  is  a  slowly  ad- 
vancing angry  external  border  around  the  infected  region,  in  which  border  the  disease 
is  violently  active,  killing  a  large  proportion  of  the  cattle  where  it  first  makes  its  ap- 
pearance, on  many  of  the  farms  all,  or  nearly  all.  This  angry  border  advances  at  an 
irregular  rate,  and  presents  an  irregular  outline,  pausing  in  j)laces  for  several  years ; 
and  then  perhaps  advancing  suddculy  and  destructively  several  miles  in  a  single  sea- 
son. I  think  I  have  observed  in  Caldwell  and  Burke  coitnties,  North  Carolina,  and  it 
is  probably  the  case  elsewhere,  that  it  sometimes  makes  more  rapid  i)rogress  along  the 
d(iep  valleys  than  above  them,  I  have  not  observed  that  it  advances  along  the  lead- 
ing thoroughfares  of  travel  and  traffic,  except  as  they  conform  with  such  valleys.  In 
Wilkes  coiinty,  North  Carolina,  it  has  made  a  long  pause  on  the  south  bank  of  the 
Yadkin  Eiver.  But  I  fear  it  is  about  to  get  a  permanent  foothold  on  the  north  bank. 
James  Gwyn,  Elkin,  Surry  covmty.  North  Carolina,  who  lives  on  the  north  bank  of 
the  Yadkin  in  Wilkes  county,  has  lost  cattle  twice  from  it,  and  can  inform  you  of  its 
progress,  in  his  neighborhood. 

But  though  thus  irregular  in  its  outline  and  progress,  this  angry  border  which  sur- 
rounds the  infected  region  has,  at  all  times,  a  tolerably  definite  location,  aud  is  desig- 
nated among  us  as  the  "  distemper"  line.  The  region  within,  over  whicli  the  disease 
has  already  jiassed,  is  said  to  be  within  or  below  the  "distemper  "  line.  The  region  be- 
yond it  to  which  the  distemper  has  not  permanently  reached,  is  said  to  be  above  or 
without  the  "distemper"  line. 

The  disease  is  most  fatal  iu  autiunn,  disappears  after  white  frost,  and  does  not  reap- 
pear until  warm  weather  in  the  late  spring  or  summer. 

The  country  below  the  distemper  line,  like  the  surface  within  the  border  of  the  ring- 
worm, seems  to  be  comparatively  free  from  the  disease.  The  cattle  have  become 
acclimated,  and  there  are  only  occasional  cases  of  the  "  distemper."  But  whenever 
cattle  from  above  the  distemper  line  are  driven  below  it  after  warm  weather  is  well 
advanced,  or  in  winter,  and  suffered  to  remain  there  till  then,  there  is  a  strong  proba- 
bility that  they  will  take  the  "distemper"  and  die  of  it. 

When  cattle  from  below  the  distemper  line  are  driven  above  it  in  winter,  they  may 
remain  there  pei-manently  without  any  probability  that  thej^  will  snfi'er  from  or  prop- 
agate the  disease.  And  if  cattle  from  below  the  "distemper"  line,  aud  acclunated 
there,  are  driven  above  the  distemper  line  after  warm  weather  has  set  iu,  they  will 
thrive  and  fatten,  and  show  no  outward  appearance  of  the  disease.  But  they  impart 
the  disease  in  its  most  destructive  character,  especially  when  they  have  been  heated 
by  hard  driving  or  work,  to  the  healthy  cattle  around  them.  Cattle  only  passing  over 
the  road  which  they  have  traveled,  it  may  be  several  days  before,  if  it  has  not  rained 
in  the  mean  time,  will  take  the  disease  and  die.  As  cattle  are  very  apt  to  smell  the 
dimg  of  otlier  cattle  in  passing  over  it,  it  seems  probable  that  iu  such  cases  the  germs 
of  the  disease  are  inhaled  from  the  dung. 

Still  more  wonderful  than  this,  when  taken  iu  connection  with  it,  is  the  fiict  that 
the  cattle  thus  taking  the  disease  from  apparently  healthy  cattle,  aud  dying  of  it  in 
its  acute  form,  may  die  surroxnided  by  healthy  cattle  of  their  own  neighborhood  to 
which  they  will  not  inipart  the  disease.  However  violent  such  accidental  outbreaks 
of  the  disease  may  be  at  the  time,  it  never  gains  a  permanent  foothold  when  carried 
in  this  way  iar  al)0ve  the  .slowly  advancing  "  distemper"  line. 

I  am  not  skilled  nor  well-read  in  Iho  diseases  of  cattle,  or  in  otlier  diseases.  In  the 
only  boolc  I  have  \vhicii  treats  of  Iho  diseases  of  cattle,  a  slip-shod  American  rehash 
and  abridgment  of  a  standard  I]nglish  work,  the  disease  called  in  England  red  water 
rcscmldcs  our  so-called  "  ilistemx)er "  more  than  any  other  tliseaso  described  in  it. 


EINDERPEST    OR   CATTLE   PLAGUE.  255 

The  organized  and  widely  extended  inquiries  of  your  department  might  defermine 
some  very  interesting  and  important  questions  coiiceming  tliis  disease.  Has  it  causes 
wliicb  give  it  a  spontaneous  origin  in  certain  localities  in  the  Southern  States?  Can 
those  causes  be  removed?  What  are  the  best  methods  of  preventing  the  spread  of  it 
hoyond  those  localities,  and  of  suppressing  it  where  it  has  already  a  permanent  foot- 
hold beyond  them  ?    What  is  the  best  treatment  of  the  animals  attacked  by  it,  &c. 

A  widespread  belief  exists  that  it  is  caused  by  ticks.  I  am  sure  that  this  is  an 
error.  Bat  it  is  worth  investigating  for  the  sake  of  explodhig  it.  The  ticks  which 
often  prey  in  disgusting  numbers  on  the  cattle  at  the  South,  both  above  and  below  the 
"  distemjjer  line,"  and  may  well  aggravate  the  distemper,  or  any  other  disease,  are 
■worth  investigating  on  their  own  accoimt.  Cattle  may  be  kept  free  from  them  by  the 
regular  addition  of  brimstone  to  their  food  or  salt. 

Hojping  that  this  very  meager  and  imperfect  statement  may  aid  you  in  directing  a 
more  minute  and  acctirato  investigation  of  this  disease,  which  has  been  so  fatal  to 
Southern  cattle  and  has  so  depressed  their  value, 
I  am,  very  respectfully,  yours, 

Hon.  Wm.  G.  Le  Due, 

Commissioner  of  Aoriculture, 

EOTOEEPEST  OE  CATTLE  PLAGUET^^**.,^    ^CV/ 


-1 


The  following  letter,  addressed  to  the  Commissioner  of  Agriculture, 
gives  the  symptoms  2iTLii  post  mortem  appearances  of  the  destructive  dis- 
ease known  as  rinderpest  or  cattle  plagTie : 

Sir  :  At  your  request  I  will  give  as  fully  as  possible  the  symptoms  and  post  mortem 
appearances  of  a  fatal  disease  in  cattle,  known  as  rinderpest  or  cattle  jdaguo. 

The  disease  I  allude  to  made  only  one  great  invasion  in  Great  Britain  during  the 
present  centmy  (in  the  years  1865  and  1866),  and  swept  away  many  thousands  of  cat- 
tle, the  money  loss  from  its  ravages  being  between  ten  and  twelve  million  pounds 
sterling.  At' that  time  (1865  and  1866)  I  was  in  practice  in  a  large  agricultm-al  dis- 
trict of  England  (Berkshire),  and  as  soon  as  the  disease  visited  that  county  I  was  ap- 
pointed by  the  government  one  of  the  cattle-plague  inspectors,  and  therefore  had 
ample  opportunities  of  examining  large  numbers  of  animals  affected  with  the  disease, 
and  availed  myself  of  the  chance  of  making  many  post  morlcms. 

The  disease  is  purely  contagious,  and  therefore  preventable.  It  is  a  specific,  malig-  < 
nant  fever,  indigenous  to  the  Asiatic  steppes  of  Russia,  runs  a  definite  course,  and 
generally  terminates  fatally.  It  is  essentially  a  disease  of  the  bovine  family,  but  may 
be  communicated  to  the  sheep,  goat,  deer,  &c.  It  has  a  period  of  incubation  varying 
from  four  to  ten  days ;  during  this  period  the  animal  gives  no  indication  of  being 
aflected. 

Symploms. — Primary  fever,  as  indicated  by  a  rise  in  the  temperature ;  a  remarkably 
dull  and  dispirited  condition  of  the  animal,  which  will  stand  with  its  head  hanging 
down,  ears  drawn  back,  and  coat  staring,  refusing  all  food  or  oven  water.  Rumina- 
tion is  suspended;  if  made  to  move  it  shows  great  prostration  of  strength,  and  fi'c- 
quently  staggers  as  if  about  to  fall.  The  skin  is  hot  in  places,  and  remarkably  so 
between  the  limbs ;  an  cruiition  on,  and  a  iieculiar  appearance  and  condition  of,  the 
mucous  membrane  of  the  mouth  is  seen  ;  it  is  red  and  furred,  presenting  raw-looking 
spots,  especially  on  the  inner  side  of  the  upper  lip  and  along  the  roof.  The  breath  is 
fetid,  and  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  vagina  alters  to  a  dark-red  color.  These 
signs  are  rarely  absent.  Tears  early  trickle  from  the  eyes,  wliicli  are  red  and  express- 
ive of  suficring,  and  a  watery  <lischarge  Hows  from  tne  nostrils.  There  is  a  continu- 
ous increase  of  these  secretions,  which  become  more  or  less  i»urulent  in  the  advanced 
stage  of  tlie  maladj';  rigors  and  twitching  of  the  superficial  muscles,  failing  pulse, 
opiiressed  breathing,  sores  on  the  skin,  with  discharges  from  the  same.  Emphysema 
of  the  tissues  of  the  neck  and  back;  the  extremities  are  cold  at  the  conmieucement  of 
the  disease,  and  in  the  latter  stages  the  increased  heat  of  the  body  gives  place  to  a  re- 
markable coldness  along  the  coiu'se  of  tin;  spin(\  Secretion  of  milk  is  aixested  very 
suddenly,  the  animal  grinds  its  teeth,  arches  ( he  back,  moans,  and  shows  signs  of  great 
uneasiness. 

At  first  the  bowels  are  constipated,  but  soon  violent  ])urging  commences,  leading  to 
dysentery,  the  evacuations  being  slimy,  li(|uid,  and  sometimes  of  a  dirty-yellow  color, 
tinged  with  blood,  of  a  fetid  character,  with  much  straining.  The  nrinc  is  scanty  and 
dark  in  color.  The  buccal  membrane  becomes  covered  with  a  yellowish-white  mate- 
rial, which  can  bo  easily  stripped  ofi',  showing  au  idcerated  surface  under  it.    The  ani- 


256  KINDEEPEST    OR    CATTLE    PLAGUE. 

mal  now  stands  •with  great  difficulty,  gets  quite  drowsy  and  unconscious ;  tlie  'breath- 
ing short,  quick,  and  more  painful. 

The  animal  will  eomotimcs  sink  as  early  as  twelve  hours  from  the  commencement  of 
the  attack,  hut  in  many  cases  the  disease  will  bo  protracted  to  the  fifth  or  sixth,  and 
occasionally  to  the  eighth  or  ninth  day.  As  death  approaches  the  mucous  membranes 
acquire  a  leaden  hiae,  with  dark-colored  spots  on  thoix  surface.  T^anj^auitis  sets  in, 
and  the  discharges  from  the  bowels  are  involuntary. 

The  mortality  in  Great  Britain  was  very  great.  The  disease  is  highly  contagious, 
and  will  not  yield  to  medical  treatment.  Vaccination  and  inoculation  were  tried, 
but  all  seemed  only  to  sj^read  the  pestilence. 

Po8t  mortem  appearances  will  differ  according  to  the  part  of  the  organism  chiefly 
affected,  and  especially  according  to  the  time  of  duration  of  the  malady.  In  many 
cases,  the  roof  of  the  mouth  will  be  found  covered  with  a  dirty-yellow  exudation  upon 
an  ulcerated  siu-face,  the  lining  of  the  larynx,  j)harynx,  and  all  the  mucous  membranes 
of  the  mouth  is  of  a  deep  red  color,  and  often  covered  witli  a  layer  partaking  of  the 
characters  of  lymph  and  pus  combined,  varying  from  the  finest  filni  to  a  quarter  of  an 
inch  in  substance.  The  lungs  are  often  covered  with  a  soft  membranous  exudation; 
emphysema  of  them  is  also  very  commonly  fotmd,  but  not  always.  On  opening  the 
abdominal  cavity,  the  omentum  is  frequently  found  to  present  patches  of  redness ;  the 
intestines  are  altered  in  color,  from  the  condition  of  the  mucous  membrane  being  par- 
tially seen  through  their  walls.  On  cutting  the  rumen  (or  paunch)  a  quantity  of  un- 
digested food  is  generally  found,  but  nothing  more  than  a  tinge  of  redness  in  patches 
can  be  fotmd  here.  The  reticulum  (honey-comb)  does  not  show  any  signs  of  the  dis- 
ease; the  omasimi  (manifolds)  affords,  in  the  majority  of  cases,  very  characteristic  in- 
dications of  the  effects  of  the  malady,  its  folds  being  infiamed  in  patches,  or  ulcerated 
in  patches,  even  showing  large  jierforations  from  sloughing,  with  claret-colored  edges. 
The  contents  of  this  stomach  are  dry  and  caked. 

The  fom-th,  or  true  digestive  stomach,  the  abomasum  (rennet)  is  inflamed  and  shows 
specific  lesions  of  the  disease.  The  contents  are  nejxrly  always  fluid,  and  often  mixed 
with  blood ;  the  mucous  membrane  is  not  only  intensely  red,  but  is  studded  with 
superficial  erosions ;  the  membrane  can  be  easily  removed  from  the  ^bmucous  tissues, 
in  some  cases  showing  deep  sloughs  or  ulcers.  This  condition  is  more  marked  near  the 
pyloric  region,  being  of  a  claret  color. 

The  intestines  show  similar  morbid  changes,  particularly  the  jejunum  and  the  ileum, 
also  the  crecum,  which  shows  a  peculiar  mottled  appearance  from  the  accumulations, 
in  the  follicles,  of  a  dirty- white  or  yello^vish  secretion.  The  liver  is  mostly  unaffected, 
but  the  gall-bladder  is  remarkably  full.  The  lining  membrane  of  the  vagina  is  of  a 
dark  red  color  and  semi-detached  condition. 

I  have  given  above  all  the  early  symptoms  of  this  disease,  together  with  the  post 
viortcm  appearances,  and  I  am-  sure  you  will  agree  with  me  that  it  differs  materially 
from  any  other  disease  of  the  cow  or  sheep. 

Sheep  will  take  the  disease  from  cattle;  in  order  to  test  this,  experiments  were  tried 
at  the  Eoyal  Veterinary  College,  London.  Sheep  took  the  diisease  fi-om  cattle  and 
died,  showing  the  fiaiae  j>ost-mortem  appearances.  Cattle  also  took  it  from  the  sheep 
and  died.  Afterward  Professor  Simouds  found  a  large  number  of  sheep  in  England 
afi'ected,  from  having  been  in  company  with  or  near  diseased  cattle. 

Professor  Law,  of  "Cornell  University,  says:  "Treatment  of  this  plague  should  be 
legally  prohibited  under  all  circumstances,  all  the  attempts  of  the  different  schools  of 
medicine,  and  of  empiricism  have  only  increased  its  ravages;  while  nations  and  dis- 
tricts that  have  vigorously  stamjped  it  out,  and  excluded  it,  have  saved  their  prop- 
erty." 

I  trust  we  have  no  cases  of  this  terrible  scourge  in  this  country,  and  that  the  re- 
ports in  some  of  the  Philadelphia  newsi^apers  of  the  past  week,  of  its  prevalence  in 
the  vicinity  of  Washington,  may  prove  to  be  unfounded,  as  I  have  cause  to  believe 
they  are.  But  if  ever  introduced  into  this  country,  the  victims  and  all  other  cattle 
with  which  they  had  been  in  contact,  should  be  promptly  destroyed  and  buried  deeply, 
and  the  places  and  things  with  which  they  have  come  in  contact  be  disinfected  in  the 
most  perfect  manner. 

I  have  the  honor  to  bo,  sir,  your  most  obedient  servant, 

JOHN  "W.  GADSDEN, 
M.  li.  C.  V.  S.,  England. 

PiiiLADELrniA,  October  26,  1878. 


GLANDERS. 


EXPLANATION  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 

[These  illustratious  arc  xiliotographic  copies  of  the  plates  accompanying  Professor 
Gerlacli's  treatise  on  glanders,  publisliecl  in  the  Jahresherichi  dei'  Koeniglichen  Thier- 
arzneisclmle  zu  Hannover,  1868.     The  same  illustrate  the  morbid  anatomy  of  glanders.] 

Plate  I. — Fig.  I.  Development  of  glanders-cells  of  connective-tissue  corpuscles  in 
the  mncous  membrane  of  the  septum.     Enlargement  300. 

1.  Spindle-shaped  cells,  with  a  large  oval  nucleus. 

2.  The  same,  move  swelled  ;  nucleus  larger ;  a  second  nucleus  developing. 

3.  Cells  like  No.  2,  but  with  ends  blunted ;  more  granulated  and  approaching  decay. 

4.  Eonnd  cells  of  different  size,  with  a  large  nucleus ;  the  largest  ones  have  a  dark, 
granulated  nucleus;  beneath  free  nuclei  and  granulated  detritus. 

Fig.  II.  Microscopic  cut  from  gray-yellowish  glanders ;  nodules  of  the  mucous  mem- 
brane of  the  sejitum,  in  which  (cut)  can  be  seen  spindle-shapetl  cells  in  different 
stages  of  development  to  round  cells  with  a  fibrous  intercellular  substance.  Enlarge- 
ment 300.     At  a  the  spindle-shaped  cells  and  at  6  the  round  cells  prevailing. 

Fig.  III.  Development  of  glanders-cells  of  epithelium  elements  in  the  pulmonal 
nodules.     Enlargement  300. 

1.  Normal  cylinder-cell  with  a  nucleus. 

2.  Cylinder-cell  with  a  second  nucleus  developing. 

3.  Cylinder-cell  with  two  and  three  developed  nuclei. 

4.  Bag-shaped  rudiments  of  cylinder-cells  filled  ■with  young  round  cells. 

5.  Giant-cells  with  young  round  cells. 

6.  Small  and  large  round  cells  with  a  large,  dark,  and  granulated  nucleus. 


Plate  II. — Fig.  IV.  Lower  end  of  the  septum  with  glanders-nodules  and  ulcers. 
(Natm-al  size.) 

1.  Various  gray  glanders-nodules. 

2.  A   group   of  glandcrs-nodnles   with   a  round   hole   in   the  middle.      (Incipient 
glanders-ulcers. ) 

3.  A  solitary  glanders-ulcer. 

4.  Confluent  glanders-ulcers  with  elevated  borders  and  dirty  bottom. 

Fig.  V.  Transversal  cuts  through  the  gray  nodules  in  the  mucous  membrane  of  the 
septum.     (Natural  size. ) 

a.  Gray  nodule  in  the  midst  of  the  tissue  of  the  mucous  membrane;  the  upper  layer 
of  the  mucous  membrane  raised. 

b.  Gray  nodule  in  the  upper  layer  of  the  mucous  membrane,  visible  on  the  surface. 
Fig.  VI.  A  piece  of  the  lower  border  of  a  lung,  cut  surface.     (Natural  size.) 

1.  Miliary  tubercles. 

2.  Tubercle  of  the  size  of  a  pea. 

3.  A  large  glanders-nodule  developing. 

Fig.  VII.  Also  a  piece  of  the  lower  border  of  a  lung,  cut  surface.     (Natural  size.) 

1.  Miliary  nodules  suiTOunded  by  a  red  crust. 

2.  Large  gray  glanders-nodule  (glanders  excrescence)  growing  yet  in  one  direction. 


C>IyA>;i)KriB. 


lU-pon  romiiu.ssioiicr  ol' Ayi'i<  nil  iirc  TorUS^H 

l''io,I. 


IM.iK'    I 


'««-■.. 


l)i'\-(-I()])in(Mil  (if  <jl;in(lci-,s  ii'lls  ol' loiiiK'cl  i\-('-lissur   coi'piisf  Ics   ill   llic  niu(  (Mis 
iiiciiilnvinc  ol'  llic  sci)l  uiu 


I'lelL 


\-A  '\ 


Xff> 


Vvi    II. 
Mni'osi  opu  rill  tidiii  'ji;iy->('lli)\\isli  ijl;iiiili-rs 


iMollI 


f^'^: 


l.J     III 


l)r\.l(,pinriil  ol' <jl,i  luli'l  scclls  oC  rpil  li.-ll  mil  (■l.-lll<-lll  s   in    llic  pulllloli;il   iKxllllos 


'  AUni-ll  ttl'ii  I  lOi'irallMii'  Hiillniiiil 


GrlvA^STDKR-S 


tieport  ('oniiiussioiK'r  of  A'^>ri(  ulturc  I'or  1878. 


Plate  n. 


Fig.I\". 
Lo"weT  oiicl  of  the  s<i)luni  Willi    glimclors  nodules  and   idcers  (Ti/itirral  size). 


Fig.  V. 
Transversal   eii1s   throii<ili  llie  c'l'av  nodiiles  in  the  iinicoirs  uipi 


(uaUu'aLsiyej 


^V 


"ijsftjyij^^p  of  fli^septixm. 


//.,     '>, 


Piece  of  Ihe  Icnver  border  ot  a  linvo"    nil   siirfaee    (  natural  siz<- ). 


Fig.  \1I. 
Also  a  piece  oftlu- lower   hordei' ol' a  hiii^,  eiil  siirlare  (  nal  lu'al  size  ). 


.\.ll"™M'i.I.iUi."MH»lir,ltnlUmi>iT 


GLANDERS. 


Bt  Dr.  H.  J.  De'kmees,  V.  S.,  Chicago,  lU. 


Definition. — Glanders  is  a  contagious  cTl'sease  siii  generic  of  animals 
belonging  to  tlie  genus  eqmis.  It  has  usually  a  clironic  course,  can  bo 
communicated  by  means  of  its  contagion  to  several  otlier  species  of  ani- 
mals and  to  human  beings,  and  must  be  considered  incurable  if  fully 
developed.  The  principal  seat  of  the  morbid  process  is  usually  in  the 
mucous  membrane  of  the  nasal  cavities.  Thi'ee  main  symptoms,  viz., 
dischai'gesfrom  the  nose,  swelling  of  the  submaxillary  lymphatic  glands, 
and  particularly  ulcers  of  a  peculiar,  chancrous  character  in  the  mucous 
membrane  of  the  septum  of  the  nose,  characterize  glanders,  and  are, 
therefore,  of  the  greatest  diagnostic  value.  Wherever  these  three 
symptoms,  or  only  two  of  them,  are  present  and  fuUy  developed,  there 
the  diagnosis  is  secured.  But  unfortimately  this  is  not  always  the  case ; 
sometimes  two,  and  even  all  three,  principal  symptoms  may  be  wanting, 
and  stiU  the  horse  may  be  affected  with  glanders.  In  such  a  case  the 
seat  of  the  morbid  process  is  not  in  the  nasal  cavities,  but  further  on  in. 
the  respiratory  passages,  or  even  in  the  lungs.  Several  such  cases  have 
come  to  my  observation,  and  have  also  been  described  by  others,  espe- 
cially by  Professor  Gerlach.  In  still  other  cases,  in  which  the  disease 
might  bo  called  ''external  glanders,"  but  is  better  known  by  the  name 
of  ^' farcy,"  the  morbid  process  has  its  priucipal,  or  even  its  exclusive, 
seat  in  the  subcutaneous  connective  tissue  and  in  the  sldn  or  cutis.  The 
late  Professor  Gerlach,  in  his  treatise  on  Glanders,  i)ubhshed  in  the 
'■'Jahreshericht  der  Koeniglichen  ThicrarznciscJmJe  sic  Hannover,  1868, 
discriminates,  in.  consequence  of  these  differences,  three  distiuct  forms  : 
Nasal  or  common  glanders,  pulmonal  glanders,  and  farcy.  As  such  a 
division  of  glanders  proper  into  nasal  and  pulmonal  glanders — farcy  ia 
described  by  every  author  under  a  separate  head — facilitates  considera- 
bly the  diagnosis,  and  explains  also  at  once  why  just  those  symptoms 
which  are  usually  looked  upon  as  most  characteristic  remain  sometimes 
imperfectly  developed,  or  entirely  unobserved,  it  wiU  be  convenient  to 
adopt  Gerlach's  classification. 

1.  Nasal  Glandees. — This  form  is  that  which  is  most  common,  best 
known,  and  characterized  by  the  three  principal  symptoms  which  have 
been  mentioned. 

(«.)  The  discharge  from  the  nose,  although  the  most  conspicuous  of  those 
three  symptoms,  is  really  the  one  which  is  the  least  characteristic,  or  of 
the  least  diagnostic  value,  because  several  other  diseases  of  the  respira- 
tory organs  are  also  attended  with  discharges  from  the  nose,  which  are 
more  or  less  similar.  It  is  true,  the  discharge  in  glanders  possesses  some 
properties  which,  if  considered  as  a  total,  are  characteristic  and  are  not 
found  combined  in  any  other  disease ;  but  the  difficulty  is  one  or  another 
of  these  qualities  is  not  always  sufficiently  developed.  Consequently,  if 
the  other  two  principal  symptoms,  the  swelling  of  the  lympliatic  glands 
and  the  ulcers  in  the  nose,  are  absent  or  not  observed,  tlio  discharges 

17  SW  '-W 


258  GLANDEES   AXD  TARCY. 

from  tlie  nose  are  seldom  characteristic  cuougb  to  serve  as  tlie  sole  basis 
of  a  reliable  diagnosis.  The  same  are  frequently  one-sided,  and,  accord- 
ing to  most  authors,  cftener  from  the  left  than  from  the  right  nostril. 
According  to  my  experience  they  are  nearly,  if  not  quite,  as  often  from 
the  right  as  from  the  left  nasal  cavity,  and,  at  any  rate,  just  as  often 
from  both  nostrils  as  from  one  only,  but  always  more  abundant  from  one, 
either  right  or  left,  than  from  the  other.  At  the  beginning  the  dis- 
charges are  usually  thin,  almost  watery,  frequentlj"  greenish,  or  some- 
what similar  in  color  to  grass  juice ;  afterward  the  same  appear  to  be 
composed  of  two  different  fluids,  one  yellowish  and  watery  and  the  other 
whitish  and  mucous.  Still  later  the  discharges  become  thicker,  more 
sticky,  exhibit  Ixequently  a  mixture  of  different  colors,  are  sometimes 
gTcenish,  sometimes  dirty  white  or  grayish,  contain  not  seldom  streaks 
of  blood,  and,  in  advanced  stages  especially,  particles  of  bone  or  cartil- 
age. They  have  a  great  tendency  to  adhere  to  the  borders  of  the  nos- 
trils and  to  dry  there  to  dirty  yellow-brownish  crusts.  As  to  quantity, 
the  nasal  discharges  in  glanders  are  seldom  very  copious,  at  least  not 
as  copious  as  in  many  other  diseases — straugles,  for  instance.  The  quan- 
tity, however,  varies.  Sometimes,  especially  when  the  weather  is  warm 
and  dry,  the  discharges  may  be  very  insignificant  or  be  absent  altogether, 
and,  at  other  times,  particidarly  if  the  weather  is  rough,  wet,  and  cold, 
will  increase  in  quantity  and  become  comparatively  abundant.  Several 
authors  have  attached  special  importance  to  one  or  another  of  the  vari- 
ous properties  as  something  characteristic,  by  which  the  nasal  discharges 
in  glanders  can  be  distinguished  from  those  of  other  diseases,  but,  in  re- 
ality, none  of  those  x)roperties  are  constant  enough,  or  belong  exclusively 
to  glanders,  to  be  alone  of  great  diagnostic  value.  Solleysel  and  Kerst- 
ing  considered  the  stickiness  as  such  a  characteristic,  but  the  discharges 
in  strangles  are  frequently  just  as  sticky.  Pinter  and  Yitet  relied  ujKtn 
the  specifio  gravity ;  they  found  that  the  nasal  discharges  of  glanders, 
which  consist  partly  of  matter  and  partly  of  mucus,  sink  to  a  certain 
extent  in  water,  while  the  mucus  discharges  of  distemper  swim  on  the 
surface.  This  test  is  of  some  value,  but  is  not  decisive,  because  matter 
is  sometimes  admixed  also  to  the  nasal  discharges  of  other  diseases. 
Others  have  laid  stress  upon  the  one-sidedness  of  the  discharge,  but  the 
latter  is  just  as  often  from  both  nostrils  as  only  from  one,  and  a  one-sided 
discharge  belongs  also  to  some  other  diseases ;  is,  for  instance,  observed 
in  a  catarrhal  inflammation  of  one  of  the  frontal  or  maxillary  sinuses, 
if  caries  in  one  of  the  three  last  molai-s  of  the  upper  jaw  has  eftected  a 
fistulous  opening  into  the  maxillarj'^  sinus,  if  a  polypus  has  developed 
in  one  of  the  nasal  ca\ities,  «&c.  Professor  Gerlach  considers  the  green- 
ish color  as  a  very  important  characteristic,  but  that,  too,  is  not  reliable, 
because  it  is  not  constant,  is  usually  observed  only  at  the  beginning, 
and  belongs  frequently,  also,  to  the  nasal  discharges  of  catarrh,  strangles, 
and  influenza,  if  the  patients  are  kept  on  green  food  or  in  a  pasture.  The 
nasal  discharge  constitutes  a  characteristic  symptom  of  glanders  only,  if 
all  its  essential  jiroperties  are  present  (sufficiently  developed),  and  are 
considered  as  a  whole.  If  the  other  principal  symptoms  (swelling  of  the 
lymphatic  glands  and  ulcers  in  the  nasal  cavity)  are  absent  or  remain 
imobserved,  some  minor  symptoms,  which  may  hnppen  to  bo  i)resent, 
and  the  absence  of  all  such  symptoms  which  arc  peculiar  to  other  dis- 
eases, make  irequently  a  diagnosis  possible. 

(/;.)  A  distinctly  Uniitcd  sicGlling  of  the  suhmaxiUary  lymphat'w  plands 
constitutes  the  second  essential  symptom,  which  is  more  cliaracteristic 
of  glanders,  and  of  greater  (.liagnostio  value  than  the  discharge  from  the 
nose.    The  swelhng  correspomls  to  the  discharge ;  that  is,  if  the  latter 


GLANDERS  AND  FARCY.  259" 

is  one-sided,  for  instance,  from  the  left  nostril  only,  tlie  glands  of  the 
corresponding  leir  side  of  the  head  are  affected,  and  if  the  discharge  is 
fi'om  both  nostrils  the  glands  of  both  sides  are  swelled,  but  always  those 
of  that  side  the  most  on  which  the  discharge  is  most  copious.  The 
swelling  does  not  exhibit  any  conspicuous  sign  of  infiammation,  and  is 
usually  not  painful,  except  at  the  begin.ning  or  after  a  sudden  increase 
of  the  morbid  process.  It  is  always  distinctly  limited,  and  the  swelled 
gland  is  always  hard  and  usually  of  the  shape  and  size  of  a  peanut  j 
may  occasionally,  however,  be  foun.d  as  large  as  a  hen's  egg.  Large  in- 
flammatory swellings  without  distinct  limits  do  not  belong  to  glanders. 
At  fu'st  the  swelled  glands  are  more  or  less  movable  beneath  the  skin, 
but  afterwards,  in  an  advanced  stage  of  the  disease,  the  same  frequently 
appear  to  be  attached  more  or  less  firmly  to  the  bone  and  are  immova- 
ble. The  swelliug,  unless  irritated  by  external  causes,  never  dissolves 
in  suppuration  like  the  inflam.matory  swellings  common  in  distemper, 
and  is  absent  only  if  the  lymphatic  glands  have  been  extirpated,  if  the 
lymphatics  have  become  obliterated,  or  if  the  morbid  process  in  the 
mucous  membrane  of  the  respiratory  passages  is  situated  too  high  to  be 
within  the  i)rovince  of  those  lympiiatics  which  are  connected  wdth  the 
submaxillary  glands,  for  the  swelling  is  caused  solely  by  a  deposit  of 
deleterious  matter  which  has  been  absorbed  by  tlie  lymphatics.  Pro- 
fessor Gerlach  looks  upon  every  horse  as  probably  afteeted  with  glan- 
ders which  shows  a  distinctly  limited,  hard,  knotty,  and  painless  swell- 
ing of  the  submaxillary  lymphatic  glands.  I  will  not  contradict  a  man 
of  his  experience  and  learning,  and  admit  that  such  a  swelling  consti- 
tutes a  very  suspicious  and  characteristic  indication  of  glanders,  espe- 
cially if  some  other  symptoms  of  that  disease  are  also  present ;  but  I 
am  obhged  to  remark  that  I  have  seen  horses  not  affected  with  glanders 
in  which  those  glands  were  swelled  to  the  size  of  a  peanut,  and  were 
hard,  without  pain,  and  movable. 

(c.)  Ulcers  of  a  peculiar,  cJiancrons  character  on  the  mucous  mem- 
brane of  the  nose,  and  especially  of  the  septum  or  cartilaginous  partition 
between  the  nasal  cavities,  constitute  by  far  the  most  characteristic 
symptom,  and,  in  fact,  the  only  one  which  makes  the  diagnosis  a  certainty, 
even  if  all  other  syirjj)tams  should  be  absent  or  imperfectly  developed. 
BtiU,  such  is  never  the  case;  if  there  are  ulcers  in  the  nose,  then  there 
is  also  a  discharge  of  matter  mixed  with  mucus  from  the  corresponding 
nostril.  In  some  cases  these  ulcers  are  i)resent,  but  sn-e  situated  too 
high  to  be  seen  unless  the  horse  is  examined  in  bright  sunlight  and  the 
rays  of  the  sun  are  retlectetl  by  a  mirror  mto  the  cavity  of  the  nose.  The 
seat  of  the  ulcers  is  usually  on  the  septum  and  near  the  nasal  bone. 
Their  size  and  shape  vary  (Fig.  IV).  Some  ulcers  are  small,  isolated, 
almost  round ;  others  arc  large,  of  an  megular  sha])e,  and  of  uneven 
depth.  AU  produce  matter,  have  elevated,  corroded  borders,  a  dirty, 
steatouiatous-lookiiig  bottom,  and  are  never  covered  mth  a  scab.  At 
first  small  gray  specks  or  elevated  gray  spots  (glanders-nodules),  vary- 
ing ui  size  from  that  of  a  pin's  head  to  tlnit  of  a  pea,  make  their  ai>pcar- 
ance  (Fig.  IV,  1  and  2,  and  Fig.  Y,  a  and  h).  These  nodules  soon  decay 
and  form  idcers.  Gradually  the  idcers  increase  iu  size  and  depth  (Fig. 
IV,  3) ;  their  borders  become  more  elevated  and  corroded ;  the  process 
of  decay  goes  on ;  and  if  two  or  more  small  idcers  are  close  together, 
they  become  confluent,  unite,  and  constitute  one  large,  irregtiliuly-shapcd 
ulcer  (Fig.  IV,  4),  which  continues  to  increase  in  size  and  dc])lh.  Decay 
and  destruction  work  their  way  deeper  and  dee])er,  even  into  the  car- 
tilage, and  if  ulcers  happen  to  be  existing  iji  both  cavities,  or  on  both 
sides  of  the  septum,  it  occurs  not  seldom  that  the  latter  becomes  per- 


260  GLANDEES   AND    FARCY. 

forated.  I  observed  several  sucli  cases,  one  especially  in  Lee  Centre, 
Lee  comity,  Illinois,  in  1866,  in  Tvliicli  tlie  hole  in  the  lower  or  anterior 
part  of  the  septum  was  fnlly  as  large  as  a  silver  half-dollar.  The  borders 
of  the  same  appeared  irregular,  corroded,  much  swelled  or  elevated  over 
the  surface  of  the  septum,  and  coated  with  a  dirty-looking,  discolored, 
and  blood-streaked  glanders-matter.  The  disease,  in  that  case,  was  far 
advanced,  and  the  animal  about  ready  to  die. 

Sometimes  it  happens  that  a  glanders-ulcer  shows  a  tendency  to  heal; 
it  loses  its  chancrous  character ;  granidation  makes  its  appearance ;  a 
scurf  or  scab  is  formed ;  a  healing  takes  ])lace,  and  a  fibrous,  whitish- 
colored,  somewhat  jjuckered  or  star-shaped  scar  is  left  behind. 

Some  authors  have  attached  considerable  diagnostic  importance  to  a 
bluish  or  lead-gray  color  of  the  nasal  mucous  membrane,  and  to  bluish 
or  lead-gray  spots,  which  usually  make  their  appearance  before  it 
comes  to  ulceration.  Such  a  bluish  color,  however,  is  not  a  constant 
symptom — ^in  some  cases  only  small  red  specks  can  be  seen  on  an  other- 
wise rather  i)ale  mucous  membrane,  and  is  not  characteristic  either,  be- 
cause it  is  observed  also  in  catarrhal  diseases,  and  in  horses  driven 
against  the  wind  in  cold  weather. 

(d.)  Minor  symptoms. — The  three  principal  symptoms  just  described 
are  usually  accompanied  by  some  others  of  minor  diagnostic  value,  but 
under  certain  circumstances  very  important,  especially  if  one  or  another 
of  the  principal  symptoms  should  happen  to  be  imperfectly  developed., 
As  such  minor  symptoms,  may  be  mentioned,  first,  an  accumidation  of 
a  glassy,  whitish-gray  mucus  in  the  inner  canthus  or  corner  of  the  eye 
of  the  diseased  side  of  the  head.  It  is  a  symptom  which  usually  makes 
its  appearance  at  the  beginning  of  the  disease;  second,  a  lusterless, 
dry,  and  dirty-looking,  or  so-called  "dead"  coat  of  hair;  third,  more  or 
less  difficulty  in  breathing;  fourth,  a  peculiar  short  and  dry  cough, 
somewhat  similar  to  the  well-known  cough  of  a  horse  afiected  with 
heaves.  These  last  three  sjinptoms,  of  which  the  cough  is  the  most 
characteristic,  make  their  appearance  only  after  the  morbid  process  has 
made  considerable  progress.  In  some  cases  the  plain  outbreak  of  the 
disease,  or  the  appearance  of  i^lain  and  unmistakable  symptoms,  is  pre- 
ceded by  a  swelhng  of  the  inguinal,  the  axillary,  and  other  lymphatic 
glands. 

The  difficulty  of  breathing,  and  the  peculiar  and  somewhat  character- 
istic cough,  tliough  only  minor  symptoms  in  common  or  nasal  glanders, 
rise  to  great  diagnostic  imiiortauce  if  the  morbid  process  has  its  princi- 
pal seat  in  the  lungs  instead  of  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  nasal  cavi- 
ties— ^if,  in  other  Avords,  the  animal  is  afiected  with  that  form  of  the 
disease  Avhich  Professor  Gerlach  has  called  '■'-pulmonal  glanders.'''' 

It  haj)pens  sometimes  that  a  horse  is  afiected  with  glanders  and  com- 
municates the  disease  to  other  healthy  animals,  but  does  not  itself  show 
any  of  the  three  i)ruicipal  symptoms  characteristic  of  that  disease ;  has 
no  discharge  from  the  nose,  no  swelled  glands,  and  no  ulcers  in  the  nasal 
cavities.  The  late  Professor  Spinola,  in  his  lectures  on  veterinary  i^a- 
thology  at  Berhu,  related  such  a  case  to  his  students,  which  will  serve  as 
an  illustration.  It  is  substantially  as  follows:  In  a  village  near  BerUn 
glanders  broke  out  in  a  st?«ble  in  which  several  horses  were  kept.  A 
vetcrmary  surgeon  was  called,  who  made  an  investigation  and  con- 
demned every  horse  that  showed  any  symptouis  of  the  disease,  and 
every  animal  condemned  was  immediately  killed.  The  horses  appa- 
rently not  afiected  were  kex)t  for  several  vvceks  under  police  control, 
and  from  time  to  time  inspected,  but  finally  released.  Among  them  Avas 
one  old  sorrel  liorse  which  had  the  heaves,  and  which  had  been  brought 


GLANDERS    AND   FARCY.  261 

into  tlie  stable  a  sliort  time  before  the  first  case  of  glanders  made  its  ap- 
pearance. This  sorrel  borse  soon  after  was  sold  to  a  man  in  another 
village,  and  came  into  a  stable  containing  also  qnite  a  number  of  horses. 
In  that  stable,  too,  glanders  broke  out.  A  veterinary  surgeon  (another 
one)  was  called,  and  every  horse  showing  symptoms  of  glanders  was 
condemned  and  immediately  destroyed.  The  old  sorrel  horse,  however, 
which  was  known  to  have  "  the  heaves,"  was  again  released  after  some 
length  of  time,  together  with  those  which  had  remained  exempted,  and 
was  sold  once  more,  this  time  to  a  man  who  kept  over  30  horses  (I  have 
forgotten  the  exact  number)  in  his  stable  a  few  miles  from  the  city.  In 
this  last  stable  glanders  likewise  made  its  appearance  after  some  lai)se 
of  time,  but  in  that  case  Professor  Spinola  was  called.  He,  too,  after  a 
careful  investigation,  condemned  every  horse  that  showed  any  symptom 
of  glanders,  and  insisted  upon  condemning  also  the  oltl  sorrel  horse, 
whose  history  was  then  unknown  to  him,  notwithstanding  that  no  symp- 
toms of  disease,  except  such  as  are  usual  attendants  of  heaves,  could  be 
observed.  The  owner  hesitated  to  consent  to  the  loss  of  a  horse  appa- 
rently not  affected  with  glanders,  but  Spinola  insisted  upon  the  con- 
demnation. The  post  mortem  examination  revealed  that  the  old  horse, 
which  had  the  "heaves,"  was  afltected  with  pulmonal  glanders  in  a  very 
high  degree ;  and  Spinola,  after  learning  the  history  of  the  old  sorrel, 
was  convinced  that  the  latter  had  caused  the  outbreak  of  the  disease  in 
all  three  stables.  Professor  Gerlach,  in  his  valuable  treatise,  cites  sev- 
eral cases,  which  to  relate  would  lead  too  far.  Some  cases,  though  not 
so  strking  as  that  related  above,  have  also  come  under  my  own  observa- 
tion. In  pulmonal  glanders  the  morbid  process  has  its  principal  seat  in 
the  lungs,  and  may  remain  limited  to  the  latter  for  months,  and  even 
for  one  or  two  years ;  and  diuring  that  time,  or  as  long  as  the  morbid 
process  is  confined  to  the  lungs,  no  prominent  symptoms  may  make  their 
appearance  except  such  as  are  usual  attendants  upon  lieaves — some  dif- 
ficulty of  breathing,  and  a  pecubar  short,  weak,  and  dull  cough,  which 
must  be  heard,  but  is  not  easily  described.  Finally,  however,  but  not 
before  the  disease  has  made  considerable  progress,  the  diificulty  of 
breathing  increases,  more  or  less  discharge  from  the  nose  makes  its  ap- 
pearance, emaciation  sets  in,  the  natural  glossiness  of  the  coat  of  hair 
disappears  and  becomes  rough,  stands  on  end,  and  exhibits  a  so-called 
dead  and  dirty-looking  appearance.  The  skin,  too,  loses  some  of  its 
natural  elasticity,  and  the  animal  becomes  "hide-bound." 

The  morbid  changes  are  revealed  only  at  the  post  mortem  examination. 
Smaller  and  larger  glanders-nodides  (usually  called  tubercles)  present 
themselves  in  ditierent  stages  of  development  and  subsequent  decay  in  the 
tissue  of  the  lungs.  Some  of  them  present  themselves  as  formations  rich 
in  glanders-cells  (see  illustrations),  and  others,  especially  if  the  disease  is 
of  long  standing,  as  decayed,  cheesy,  dried,  and  shrunk  substances  and 
glanders-tumors  of  a  sarcomatous  and  fibroid  character.  In  some  of 
the  oldest  ones  even  -.i  deposit  of  lime  salts  may  have  taken  jdace.  I 
remember  one  case,  wliich  occurred  in  Germany,  a  few  miles  from  my 
residence,  about  twenty  years  ago,  when  I  first  coiumenced  to  i)ractice. 
I  was  called  to  examine  a  horse  suffering  from  some  ])ulmoijal  liisorder. 
The  symptoms  were  those  of  ])ulraonal  glanders  in  an  advanced  stage  of 
development ;  even  nasal  discharges  had  mack^  their  aiipearance.  i  tUag- 
nosticated  glanders,  but  being  young  and  without  much  experience,  de- 
clined to  take  the  responsibiUty  of  condemning  the  horse,  because  the 
laws  of  Germany  are  very  strict  in  that  respect,  and  i)ro vide  that  every 
horse  aflected  with  glanders  be  destroyed  immediately.  I  therefore 
reported  the  case,  not  to  the  proper  executive  authorities,  but  to  the 


262  GLANDERS   AND    FARCY. 

reteriiinry  surft'eon- general,  who,  at  my  solieitatiou,  came  immediately 
and  examined  tlio  animal.  He  did  not  pronounce  it  a  clear  case  of  glan- 
ders, but  doubted,  at  least  liesitated.  Tlie  owner,  however,  consented 
A-^oluntarily  to  have  tlie  horse  killed.  The  j^ost  mortem  examination  re- 
vealed pulmonal  glanders  in  a  very  advanced  stage.  A  similar  case,  of 
which  1  shall  have  to  give  a  brief  account  in  another  chapter,  I  had  an 
opportunity  to  observe  in  ISGG,  near  Dixon,  Lee  county,  Illinois. 

As  the  principal  symptoms  of  pulmonal  glanders  are  essentially,  for 
some  length  of  time  at  least,  only  such  as  are  also  observed  in  common 
cases  of  heaves  (one  of  the  most  frequent  disorders  of  horses),  the  diag- 
nosis must  Irequently  be  based,  as  a  lawyer  would  say,  upon  circumstan- 
tial evidence. 

A  horse  must  be  suspected  of  being  affected  with  glanders,  first,  if  the 
peculiar,  wealc,  and  drv  cough  constitutes,  compared  with  the  difficulty 
of  breathing,  the  predominating  spnptom;  if  the  animal  becomes  more 
and  more  emaciated  and  hide-bound,  and  if  the  appearance  of  the  coat 
of  hair  is  sucli  as  to  indicate  the  presence  of  a  cachectic  disease.  Sec- 
ond, if  it  is  known  that  the  animal  in  question  has  been  exposed  to  the 
contagion.  Third,  if  other  horses  have  become  affected  with  glanders 
or  farcy,  after  having  been  together  with  the  animal  that  shows  those 
symptoms.  Fourth,  if  a  horse  apparently  affected  with  heaves  has  pre- 
viously exhibited  other  symptoms,  more  or  less  characteristic  or  suspi- 
cious, of  glanders.  Fifth,  if  other  symi)toms,  such  as  are  observed  in 
so-called  "  nasal  gleet,"  or  incipient  nasal  glanders,  make  their  appear- 
ance. 

3.  FAECY,  OR  EXTERNAL  GLANDERS. 

The  name  "farcy"  is  given  to  such  cases  of  glanders  in  which  the 
morbid  process  has  its  seat  in,  and  immediately  beneath,  the  sldn,  and  in 
which  nodules,  boils  (glanders-buboes),  and  ulcers  of  a  very  infectious 
and  chancrous  character  make  their  appearance  in  the  subcutaneous 
tissue,  and  in  the  skin  itself.  Glanders-nodules  and  lenticular  ulcers  in 
the  tissue  of  the  skin,  boils  beneath  the  skin,  smaller  and  larger  open 
ulcers  penetrating  tlie  same,  a  strand-shaped  swelling  of  the  subcuta- 
neous Ijinphatics,  swelled  IjTuiihatic  glands,  and  oedemata,  the  latter 
especially  in  the  legs  and  on  the  head,  constitute  the  most  essential 
symptoms. 

Professor  Gerlach  discriminates  two  forms :  Subcutaneous  glanders 
or  common  farcy,  and  exanthemaitous  glanders  or  skin  ftircy. 

(a.)  8icbcnfaneous  f/landei's  or  common  farct/. — The  morbid  process  in 
this  rather  frequent  disease  has  its  principal  seat  in  the  subcutaneous 
connective  tissue,  and  in  the  lymphatic  system  of  the  skin  and  be- 
tween the  skin  and  the  muscles,  but  especially  on  the  inner  side  of  the 
hind  legs,  on  the  hps,  on  the  neck,  between  the  fore  legs,  and  on  all  such 
places  wheic  the  skin  is  thin  and  fine.  At  first  distinctly  limited  swell- 
ings of  an  intlammatory  character  (incipient  boils  or  glanders-buboes) 
make  their  appearance  in  the  subcutaneous  tissue.  These  swellings  or 
boils  soon  commence  to  dissolve,  or  to  decay,  from  within  ;  the  ulcera- 
tion begins  in  the  center,  but  the  matter,  being  very  corrosive,  soon 
works  its  way  into  tlie  skin,  the  boil  finally  opens,  and  presents  a 
farcy-ulcer  with  a  steatomatous  bottom,  and  elevated,  corroded,  and  in- 
flamed borders.  At  the  same  time,  or  even  before  the  Ibrmation  of  the 
first  ulcer  has  become  completed,  deleterious  matter  is  absorbed  by  the 
nearest  lym];)hatics,  and  deposited  in  tlie  ]ym]>hati(;  glands.  The  Ibr- 
yr.QT,  in  consequence,  swell  to  hard  and  ])laiuly  visible  cords  or  strands,  and 
the  latter  to  painfal  and  distinctly  limited  tumors.    The  partial  or  total 


GLANDEES   AND   FAECY.  263 

closing  of  tlie  ]ym])liatic  vessels  and  glands  tlius  effected  interferes 
witli,  and  even  prevents,  a  performance  of  their  functions,  or  stops 
the  absorption  of  lymph,  and  cedematous  swellings,  more  or  less  ex- 
tensive, are  tlie  necessary  consequence.  Tlic  same  make  their  ap- 
pearance especially  if  the  seat  of  the  morbid  process  is  on  the  inside 
of  a  leg,  and  if  either  the  inguinal  or  axillary  glands  are  swelled  and 
closed  by  a  deposit  of  deleterious  matter.  The  more  extensive  and  com- 
plete the  sv.-elling  and  closing  of  the  lymphatic  vessels  and  glands,  or 
tlie  more  lymphatics  are  affected,  the  more  extensive  is  also  the  oedema. 
Lameness,  usually  caused  by  such  an  oedema,  is  also  a  fi'equent  at- 
tendant. 

The  roundish  boils  or  tumors  increase  in  size  from  that  of  a  hazel-nut 
to  that  of  a  hen's  egg.  At  first,  when  such  a  boil  is  making  its  appear- 
ance, it  is  not  fastened  to  the  skin ;  the  latter  can  yet  be  moved  a  little 
in  e^'ery  direction  over  the  l)oil,  but  soon  the  neoplastic  process  and  the 
subsequent  decay  will  exteinl  to  the  tissue  of  the  skin,  and  boil  and  skin 
will  become  firmly  united  before  the  ulcer  breaks  and  discharges  its  ex- 
tremely infectious  and  corrosive  contents,  consisting  of  decaying  glan- 
ders-cells or  matter,  and  lymph. 

(h.)  Exantliematous  glanders  or  slin  farcy. — In  this  form  of  glanders 
or  farcy  the  principal  seat  of  the  morbid  process  is  in  the  tissue  and 
in  the  lymphatics  of  the  skin  or  cutis.  It  is  a  rare  form  in  horses,  but 
the  only  one  in  which  external  glanders  or  farcy  makes  its  appearance 
in  a  human  being.  Distinctly  limited  swellings  (nodules  and  tumors)  of 
the  size  of  a  pea  to  that  of  a  hazel-nut,  either  isolated,  or  united  and  re- 
sembling a  string  of  beads,  make  their  appearance  in  the  tissue  of  the 
skin.  These  swellings  soon  break,  and  then  present  round  ulcers  with 
elevated  and  corroded  borders.  The  discharge  consists  of  a  mixture  of 
matter,  composed  mainly  of  decayed  glanders-cells  and  lymph.  In 
other,  though  rather  rare  cases,  the  swellmgs  are  very  small  and  numerous, 
and  present  themselves  as  small  nodules,  some  of  which  arc  so  small  as 
to  be  scarcely  visible,  while  others  are  about  as  large  as  common  peas. 
These  small  swellings,  too,  are  soon  changed  to  ulcers,  which  are  usually 
flat,  lenticular,  and  constantly  suppurating.  If  close  together  the  sam<i 
become  frequently  confluent.  Only  one  case  of  skin-farcy  has  ever  come 
under  my  observation.  It  was  about  five  years  ago,  at  Manhattan^ 
Kans.  Numerous  small  ulcers  were  crowded  closely  together  on  the 
nose  and  the  muzzle  of  the  horse,  which  was  also  affected  with  nasal 
glanders. 

On  the  human  skin,  not  being  covered  with  hair,  the  whole  process 
can  be  observed  much  better  than  on  the  skin  of  a  horse.  Professor 
Virchow's  description  of  skui-farcy  in  men  may,  theretbre,  find  a  place. 
Virchow  says : 

At  first  tlicsc.  spots  arc  imioh  rcddoiiod,  l>nt  very  small,  almost  like  flea-ljites;  then 
papular  nwi'llings  are  formed ;  the  Miiriace  of  those  swellings  rises  graduailj'  rather  in 
the  shape  of  a  round  and  solid  elevation  than  of  a  pustule,  and  assumes  a  yellowish 
color,  -whieh  gives  it  a  ];ustulous  appearanee.  If  the  epidermis  is  removed  irom  sueh 
a  flat  or  roundish  papule  or  nodule,  %vhieh  is  not  depressed  in  the  centiT,  but  sur- 
rounded by  a  SAvelled  and  reddened  eourt,a  puriform,  moderately  consistent  yellowish 
fluid  is  formed,  vrhich  contains  but  few  organized  constituents,  and  consists  mainly  of 
the  decayed  elements  of  the  formerly  solid  nodule.  'J'he  tluid,  therefore,  is  not  lodged 
in  a  jjustulons  elevation  of  the  ejiiderniis,  but  in  a  small  hole  in  the  c<uium,  which 
penetrates  the  latter  as  if  it  lunl  l;een  made  with  a  i)uneh.  After  some  time  the  linid 
(matter)  becomes  colored  l>y  hemorrhagic  admixtures;  stilllater  itsi'oloriselianged  to 
bluish  red,  and  finally  smaU  brown  or  blackisli  crusts  or  scabs  arc  formed.  Such  erup- 
tions appear  sometimes  in  enormous  numbers  on  the  whole  body. — (Cerlaeh's  Treatise.) 

Naml  gleet. — This  is  a  name  which  I  have  accepted  only  with  great  re- 
luctance, because  it  signilies  no  delinite  disease,  and  is  used  frequently, 


2G4  GLANDERS    AND    FARCY. 

as  I  shall  hereafter  have  an  opjiortunity  to  sho-u^,  to  cover  ij^^norance, 
fraud,  and  crime.  It  can  be  retained  only  if  applied  exclusively  to  such 
cases  of  disease  (usually  occult  or  incipient  glanders)  in  which  the  horse 
lias  a  suspicious-lookint;  discharge  from  the  nose,  but  shows  no  other 
<;haracteristic  symjitoms  sufficiently  developed  to  base  upon  them  a  sure 
diagnosis.  So,  for  instance,  it  may  happen  that  a  horse  has  a  chronic 
discharge  of  matter  and  mucus  li-om  one  or  both  nostrils,  and,  i)erhaps, 
also  a  tlistinctly  limited  swelling  of  the  submaxillary  lymphatic  glands, 
and  yet  neither  the  discharge  nor  the  swelling  may  be  sufficiently  charac- 
teristic to  justify  the  decision  that  the  horse  in  question  is  affected  with 
glanders,  because  the  latter  is  a  disease  which,  for  ob^dous  reasons,  de- 
mands a  correct  and  positive  diagnosis.  To  declare  that  a  horse  has 
glanders  is  equal  to  condemning  the  same  to  be  killed.  The  term  "  nasal 
gleet,"  therefore,  is  convenient  and  admissible,  if  used  exclusively  to 
signily  a  disorder  of  the  respiratory  organs  attended  with  suspicious 
discharges  from  the  nose,  and  other  symptoms  common  in  glanders,  but 
not  yet  fully  enough  developed  or  sufficiently  characteristic,  one  way  or 
another,  to  make  the  existence  or  absence  of  glanders  a  certainty.  Such 
a  disorder,  of  course,  must  be  considered  as  incipient  or  occult  glanders 
till  every  doubt  has  been  removed. 

Chronic  and  acute  glanders. — Glanders,  as  a  rule,  is  a  chronic  disease. 
The  morbid  changes  develop  slowly.  Of  the  various  forms  in  which  the 
disease  is  able  to  make  its  appearance,  pulmonal  glanders,  unless  com- 
jilicated  with  one  of  the  other  forms,  or  with  other  inflammatory  or 
feverish  diseases,  is  the  most  chronic,  or  takes  the  longest  time  to  pro- 
duce conspicuous  symptoms  and  to  become  fatal.  It  takes  frequently 
two  or  three  years  Ibefore  the  animal  succumbs.  iTasal  glanders  is  usu- 
ally not  quite  so  slow  in  its  progress ;  still  it  also  very  often  takes  half 
a  year  or  longer  before  the  morbid  process  makes  sulficient  headway  to 
produce  plain,  unmistakable  symptoms,  or  before  the  chaucrous  ulcers, 
characteristic  of  glanders,  make  their  appearance  in  the  mucous  mem- 
brane of  the  septum  of  the  nose.  Farcy,  or  external  glanders,  is  usually 
the  least  chronic  (comes  the  soonest  to  a  termination)  of  the  various 
(uncombined)  forms  of  glanders.  Plain  and  unmistakable  symptoms 
(veritable  farcy-ulcers)  make  their  appearance  almost  always  within 
three  months  and  frequently  within  a  week  or  two  after  the  infection 
has  taken  lilace.  In  mules  and  asses,  however,  the  various  forms  of 
glanders  are  usually  less  chronic,  make  a  more  rapid  progress,  are  more 
destructive,  and  come  sooner  to  a  termination  than  in  horses.  The  prog- 
ress of  the  morbid  process  depends  also  to  a  great  extent  upon  the  con- 
stitution and  the  organization  of  the  animal  and  the  mode  and  manner 
in  which  it  is  kept.  Weather  and  temperature,  too,  have  considerable 
imfiiience ;  warm  and  dry  weather  usually  retards,  and  cold,  wet,  and 
stormy  or  inclement  weather  usually  accelerates  and  spreads  the  morbid 
process.  Most  authors  discriminate  between  acute  and  a  chronic  form 
of  glanders.  From  a  practical  standpoint  such  a  distinction  is  perfectly 
admissible,  but  to  separate  acute  and  chronic  glanders  as  two  diiierent 
diseases,  as  has  been  done  by  some  (French)  authors,  must  lead,  and 
lias  led,  to  very  dangerous  mistakes  and  to  great  confusion.  Every 
form  of  glandei'S,  as  I  have  said  before,  is  naturally — co  ipso — more  or 
less  chronic  in  its  course,  but  may  become  acute,  either  from  the  hrst 
beginning  or  at  any  stage  of  its  development,  and  sometimes  very  sud- 
denly, under  any  of  the  following  conditions: 

1.  If  a  complication  takes  place  either  with  one  of  the  other  forms  of 
glanders  or  with  another  disease  or  disorder.     Sometimes  even  a  small 


GLANDERS    AND    FARCY.  265 

■wound  is  sufficient  to  inaugurate  the  acute  course  or  a  rapid  progress  of 
the  morbid  process. 

2.  If  ghxuders  has  been  communicated  by  a  direct  introduction  of 
glanders-matter  into  a  wound,  or  a  direct  contact  of  the  contagion  with 
the  blood.  The  greater  the  quantity  of  glanders-matter  introduced  the 
more  concentrated  the  contagion  inoculated,  or  the  larger  the  wound 
the  more  acute  or  rapidly  progi'essing  and  spreading  is  usually  the 
morbid  process  of  the  commuaicated  disease. 

3.  If  the  constitution  of  the  animal  has  been  weakened,  or  if  the 
vitality  of  its  organism  has  been  seriously  impaired  either  by  glanders 
Itself  or  by  any  other  disease,  the  course  of  glanders,  although  natu- 
rally slow  or  chronic  from  the  beginning,  is  usually  changed  to  an  acute 
one  as  soon  as  the  morbid  changes  have  become  sufficiently  important 
and  extensive  to  weaken  essentially  the  constitution  of  the  animal,  and 
to  cause  a  profuse  infection  or  spreading  of  the  contagion  through  the 
lymphatics  in  the  animal  organism.  Toward  its  fatal  termination 
glanders,  therefore,  always  changes  its  course  from  chronic  to  acute. 
Unhke  most  other  diseases  it  commences  chronic  and  ends  acute. 

4.  Exposure  to  wet,  cold,  and  inclement  weather,  catching  cold,  hard 
work,  close,  dirty,  and  ill-ventilated  stables,  unhealthy  food,  &c. — ^in 
short,  everything  that  is  calculated  to  i^roduce  an  injui-ious  influence 
upon  the  organism,  or  is  calculated  to  impair  the  health  of  the  animal, 
has  a  tendency  to  accelerate  the  morbid  process,  to  change  the  chronic 
course  of  glanders  to  an  acute  one,  and  to  hasten  the  outbreak  after  an 
infection  has  taken  place. 

The  morbid  ])rocess  of  glanders  is  accelerated  and  caused  to  spread 
more  rapidly  if  the  latter  becomes  complicated  with  an  inflammation, 
or  with  any  very  feverish  or  very  tyi^hoid  disease.  The  morbid  pro- 
cesses of  glanders  and  inflammation  increase  each  other  reciprocally. 
The  inflammatory  process  adojits,  to  a  great  extent,  the  nature  and 
characteristics  of  glanders,  and  the  morbid  process  of  the  latter  disease 
becomes  blended  with  the  former,  and  assumes  the  attributes  of  an  in- 
flammation. In  either  case  all  the  symptoms  become  very  violent,  and 
the  morbid  process  progresses  and  spreads  very  rapidly,  particularly 
in  those  tissues  which  are  in  a  state  of  inflammation.  Ulceration,  too, 
becomes  extensive  in  a  short  time,  and  the  lymphatics,  by  absorbing 
the  deleterious  matter,  seem  to  spread  the  contagion  and  the  elements 
of  glanders  rapidly  through  the  whole  system.  If  the  original  disease 
is  glanders,  farcy  will  also  make  its  appearance  within  a  short  time ; 
and  vice  versa,  existing  farcy  will  soon  be  complicated  with  nasal  and 
pulmonal  glanders  of  an  inflammatory  character.  The  exudations  pro- 
duced by  an  inflammation  which  has  assumed  the  nature  of  glanders 
are  always  very  deleterious  and  corrosive  and  destroy  like  a  caustic  the 
tissues  with  which  they  come  in  contact.  The  morbid  changes  eftected 
by  such  an  inflammation  resemble  .those  of  a  malignant  diphtheria.  In 
extreme  cases  the  morbid  process  may  become  so  violent  as  to  cause 
the  neoplastic  process,  characteristic  of  glanders,  to  be  superseded 
by  immediate  destruction  and  mortification.  In  such  a  case  profuse, 
diphtheritic  idceration  and  destruction  of  tissue  take  the  place  of  the 
neoplastic  production  of  glanders-cells  and  their  subsequent  decay. 
The  glanders-cells  are  destroyed  (decay  or  perish)  before  their  forma- 
tion has  been  completed,  consequently  are  absent. 

That  a  direct  and  abundant  introduction  of  glanders-matter  into  a 
wound,  or  a  direct  contact  of  the  contagion  with  the  blood,  is  well  cal- 
culated to  produce  an  acute  form  of  glanders,  or  suliicieut  to  inaugurate 
a  rapid  progress  of  the  morbid  process,  is  probably  best  illustrated  by  a 


266  GLANDERS   AND   FAECY. 

case  wliicli  occiiiTed  about  eleven  years  ago,  near  Dixon,  Lee  county, 
Illinois,  wliere  I  was  then  ]^racticinp:.  A  fanner,  Mr.  B.,  came  to  my 
office  with  a  horse  T>'hich  he  had  recently  bought,  and  which  was  appar- 
ently suilcring  from  some  pulmonal  disorder.  The  animal  was  in  a  mod- 
erately good  condition  and  free  from  fever.  The  morbid  symi)toms  ob- 
served consisted  in  a  slightly  laborious  breathing,  a  short,  dull,  but 
somewhat  loose  (not  dry)  cougii,  some  discharge  from  one  nostril,  and  a 
slight  swelling  of  the  submaxillary  lymphatic  glands  of  the  same  side 
of  the  head.  The  symptoms,  consequently,  were  the  same  as  are  usually 
observed  in  pulmoual  glanders ;  but  as  none  of  them  were  sufficiently 
devel()})ed  or  j)resented  sufficiently  characteristic  properties  to  indicate 
with  certainty  the  presence  of  glanders,  and  as  no  ulcers — the  most  im- 
portant diagnostic  symptom  of  glanders — could  be  discovered  in  the 
nose,  I  hesitated  to  make  a  definite  diagnosis,  but  informed  the  owner  of 
my  suspicion,  and  advised  him  to  put  the  horse,  if  convenient,  to  hard 
work  for  the  purpose  of  accelerating  thereby  the  moi'bid  process  (if 
glanders),  and  to  return  the  animal  for  further  examination  within  a 
week  or  so.  A  few  days  afterwards  the  same  farmer  came  again  to  my 
office  with  another  horse  with  a  badly  torn  eyelid  and  an  inHamed  eye 
for  treatment.  This  latter  horse,  which.  I  will  call  horse  No.  2,  had  been 
bitten  in  the  eyelid  and  hatl  the  same  torn  by  the  horse  with  the  suspi- 
cious symptoms,  which  I  had  seen  before,  and  which  1  will  call  horse  No. 
1.  In  examining  the  wound,  which  probably  had  been  made  during  the 
night,  I  found  the  borders  very  much  swelled,  and  the  wound  and  the 
conjunctiva  of  the  eye  in  a  condition  which  strengthened  my  suspicions 
of  horse  No.  1  being  affected  with  glanders.  Still,  by  means  of  a  few 
stitches,  I  united  the  margins  of  the  wound  as  well  as  circumstances 
Ijprmitted.  After  I  had  performed  the  operation  I  examined  the  horse 
as  to  his  general  health,  but  especially  as  to  sj'mptoms  of  glanders. 
With  the  exception  of  some  feverish  acceleration  of  the  pulse  and  the 
very  inffamed  condition  of  the  torn  eyelid  and  the  conjunctiva,  no  morbid 
symptoms  could  be  found.  The  liorse  appeared  to  Ite  in  good  health 
and  free  from  any  respiratory  disorder.  The  next  day  I  saw  both  horses, 
Nos.  2  and  1,  on  B.'s  farm,  a  few  miles  from  Dixon.  Horse  No.  2  had 
high  fever ;  the  wound  in  the  eyelid  presented  considerable  swelling 
and  had  suppurated;  some  of  the  stitches  had  been  torn  out ;  and  a 
himp  of  grayish  and  glassy  mucus  had  accumulated  in  the  inner  cor- 
ner or  canthus  of  the  eye.  These  symptoms,  though  comparatively  in- 
significant under  other  circumstances,  convinced  me  still  more  that  the 
torn  eyelid  would  not  heal  and  that  horse  No.  1  was  affected  with  glan- 
ders, and  had  communicated  the  contagion  to  horse  No.  2.  In  the  con- 
dition of  horse  No.  1  no  essential  changes  had  taken  ])lace,  except  per- 
Jiaps  a  sliglit  increase  in  the  discharges  from  the  nose.  About  n.  week 
later  horse  No.  2  ])resented  jdnin  and  unmistakable  symptoms  of  glan- 
ders, consisting  of  lameness,  swelling  of  the  inguinal  glands,  copious 
discharges  from  the  nose,  swelling  of  the  subnuixillary  glands,  and 
diphtheritic  ulceration  on  the  septum.  The  condition  of  horse  No.  1  was 
almost  unchanged.  Both  liorses  were  killed  the  next  day.  The  post 
mortem  examinat!<m  of  horse  No.  1  reveaie<l,  besides  the  cliaracteristic 
morbid  changes  in  the  hmgs,  indicative  of  pulmonal  glanders  of  long 
standing,  only  a  few  small  ulcers  high  up  on  the  septnni,  while  horse  No. 
2  showed  all  tlie  esseiitial  sympto^ms  of  fnlly-developed  acute  nasal  glan- 
ders and  of  incii)ieut  farcy,  but  scarcely  any  morbid  changes  in  the 
lungs.  Whether  the  inoculation  with  glauders-contagion  effected  by  the 
biting  and  tearing  of  the  eyelid  constituted  the  hrsl  commnnication  of 
tho  contagion  to  horso  No.  2  by  horse  No.  1,  or  whether  a  previous  in- 


gla:n'ders  and  farcy.  267 

feetion  Lad  taken  place  (both  horses  had  beeu  woihed  together,  antl  had 
been  kept  in  the  same  stable  a  Aveek  or  two  before  the  eyelid  ^vas  torn), 
I  was  unable  to  decide,  but  hold  myseli  convinced  that  the  direct  intro- 
duction of  a  comparatively  large  qnantity  of  the  contagion  into  a  fresh 
wound,  and  the  immediate  contact  of  tlie  same  with  the  blood,  consti- 
tnted  the  cause  of  the  acute  course  of  the  disease,  inaugurated  by  the 
intlammation  in  the  wound  of  the  eyelid.  There  can  be  no  doubt  of  the 
disease  having  beeu  communicated  by  horse  No.  1  to  horse  Xo.  2,  because 
subsequent  inquiries  elicited  the  fact  that  horse  No.  1  had  become  in- 
fected with  glanders  several  months  before  he  came  into  the  possession 
of  Mr.  B.,  by  anotlier  horse  to  which  the  disease  had  beeu  communicated 
by  a  condem.ned  United  States  Army  horse  aflected  with  glanders  and 
sold  by  the  government  to  a  farmer,  in  whose  possession  he  died. 

Another  case,  perhaps  not  less  illustrative,  occmred  in  the  same  year, 
also  not  far  from  Dixon.  I  was  called  upon  to  examine  a  mide  which 
showed  suspicious  symi)toms,  indicating  the  presence  of  glanders,  but  as 
no  ulcers  could  be  discovered  in  the  nose  a  dellnite  diagnosis  could  not  be 
made.  This,  however,  was  the  more  necessary  and  desirable,  as  the  mule 
in  question  had  come  from  another  State  (Indiana),  and  had  been  bought 
only  a  few  days  before.  To  get  out  of  the  difticulty  and  to  force  a  decis- 
ion, I  inoculated  the  mule  with  his  own  nasal  discharges  under  the 
sternum  behind  the  fore  legs.  In  a  few  days  a  nice  farcy-ulcer  had 
developed,  the  s;s'mptoms  of  glanders  proper,  too,  had  made  considerable 
progress,  and  the  chronic  course  of  the  disease  had  beeu  changed  to  an 
acute  one. 

Wherever  glanders  presents  itself  as  an  acute  disease,  either  an  uncom- 
monly large  quantity  of  the  contagion  has  been  introduced  at  once  and 
brought  in  dii^ect  contact  with  the  blood,  or  a  complication  of  some  sort 
has  been  effected. 

The  nature  of  glanders. — The  hypothesis  in  regard  to  the  nature  of 
glanders,  and  the  theories  concerning  the  morbid  changes  and  their 
relative  importance,  have  differed  very  widely,  and  have  recently  under- 
gone great  changes.  Although  modern  investigations  have  proved 
beyond  a  reasonable  doubt  that  all  the  old  hypotheses  are  erroneous, 
some  of  them  seem  yet  to  have  their  adherents. 

At  the  end  of  the  last  and  the  beginning  of  this  present  century 
most  veterinarians  looked  upon  glandeis  as  a  blood  disease.  Bourgelat 
(1779),  Kersting  (1784),  and  Coleman  (1839),  supposed  that  glanders  pro- 
ceeds froru  a  morbid,  corrupt,  or  defective  composition  of  the  blood  and 
looked  upon  that  as  the  immediate  cause  of  the  disease. 

Later  veterinarians  advanced  different  opinions.  Dupuy  (1819)  called 
glanders  an  affection  iuhercitleuse,  considered  it,  together  with  strangles 
or  distemper,  grease-heal,  &c.,  as  a  tuberculous  disease,  and  denied,  like 
most  French  veterinarians,  the  existence  of  a  contagion.  Marel  (1825) 
loolced  upon  glanders  as  the  natural  consequence  of  a  chronic  intlamma- 
tion of  the  nasal  mucous  membranes.  Dance  and  Ciuveilhier  connected 
glaiidcrs  with  an  ini'iammation  of  the  lymx)liatics.  Loiset  found  throm- 
bosis in  the  lymi)hatics  of  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  nose,  and  after 
that  a  tendency  prevailed  to  consider  glanders  as  a  pysemic  disease. 
This  new  doctrine  culminated  in  the  hyjiothesis  of  Tessier,  wlio  denied 
the  absorption  of  matter,  substituted  a  formation  of  matter  (pus)  in  the 
blood,  and  pronounced  glanders  as  one  of  many  diseases  in  which  a  ten- 
dency to  produce  matter  is  i)rimarily  existing  in  the  blood.  Finally 
clinical  observations  were  made  in  France  which  remoAxnl  (?)  every 
dojibt  as  to  the  pyamic  nature  of  glanders.  lieUiault  {Rccueil  do  mkl. 
vCtcr„  1835,  p.  390)  published  observations,  according  to  which  glanders 


268  GLANDERS    AND    FARCY. 

proceeded  from  a  fistiile  on  the  withers,  from  bruising  of  the  up])er  eye- 
lid, and  from  a  fistide  of  tJie  spermatic  cord.  Dupny  {BuUetin  dc 
VAcademie  de  med.,  183G,  p.  481)  observed  that  glanders  proceeded  from  a 
seton  on  the  sh.onlder.  Eiss  (Becucil  de  med.  veter.,  1837,  p.  G02)  observed 
several  cases  of  glanders  which  were  cansed  by  severe  contusions  of  the 
nose.  Eey  observed  that  glanders  made  its  appearance  after  a  fracture 
of  the  nasal  and  maxillary  bones.  Afterwards  Renault  and  Bouley 
{Kecueil  de  med.  veter.,  1840,  !>.  257)  endeavored  to  corroborate  or  to  affirm 
these  observations  by  direct  experiments.  They  injected  matter  into  the 
veins  of  horses,  and  claimed  to  have  i)roduced  glanders-ulcers  in  the 
nose  of  a  horse  by  such  an  injection  of  innocent  matter.  Eey  [Becueil 
de  med.  veter.,  1807,  p.  417)  looks  upon  the  experiment  of  Eenault  and 
Bouley  as  a  singular  case,  but  Professor  Hering  in  Stuttgart  {Bej)crtorium, 
1868,  p.  36)  does  not  find  it  singular  at  all,  and  says  that  he  made  the 
same  experiments  a  long  time  ago,  and  had  succeeded  in  producing  in 
some  cases  glanders,  in  other  cases  suppuration  (in  the  lungs),  and  in 
others  no  result  whatever.  Such  statements  are,  to  say  the  least,  exceed- 
ingly queer,  particularly  if  made  by  such  a  learned  and  experienced 
man  and  otherwise  so  reliable  an  authority  as  Professor  Hermg,  because 
such  observations  are,  and  must  be,  based  upon  a  mistake  either  one 
way  or  another.  There  are  three  possibilities :  Either  the  matter  injected 
into  the  veins  must  have  been  taken  from  a  horse  affected  with  glanders 
or  farcy,  the  animals  experimented  on  mnst  have  been  previously 
infected  with  the  disease,  or  exjiosed  in  some  way  to  the  contagion,  or 
the  disease  produced  was  no  glanders  at  all.  A  i^revious  infection  must 
be  considered  as  the  most  probable  solution,  because  the  horses  sub- 
jected to  such  experiments  are  usually  old  or  condemned  animals  bbught 
for  anatomical  purposes  at  from  two  to  four  dollars  a  head.  A  gTeat 
many  experiments  with  injections  of  matter  (pus)  into  the  veins  of 
horses — probably  the  most  that  ever  have  been  undertaken — have  been 
made  at  about  the  same  time,  but  independently  and  at  different  places, 
by  Professor  Guenther  in  Hanover  {Nehel  u.  Vix  ZeitscJirift,  2.  B.)  and 
Professor  Spinola  in  Berhn  {Ueher  das  Vorlcommen  der  Eiterliwten  in  den 
Jyimgen,  1839).  The  same  were  afterwards  repeated  at  various  times  by 
Professor  Gerlach,  the  late  director  of  the  Eoyal  Veterinary  School  in 
Berlin,  who  died  in  1877.  Neither  of  these  three  very  rehable  investi- 
gators nor  anybody  else,  except  Bouley  and  Hering,  has  ever  succeeded 
in  producing  (?)  glanders  in  a  horse  by  an  injection  of  innocent  matter 
(pus)  into  the  veins. 

All  those  hyjiotheses  and  theories,  notwithstanding  some  of  them 
were  only  short-lived,  contributed  a  great  deal  in  creating  the  confu- 
sion in  regard  to  the  contagiousness  or  non-contagiousness  of  glanders 
{la  morve),  which,  until  recently,  has  been  prevailing  among  the  French 
veterinarians.  Bouley  separated  acute  glanders  and  chronic  glanders  as 
two  distinct  or  entirely  different  diseases,  and  considered  chronic  gland- 
ers as  non-contagious,  and  acute  glanders  and  farcy  as  contagious  and 
pynem.ic  diseases.  Godine  {Elemens  d^Hi/gienc  veterinairc,  suivis  de  re- 
cherches  m<r  la  morve,  etc.,  1815),  went  still  further,  and  denied  the  con- 
tagiousness of  glanders  altogether.  Bouley,  however,  finally  admitted 
tliat  contagious  acute  glanders  might,  under  certain  circumstances,  be 
developed  iroih  non-contagious  chronic  glanders.  These  fallacious  doc- 
trines of  the  professors  of  the  Alfort  veterinary  school,  not  only  caused 
great  confusion  in  regard  to  diagnosis  (glantlors  not  being  considered  as 
a  disease  sid  generis,  was  frequently  coufounded  with  other  diseases), 
but  also  great  losses,  amounting  to  millions  of  dollars,  to  the  people  of 
France,  by  preventing  a  strict  condemnation  of  glanclered  horses,  and 
allowing  thereby  an  unlimited  spreading  of  the  disease. 


GLANDERS    AXD    FARCY.  269 

The  veterinarians  of  Belgium,  too,  became  infected  -svitli  tlie  French  or 
rather  Alfort  confusion,  otherwise  they  never  would  have  stated  in  their 
official  reports  (Bulletiii  du  conseil  superieur  (Tagriculture  da  royaume  de 
Bclgique  Arnic,  lSo8,  Eruxelles,  18G0),  that  of  810  giandered  horses,  13G 
had  been  cm-ed.  The  A'eterinary  school  of  I^yons,  France,  has  always 
kept  aloof  from  the  errors  of  the  Alfort  institution  in  regard  to  glanders, 
and  has  never  denied  the  contagiousness  of  that  disease. 

The  German  veterinarians,  though  diflering  at  times  considerably  in 
opinion  as  to  the  nature  of  glanders,  have  n -iver  doubted  its  contagious- 
ness ;  and  German  governments  have  always  been  very  strict  in  taking 
the  most  elicctive  measiu"es  against  the  spreading  of  that  terrible  enemy 
of  the  equine  race  by  requiring  a  prompt  destruction  of  every  horse  re- 
ported by  a  A'eteriuary  surgeon  as  being  aifected  with  the  disease.  As 
a  consequence,  glanders  has  become  a  rare  disease  in  Germany,  and 
the  annual  losses  are  very  insignificant. 

Most  of  the  older  German  veterinarians  looked  upon  glanders  as  a 
dyscratic  disease.  Some  believed  they  had  found  the  immediate  cause 
in  a  qualitative  change  of  the  animal  albimien ;  others,  in  a  morbid  in- 
crease of  fibrin.  As  to  the  morbid  changes,  some  thought  they  had  dis- 
covered something  characteristic  in  a  stagnation  of  lymph  in  the  lym- 
phatics, others  in  a  formation  of  tubercles,  and  still  others  considered 
glanders  as  a  product  of  scrofulosis.  A  few  went  even  so  far  as  to  hold 
glanders  to  be  identical  with  tuberculosis  and  scrofidosis.  The  tuber- 
culosis doctrine  originated  in  France,  and  gained  a  good  many  adherents 
wilUng  to  look  upon  glanders  as  an  equine  tuberculosis.  The  scrofu- 
losis doctrine  was  based  uj)on  the  erroneous  supposition  that  glanders 
proceeds  or  develops  from  strangles  or  distemper,  and  that  the  latter 
is  a  scrofulous  disease.  Erdt  (in  his  Rotzdyscrasie  und  Hire  verwand- 
ten  KranMeiten)  declared  glanders,  as  recently  as  1863,  to  be  a  dyscratic 
disease,  and  discriminated  a  scrofulosis,  blennorrhoeic,  septicamic, 
carcinomatous,  s.n^bylitic,  and  other  forms  of  glanders,  but  considered 
scrofulosis  glanders  as  the  generic  form.  Professor  Gerlach,  in  his 
valuable  treatise  from  which  several  of  the  notes  just  given  have  been 
taken,  refutes  the  theories  of  Erdt  by  the  following  statement,  for  the 
correctness  of  which  I  can  vouch  Irom  my  own  knowledge  of  the  facts : 

The  breed  of  the  milk-white  (Avhitc-bom)  horses  of  the  royal  stables  of  the  late 
Kings  of  Hauover  was  kept  pure  by  coutinuous  in-and-iu  breeding.  As  a  conscfiueiice 
more  than  half  of  the  number  of  eolts  bom  perished  every  year  of  scrofulous  diseases. 
At  the  ))08t-])iortcm  examinations  the  mesenterial  glands  presented  every  stage  of  scrof- 
ulosis from  siniple  swelling  to  a  cheesy  degeneration.  Still,  never  a  case  of  gland- 
ers occurred,  neither  among  the  colts  nor  among  the  grown  horses.  This  proves  that 
scrofulosis  really  makes  its  appearance  in  colts  in  exactly  the  same  form  as  in  chil- 
dren, and  it  is  therefore  not  justiliublo  to  attribute  an  entirely  ditl'erent  disease  of 
horses  to  scrofulosis. 

For  our  presentbetter  knowledge  of  the  nature  and  the  morbid  anatomy 
of  glanders  we  are  indebted  especially  to  the  thorough,  unbiased,  and  sci- 
entific researches  and  investigations  of  Professors  Yirchow  {Hand- 
huch  der  Hpeciellcn  Fatlcolofiic,  Bd.  2,  and  JJic  l-ranlhafteii  Geschwuclste^ 
Ed.  2) ;  Leisering  {Bcricht  ucber  das  Yetcnnairicescn  im  Kocnigrcich 
Sachscn,  1SG2  tind  18G7) ;  Ea\itsch  ( Virchoiv'n  ArcJiir,  Bd.  23);  Polofi", 
(Magazin  von  Gurlt  und  llcrtwig  Bd.  30),  and  Gerlach  {Jaliyc.sbcricht  der 
Koenlgl.  ThierarzneiscJtulc  zu  Hannover,  18G8). 

THE  MORBID  PROCESS. 

Glanders  commences  as  a  neoplastic  process — new  morbid  formations 
(glanders-cells)  are  produced.    The  mucous  membrane  of  the  respk-a- 


270  GLANDERS    AND   FARCY. 

tory  passage,  the  lungs,  the  siihcntaneous  tissue  and  the  cutis,  and,  oc- 
casionally, some  of  the  connective  tissues  of  other  parts  of  the  body, 
constitute  the  primary  seat  of  the  morbid  changes.  The  lymphatic 
vessels  and  glands  become  secondarily  affected.  The  neoplastic  pro- 
cess, howe\'er,  does  not  in  every  case  of  glanders  occur  in  all  those  tis- 
sues named;  its  seat  in  a  certain  tissue  determines  the  form  of  the  dis- 
ease. In  common  or  nasal  glanders  the  morbid  changes  have  their 
main  seat  in  the  mucous  membrane  of  tlie  nasal  cavities,  and  of  the 
maxillary  sinuses ;  in  pulmonal  glanders  the  same  make  their  appear- 
ance principally  in  the  lungs ;  and  in  farcy  the  neoplastic  process  is 
taking-  place  eitlier  in  the  subcutaneous  connective  tissue  (common  farcy), 
or  in  the  cutis  itself  (skin-farcy).  In  other  tissues,  morbid  changes,  as 
a  general  rule,  occur  only  if  glanders  has  become  complicated  with 
another  disease — an  inflammatory  process,  for  instance.  The  products 
of  the  neoplastic  process  consist  of  round  cells,  and  of  spindle-shaped 
cells.  The  latter,  usually,  undergo  further  changes  ;  some  of  them  de- 
velop to  round  cells,  and  others  serve  as  the  elements  of  excessive  or 
morbid  growths  of  connective  tissue,  "which,  however,  do  not  present 
anything  characteristic,  and  must  be  considered  as  subordinate  products 
of  the  neoplastic  process.  The  round  cells  are  in  shape  and  form  simi- 
lar to  granulation-cells  and  matter-corpuscles,  but  vary  in  size  from  that 
of  the  latter  to  two,  three,  four,  live,  and  in  some  cases  even  ten  times 
as  large.  The  youngest  round-cells,  or  those  latest  produced,  present 
rather  delicate  outlines,  and  are  the  smallest;  the  oldest  ones,  which 
are  distinguished  by  their  granulated  contents  and  theu-  dark  color,  are 
the  largest,  and  sometimes  very  large.  All  have  large  nuclei,  which 
grow  in  the  same  proportion  as  the  cells,  and  present  in  the  older  ones 
a  dark,  granulated  appearance.     (Fig.  I,  Ino.  4,  and  Fig".  Ill,  No.  6.) 

The  formation  of  these  cells  constitutes  the  real  formation  of  all  the 
morbid  changes  in  glanders,  and  may,  therefore,  be  considered  as  some- 
thing characteristic  of  the  disease,  and  the  cells  themselves  are  appro- 
priately designated  as  glander-cells.  These  giander-cells  have  two  dif- 
ferent sources;  they  proceed  ironi  connective-tissue  corx)uscles,  and  also 
from  epithelium  -cells. 

1.  Development  of  r/landers-cells  front'  connective-tissue  corjmsclcs. — The 
latter  become  proliferous  and  swell;  the  nucleus  of  each  cell  or  corpus- 
cle grows  larger;  a  secoiul  and  a  third  nucleus  are  produced  within  the 
walls  of  the  cell,  but  not  by  a  division  of  the  iirstouc.  The  other  con- 
tents of  the  cell  gradually  granulate,  the  appendages  or  extensions  (b'op 
oil";  liually  the  whole  body  of  the  cell  decays.  The  nuclei  become  free; 
the  nucleus-envelope  or  membrane  expands,  and  becomes  distinct  from 
the  interior,  and  the  metamorphosis  of  a  nucleus  into  aiuicieated  cell  is 
thus  completed.  Such  a  new  cell  presents  at  lirst  a  very  delicate  con- 
tour and  a  hirg-e  ami  bright  nucleus,  but,  under  favorable  circumstances, 
will  soon  become  lirmer  and  grow  larger.  Under  unlin  or;d)le  conditions 
no  further  development  Avill  take  i^lace.     (Fig".  I,  iN'os.  1  ai:d  -i.) 

2.  Dcrelopmcnt  of  (/landers-cells  from  epWieliuvi-cells. — A  process  of 
proliferation  makes  its  appearance  in  the  tesselated  and  cylindrical 
epithelium-cells,  is  plainest,  however,  in  the  lattei\  At  lirst  the  oval 
nucleus  increases  in  size;  then  a  second,  and  tinally  a  third  luicleus  are 
formed  at  a  little  distance  from  the  upper  obtuse  end  of  the  lirst,  which 
is  not  di\ided.  The  formation  and  growtli  of  these  nuclei  cause  the 
cylindrical  cell  to  iu(-rease  in  size,  or  to  swell,  and  to  change  its  oi'iginal 
sha])e  till  it  is  transibrmed  to  a  mere  bag  lilied  with  nuclei  and  small 
round  cells.  Finally  the  bag  or  the  old  cell-iaeiabrane  de(.'ays  and 
breaks,  and  the  nuclei  and  young  cells  are  liberated.     (Fig.  Ill,  !Nos.  1 


GLANDERS    AND    FARCY.  271 

and  4.)  Such  a  production  or  development  of  glanders-cells  just  de- 
scribed can  take  place  in  young'  or  inideveloped  arid  incipient  epithe- 
lium-cells, because  round  giant-cells  tilled  with  nuclei  and  small  round 
cells  are  formed  frequently  in  the  deeper  or  youngest  strata  of  the  epi- 
thelium.    (Fig.  Ill,  Ko.  o.) 

Wherever  such  a  neoplastic  growth  is  making  its  appearance  the  pro- 
cess is  always  essentiallj^  the  same.  The  original  nuclei  of  the  prinuuy 
epithelium-cells  and  connective  tissue-corpuscles  increase  in  size,  and 
new  nuclei  are  formed  within  the  external  membrane,  or  enveloi)e,  of 
the  xnimary  cells.  These  nuclei  are  transtbrmed  into  small  round  cells, 
which  are  liberated  by  the  decay  of  the  old  mother  or  brood-cells,  and 
constitute  what  is  called  daughter-cells,  and  grow  larger.  This  growth 
and  development  constitutes  a  characteristic  peculiarity  of  the  large 
round  glanders-cells,  which  distinguishes  the  same  from  otherwise  shni- 
lar  granulation-cells,  matter-corpuscles,  and  tubercle-cells,  because  the 
latter,  during  their  vrholo  existence,  remain  unchanged  at  their  lirst 
stages  of  development.  Although  young  glauders-cells  are  small,  and 
large  ones  old,  the  difference  in  size  does  not  depend  exclusively  upon 
the  age  of  the  cells.  Other  gTO\\i:h-promoting  and  growth-retarding  in- 
fluences must  be  existing,  because  some  cells  groM'  faster  than  others, 
and  some  do  not  seem  to  grow  at  all.  Under  certain  circumstances  only 
small  cells  can  be  found,  which  are  not  different  from  common  matter 
corpuscles,  and  in  other  cases  a  great  many  large  ones,  sometiuies  of  an 
extraordinary  size,  i)resent  themselves.  If  the  morbid  process  is  a  vio- 
lent or  a  very  rapid  one,  the  glanders-cells  are  always  small;  rapid 
development  and  a  fluid  intercellular  substance  constitute  the  agencies 
which  deprive  the  cells  of  their  ability  to  grow,  or  cause  them  to  remain 
small,  and  of  a  souiewhat  uniform  size.  Consequently,  in  all  those  cases 
in  which  the  morbid  process  of  glanders  is  blended  from  the  beginning; 
with  more  or  less  inflammation  and  exudation,  the  glanders-cells  wiU  be 
small  and  numerous ;  and  as  the  imflanimatory  exudations  destroy  and 
dissolve  the  intercellular  substance,  the  latter  and  the  exudations  them- 
selves will  constitute  a  fluid  in  which  the  gla,nders-cells  are  kept  sus- 
pended. The  glanders-matter  thus  formed  does  not  present,  under  the 
microscope,  any  characteristic  differences  from  any  other  r.iatter  or  pus. 
A  production  of  glanders-matter  and  of  numerous  small  glanders-cells 
is  comm.on  if  the  neoplastic  process  has  its  seat  in  the  subcutaneous  and 
intermus(;ular  connective  tissues  consequent  in  farcy.  In  all  those  cases, 
however,  in  which  glandei's  presents  itself  as  a  chrotiic  disease,  free  from 
any  complications  with  inflammatory  processes,  <S:c.,  v/hatever,  in  which 
the  formation  of  the  glanders-cells  is  a  gradual  siud  slow  one,  and  in 
which  the  intercellular  substance  is  not  destroye<l  aud  dissolved,  the 
glanders-(;ells  will  grow  to  a,  certain  size,  and  young-  cells  with  delicate 
contours  and  large,  bright  nuclei,  older  and  larger  ones,  and  very  largo 
ones  with  dark-colored  luiclei  and  granulated  contents,  Avill  present  them- 
selves. 

The  vitality  of  the  neoplastic  products  ct  glanders  is  limited,  but  dif- 
fers considerably  accordiiig  to  circumstances.  The  small,  rai)id]y  pro- 
duced, and  therefore  nuinerous,  cells,  suspended  in  a  dissolved  intercel- 
Inlar  tissue  aiul  exudations,  are  siinilar  in  every  respect  to  matter- 
corpuscles  ;  the  same  not  only  do  not  grow,  but  shrink  and  decay  very 
soon.  If  the  intercellular  substance  does  not  decay,  but  retains  its 
original  comiective  properties,  the  glanders-cells  not  only  grow  larger, 
but  also  a  groat  deal  older,  than  matter-cor])uscles  or  tubercle-cells.  This 
vitality  will  be  the  greater  the  larger  the  space  or  tiie  greater  the  amount 
of  the  connective  intercellular  substance  between  the  single  cells.    Their 


272  GLANDERS    AND    FARCY. 

age,  bowever,  i)robably  never  exceeds  a  year  or  several  montlis,  not- 
withstanding tliat  some  glanders-nodules,  tubercles,  and  tumors  may 
exist,  apparently  unchanged,  a  muck  longer  time,  because  the  constitu- 
ents of  the  latter,  the  glanders-cells,  change.  Old  ones  decay,  and  new 
ones  take  their  place  even  if  the  whole  tubercle  or  tumor  remains  essen- 
tially as  it  is.  It  is  to  be  supposed  that  such  a  change  is  taking  place, 
because  every  old  glanders-tubercle  or  tumor  contains  always  old  and 
new  cells  in  dilferent  stages  of  development. 

The  retrogressive  metamorphosis  may  be  called  a  fatty  necrobiosis. 
At  lirst  small  granules  (fat  granules)  make  their  appearance  in  the 
nuclei;  the  latter  swell  or  increase  in  size,  and  grow  darker;  gran- 
ules appear  also  within  the  cells,  but  outside  of  the  nuclei ;  finally  the 
envelopes  or  external  membranes  of  the  cells  decay  and  fall  to  pieces, 
and  a  granulated  detritus  is  left  behind.  Therefore,  after  a  regressive 
metamorphosis  has  set  in,  the  glanders-nodules  or  tubercles  and  tu- 
mors are  found  to  contain  a  granulated  detritus,  small  and  large 
granulated  cells,  and  free  granulated  nuclei,  if  examined  under  the 
microscope.  The  glanders-cells  may  thus  j)erish  or  be  destroyed 
without  any  simultaneous  decay  of  the  intercellular  substance.  In 
such  a  case  the  further  changes  which  are  going  on  in  the  tissues,  in 
which  the  glanders-cells  are  imbedded,  diiier  according  to  circimi- 
stances.  If  the  glanders-cells  are  but  few,  and  rather  far  apart,  the 
granulated  detritus  is  removed  by  absorption,  and  the  morbid  process 
comes  to  a  termination  by  local  healing.  In  other  cases  new  glanders- 
cells  are  produced,  and  take  the  place  of  the  old  ones,  and  the  morbid 
growth  (tubercle  or  tumor)  continues  to  exist.  K  the  decaying  glan- 
ders-cells are  numerous  and  lodged  close  together,  the  retrogressive 
metamorphosis  is  usually  attended  with  a  morbid  or  excessive  growth 
or  iH'oduction  of  intercelhilar  connective  tissue;  and  the  absorption  of 
the  detritus  in  such  a  case  is  attended  with,  and  makes  room  for,  a  some- 
what extensive  jiroduction  of  new  iibrous  (scar)  tissue;  linear  and  some- 
what prominent,  white  stripes,  usually  uniting  in  a  common  center,  cor- 
responding to  the  center  of  the  former  neoplastic  process,  make  their 
appearance  and  constitute  a  star-shaped,  whitish  scar  or  cicatrix.  In 
chronic  glanders  such  cicatrices  occur  very  often  in  the  mucous  mem- 
brane of  the  septum ;  the  hard,  fibroid,  and  callous  swelhngs,  which 
are  sometimes  found  in  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  nose,  and  the 
fibroid  tumors  which  occur  in  the  lungs,  and  which  are  easily  distin- 
g-uished  from  the  more  pulpy  glanders-nodules  and  tumors,  are  pro- 
duced in  the  same  way. 

Frequently,  however,  that  is,  in  all  such  tubercles  and  tumors  in 
which  the  glanders-cells  are  numerous  and  separated  only  by  very  little 
intercellular  tissue,  the  decay  or  retrogressive  metamorphosis  of  the 
glanders-cells  involves  and  causes  a  simultaneous  decay  and  destruction 
of  tlie  intercellular  substance,  and  of  the  tissue  in  which  the  morbid 
products  are  imbedded.  The  continuity  is  destroyed,  and  an  abscess  is 
formed.  The  decay  usually,  though  not  necessarily,  begins  in  the  cen- 
ter of  the  nidus  of  cells,  and  it  seems  that  certain  external  influences 
are  able  to  change  or  to  accelerate  the  whole  i^rocess.  So,  for  iustiince, 
a  general  decay,  or  a  formation  of  ulcers  or  abscesses,  does  not  usually 
take  place  in  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  maxillary  cavities,  but  almost 
invariably,  or,  at  any  rate,  a  great  deal  earlier  in  such  parts  of  the  nasal 
mucous  membrane,  which  are  exposed  to  the  ciuTent  of  air  passing 
through  the  nose  at  each  breath.  The  irritation  caused  by  the  passage 
of  air  probably  constitutes  the  cause  of  the  more  frequent  occurrence  of 
glanders-ulcers  in  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  septum  than  in  any 


GLANDEES    AND    FARCY.  273 

other  part  of  the  nasal  mucous  membrane.  If  glanders  has  become 
comi^licated  with  inflammation,  the  whole  process,  as  has  already  been 
mentioned,  is  entirely  different.  In  farcy,  too,  in  which  the  morbid 
changes  have  their  seat  in  the  loose  subcutaneous  connective  tissue,  the 
abscesses  are  formed  in  a  somewhat  different  way. 

The  infectiousness  of  the  neoplastic  products  of  glanders  constitutes 
a  specific  and  pathognomonic  attribute  of  the  same,  which  excludes 
identification  with  any  other  otherwise  similar  neoplastic  or  morbid 
products.  The  same  specific  agency,  or  the  same  virus,  which  is  instru- 
mental in  communicating  the  disease  from  one  animal  to  another,  consti- 
tutes also  the  cause  which  spreads  the  morbid  process  within  the  organ- 
ism of  the  affected  animal.'  The  efiiciency  does  not  seem  to  be  dependent 
upon  any  particular  shape  or  form  of  the  morbid  products,  but  to  be 
inherent  in  the  material,  because  not  only  the  live  glanders-cells,  but 
also  the  dead  or  decayed  ones,  the  granulated  and  cheesy  detritus,  and 
the  watery  transudations  are  infectious.  The  immediate  changes  pro- 
duced by  a  local  infection  within  the  tissue,  or  the  creeping  of  the  morbid 
process  trom  cell  to  cell,  can  be  seen  only  under  the  microscope.  If  the 
glanders-process  is  not  complicated,  that  is,  if  no  other  disease  is  exist- 
ing, the  spreading  of  the  morbid  process,  or  the  progress  of  the  local 
infection,  is  a  very  slow  one,  but  is  accelerated  or  becomes  rapid  if  a  com- 
phcation  sets  in.  The  morbid  process,  however,  spreads  not  only  by 
means  of  a  direct  infection  from  cell  to  cell,  but  also  by  means  of  the 
lymphatics,  which  absorb  infectious  elements  and  deposit  the  same  in 
the  nearest  lymphatic  glands.  That  this  is  the  case  becomes  evident  if 
an  animal  is  inoculated,  with  glanders-virus.  The  lym])hatics  proceed- 
ing from  the  inocidation  wound  soon  commence  to  swell  like  strands  or 
chords,  and  undergo  not  seldom  ulcerous  decay.  The  lymphatic  glands, 
too,  commence  to  s^v^eU  to  solid  and  i)ainful  tumors  which  afterwards 
become  harder  and  firmer,  but  less  painful.  A  morbid  x)roduction  of 
connective  tissue  causes  the  firmness  of  the  swelling,  and  usually  ren- 
ders such  a  diseased  gland  impervious  to  a  further  passage  of  the  con- 
tents (lymph  and  infectious  glanders  elements)  of  the  lymphatics,  and 
prevents,  therefore,  a  further  spreading  of  the  infection.  If,  however, 
a  lymi)hatic  gland,  thus  degenerated,  becomes  finally  itself  a  seat  of  the 
neoplastic  glanders  process,  or  of  the  production  of  glanders-cells,  the 
lymphatics  which  pass  from  that  gland  to  another  one  will  also  absorb 
infectious  material,  and  cause  thereby  a  further  spreatling  of  the  infec- 
tion and  of  the  morbid  i^rocess.  In  nasal  glanders,  a  swelling  of  the 
submaxillary  lymphatic  glands  (which  receive  dnectly  through  the 
lymphatic  vessels  the  lymph  from  the  seat  of  the  morbid  process),  im- 
attended  with  any  affection  whatever  of  the  lymphatics  beyond  them,  is 
a  very  frequent  occurrence.  Hence  the  spreading  of  the  morbid  j)rocess 
by  means  of  the  lymphatics  is  also  usuallj^  a  slow  oue  in  chronic  gland- 
ens;  several  months  may  elapse  before  a  new  source  of  infection  is 
formed.  The  spreading,  however,  will  be  a  comparatively  rapid  one  in 
all  cases  of  glanders  iu  Avhich  a  complication  with  another  destructive 
or  acute  disease,  as  an  intiammatory  i)rocess,  has  taken  place.  The 
morbid  process  is  also  apt  to  spread  more  rapidly  through  the  Ij^mphat- 
ics  in  common  farcy,  iu  Avhich  loose  connective  tissue  constitutes  the 
seat  of  the  disease.  Tlie  riiorbid  process  of  glanders,  therefore,  is  in- 
fectious ;  a  spreading  of  the  .same  is  not  only  effected  within  the  tissue 
by  a  propagation  of  the  glanders-cells,  but  also  by  means  of  the  lym- 
I)hatics  "which  absorb  the  virus  and  carry  the  same  to  the  nearest 
lymi)hatic  glands,  where  the  progress  of  the  morbid  process  stops,  if 
the  latter  arc  degenerated  by  an  excessive  j)roductiou  of  counectivQ 
18  sw 


274  GI^ANDERS   AND   FARCY. 

tissue,  but  i)roceeds  further  if  those  glands  become  the  seat  of  a 
neoplastic  production  of  glanders-cells,  as  is  usually  the  case  in  ft^rcy, 
and  always  if  glanders  is  complicated  Avith  inflammation.  It  is  evident 
that  by  such  a  spreading  of  the  virus  and  absorption  of  deietorious 
glanders-matter  some  infectious  elements,  whatever  their  natm-o  may 
be,  will  linally  pass  into  the  blood,  and  cause  in  that  way  a  general  dis- 
order, or  a  general  dyscratic  condition  usually  called  "  glanders-dyscrasy." 
That  virus  or  infectious  elements  pass  over  into  the  blood,  and  pervade 
the  whole  animal  organism,  becomes  apparent  by  the  fact  that  the  blood 
and  the  various  animal  secretions,  the  sweat  for  instance,  possess  con- 
tagious properties  already  at  an  early  stage  of  the  disease,  or  before  the 
morbid  process  has  spread  much  beyond  its  original  seat,  and  are  able 
to  communicate  the  glanders  fi'oin  one  animal  to  another.  It  may  ap- 
pear to  be  somewhat  strange  that  the  early  infectiousness  of  the  blood 
and  of  the  "s^arious  secretions  does  not  eliect  a  general  outbreak  of  the 
glanders-process  in  every  suitable  part  (mucous  membranes  and  con- 
nective tissues)  of  the  animal  body,  and  that,  notwithstanding  the  facility 
with  which  the  glanders-contagion  communicates  the  disease  from  one 
animal  to  another,  the  morbid  process  remains  usually  for  a  long  time 
confined  to  certain  parts  of  the  organism.  It  is,  however,  not  any  more 
surprising  than  a  healing,  or  a  cessation  of  the  morbid  process,  of  other 
equally  contagious  diseases — pleuro-pneumonia  of  cattle  for  instance — 
while  the  organism  is  yet  replete  Avith  the  contagion,  which,  in  very 
small  quantities,  is  able  to  communicate  the  morbid  process  to  other 
animals.  The  truth  is,  our  knowledge  concerning  the  true  nature  of  the 
contagious  principle  of  the  various  contagious  diseases  is  jet  too  lim- 
ited. If  the  theories  of  Hallier  and  others,  based  npon  the  discovery 
of  micrococci,  &c.,  in  the  blood  and  in  the  secretions  of  animals  affected 
with  contagious  diseases  should  prove  to  be  correct ;  if,  in  other  words, 
those  micrococci — in  glanders  Malleomyces  eqncstris,  H. — do  constitute 
the  infectious  elements,  and  the  real,  immediate  cause  of  the  morbid 
changes,  all  those  strange  phenomena  may  j^et  find  a  satisfactory  ex- 
planation. If,  however,  those  micrococci  should  not  constitute  the  con- 
tagion, and  should  not  be  the  cause  of  the  morbid  process,  but  the 
product  of  the  same,  or  if  then'  presence  should  prove  to  be  a  merely 
accidental  one,  it  will  be  diflQcult  to  reconcile  those  tiicts.  Professor 
Gerlach,  who  discards  those  theories  as  unfounded,  hints  at  an  ex- 
haustion of  predisposition  as  affording  a  possible  explanation. 

The  anatomical  changes. — The  morbid  products  of  the  glanders- 
process  make  their  appearance  usually  in  more  or  less  distinctly  liluited 
nests,  or  in  shape  of  nodules  or  tubercles  and  tumors,  which  vary  con- 
siderably in  size.  Some  of  them  are  as  small  as  the  size  of  a  pin's  head, 
and  are  called  miliary  tubercles;  others  are  larger,  of  the  size  of  a  pea; 
and  still  others  are  quite  large,  and  constitute  tumors  or  glanders-ex- 
crescences. Practically,  therefore,  a  discrimination  between  glanders- 
tubercles  or  small  nests  of  glanders-cells,  and  tumors  or  large  ones, 
is  admissible.  The  former,  however,  nuist  not  be  looked  upon  as 
identical  with  genuine  tubercles  as  occurring  in  tuberculosis.  A 
glanders -tubercle  is  a  different  thing  altogether,  only  the  name  has 
become  too  convenient  to  be  abolished.  Glanders-tid)ercles  occur — 1, 
in  the  substance  and  in  the  subserous  tissue  of  the  lUjigs;  2,  in  the 
mucous  membrane  of  the  nasal  cavities  and  of  the  maxillary  sinuses, 
but  especially  in  the  mucous  membrane  of  tho  sei)tum;  3,  in  the  8welle(l 
and  iiidurated  submaxillary  glands;  and,  1^  in  the  cutis.  Some  ilu- 
thors  have  considered  the  presence  of  small  miliar3'  tubercles  in  the 
lungs  as  the  criterion  of  the  iireseuce  of  glandersj  but  others  havo 


GLANDERS   AND   FARCY.  275 

found  that  glanders  may  exist  and  still  no  tubercles  may  be  foimd  in 
the  lungs.  Professor  Eoell,  in  Vienna,  found  mihary  tubercles  in  only 
about  00  per  cent,  of  all  cases  that  came  under  his  observation,  and  Pro- 
fessor Leisering-,  in  Dresden,  and  Professor  Gerlach,  in' Berlin,  searched 
for  them  frequently  in  vain.  Glanders-tubercles  nuike  their  appearance 
in  the  lungs  only  if  the  morbid  process,  which  has  its  principal  seat 
usually — I  would  like  to  say,  normally — in  the  mucous  membrane  of  the 
nose,  extends  to  the  lungs;  or  if  original  nasal  glanders  has  become 
complicated  with  puhnonal  glanders,  which,  in  the  course  of  time,  is  a 
common  occurrence.  In  thooe  cases  in  vrhich  such  a  complication  is  ex- 
isting ti'om  the  beginning,  or  in  Y.hich  pulmonal  glanders  constitutes 
the  primary  disease  and  nasal  glanders  the  complication,  miliary  tuber- 
cles are  found  in  the  lungs  frequently  within  a  short  time  after  an  in- 
fection has  taken  place,  sometimes  within  from  one  to  three  weeks.  The 
same  are  imbedded  in  the  healthy  pulmonal  tissue,  are  surrounded  by  a 
court  of  tiu"gid  blood-vessels  (Fig.  VII,  No.  1),  have  each  a  small  blood- 
vessel of  their  own,  are  at  first  grayish-white  and  rather  soft,  consist  of 
more  or  less  uniform  and  rather  small  round  cells,  with  nuclei,  con- 
nected with  each  other  hy  a  delicate  intercellulary  tissue,  and  become, 
when  older,  enveloped  by  a  fine  tissue  of  connective  fibers.  The  coiu-t  of 
tui'gid  or  congested  vessels  around  the  tubercles  disappears  after  some 
time,  the  blood-vessel  which  enters  the  tubercle  becomes  obliterated,  and 
the  substance  of  the  latter,  receiving  no  more  nutriment,  undergoes  decay. 
A  necrobiotic  process  commences,  the  round  cells  shriulf,  the  intercellu- 
lary substance  decays,  and  the  interior  of  the  tubercle  is  changed  to  a 
cheesy  substance,  in  which  finally  lime-salts  are  deposited.  The  whole 
process  is  the  same  as  that  which  is  taking  place  in  a  true  tubercle  in. 
tuberculosis,  therefore  every  difference  disappears  after  the  retrogressive 
process  has  set  in.  Hence,  glanders-tubercles  have  frequently  been  iden- 
tified with  veritable  or  tuberculosis  tubercles,  and  glanders  itself  has,  at 
times,  been  looked  upon  as  a  tuberculosis  of  horses,  which  assumes  pe- 
culiar forms,  ditferent  from  tuberculosis  of  other  animals;  but  as  real 
common  tubercidosis  occurs  in  horses  as  an  independent  disease,  the 
same  as  in  other  animals,  as  the  cells  of  a  glanders-tubercle  are  usually 
somewhat  larger  than  those  of  a  genuine  (tuberculosis)  tubercle,  and  as, 
finally,  each  glanders-tubercle  possesses  a  full  intercellulary  substance, 
and  has  a  blood-vessel  of  its  own,  either  of  which  is  wanting  in  the  veri- 
table (tubercidosis)  tubercle,  there  can  be  no  doubt  as  to  glanders  and 
tuberculosis  of  horses  being  entu^eiy  dilierent  diseases.  13esides  that, 
in  tuberculosis  of  horses,  the  single  tubercles  are  usually  a  great  deal 
larger  than  the  miliary  tubercles  of  glanders,  and  only  the  smallest  ones 
(those  of  the  size  of  a  pea)  present  some  similarity  to  the  larger  glanders- 
tubercles.  The  retrogressive  process  does  not  present  anything  charac- 
teristic. 

In  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  nose  the  gianders-laibercles  or  nodules 
are  always  plainest  on  the  septum  (Fig.  IV,  Nos.  1  and  2).  They,  too, 
vary  in  size  from  that  of  a  pin's  head  to  that  of  a  i)ea,  and  project  but 
littfe  over  the  surface  of  the  membrane,  and  are  therefore  sometiraes 
scarcely  visible.  At  n  post  mortem  examination,  however,  the  same  can 
bo  seen  and  felt  more  idainly,  because  then  the  mucous  membrane  is  less 
succulent  and  swelled.  Either  singly  or  in  groups  they  are  imbedded  in 
the  mucous  membrane,  usually  in  tiie  upper  layer,  and  are  distinguished 
from  the  reddened  membrane  by  their  gray,  grayish-white,  or  grayish- 
yellow  col(3r.  Sometimes  these  tubercles,  or  glanders-uodvdes,  are  situ- 
ated deeper,  in  the  middle  or  lower  layer  of  the  mucosa,  and  therefore 
Jess  distinctly  circumscribed,  and  indii-ated  only  by  a  slight  elevatioq 


276  GLANDERS    AND    FARCY. 

above  tlie  surface  of  the  membrane,  but  not  by  any  distinct  color.  On 
a  cut,  liowever,  the  same  can  be  seen  very  plainly  (Fig.  V,  a  and  h). 
The  substance  of  the  glanders-nodules  in  the  nose  is  more  or  less  soft, 
and  consists  of  Toimd  cells,  free  nuclei,  spindle-shaped  ceUs,  and  a  fine 
connective  intercellular  substance.  The  spindle-shaped  cells  are  lodged 
mostly  side  by  side ;  some  of  them,  the  younger  ones,  are  rather  thin, 
and  others  are  swelled  in  the  middle,  and  are  ripe  and  near  breaking. 
The  nodules  or  glanders-tubercles  present  usually  a  gray-yellowish  color, 
if  composed  iirincipally  of  roimd  cells,  and  their  color  is  somewhat  in- 
distinct if  spindle-shaped  cells  constitute  the  prevailing  element.  The 
retrogressive  metamorphosis  consists  in  a  decaying  to  a  fatty  or  cheesy 
substance.  A  real  shrinking  and  exsiccation  and  a  deposit  of  lime-salts 
do  not  occur.  Glanders  nodules  or  tubercles  in  the  cutis  are  a  compar- 
atively rare  occurrence  in  horses,  but  are  observed  very  often  in  liuman 
beings  aifected  with  glanders.  As  the  skin  of  horses  is  coated  with  hair, 
only  the  larger  tubercles  or  nodules  wiU  be  noticed;  the  very  small  ones 
usually  escape  observation  till  the  regressive  process  has  been  completed, 
and  has  changed  them  to  small  lenticular  ulcers.  Otherwise  the  morbid 
changes  are  the  same  as  in  the  mucous  membrane. 

Miliary  tubercles,  finally,  can  also  frequently  be  found  imbedded  in  the 
morbidly  increased  connective  tissue  of  the  indurated  submaxillary  and 
other  lymphatic  glands.  On  a  cut  the  same  can  often  be  pressed  out 
of  the  surrounding  tissue  as  small  knots  or  nodules.  An  exsiccation 
is  a  frequent  occiuTence,  but  a  deposit  of  lime-salts  has  not  yet  been 
observed. 

Glanders-tiunors,  or  very  large  nests  of  glanders-cells,  can  be  found 
fully  developed  only  in  the  limgs,  but  are  even  there  not  as  frequent  as 
the  tubercles.  They  have  their  seat  usually  immediately  beneath  the 
pulmonal  pleura,  especially  toward  the  lower  sharp  l.>order  of  the  lungs. 
In  some  cases,  however,  the  same  are  also  found  imbedded  in  the  pul- 
monal tissue,  and  are  then  not  seldom  numerous.  The  tumors,  or  gland- 
ers growths,  are  either  distinctly  limited,  and  varying  in  size  irom  that 
of  a  cherry  to  that  of  an  apple,  or  the  same  are  more  or  less  diffuse. 
The  large  tumors  seem  to  be  composed  of  two  or  more  smaller  ones  which 
have  increased  in  size  till  they  have  come  in  contact  wdth  each  other 
and  have  united.  The  intermediate  i^ulmonal  tissue  in  such  a  case  has 
disappeared.  Large  tumors  thus  produced  are  frequently  of  an  irregu- 
lar shape.  The  pulmonal  tissue  surroimding  the  gray  or  grayish-yel- 
low tumors  is  at  first  hyperaemic,  and  the  outlines  of  the  latter  are  more 
or  less  indistinct,  but  afterwards  the  same  become  more  defined.  On  a 
cut  these  tumors  present  an  appearance  somewhat  similar  to  bacon.  In 
some  cases  the  same  are  more  or  less  firm  and  soHd,  like  a  fibroid  growth, 
and  in  others  of  the  consistency  of  a  sarcoma.  (Fig.  VII,  No.  2,  pre- 
sents the  grayish-yellow  cut-surface  of  a  glanders-tumor  in  natural  size, 
for  the  most  part  distinctly  limited  from  the  hypera^mic  pulmonal  tissue, 
but  at  one  end  yet  encroaching  upon  the  latter,  and  not  yet  presenting 
a  distinct  demarcation.  Fig.  VI,  No.  3,  is  a  smaller  glanders-tumor  in 
natural  size,  ])resenting  yet  visible,  small,  round,  primary  nodules  and 
some  remnants  of  pulmonal  tissue,  indicating  plainly  that  the  growth 
takes  place,  not  from  one  but  fi-om  several  centers,  and  is  not  effected 
by  peripheric  apposition.)  Under  the  microscope  the  constituents  are 
found  to  be  essentially  the  same  as  those  of  the  smaller  nodules  or  tu- 
bercles. The  round  cells,  however,  vary  nuich  more  in  size.  Some  are 
very  large  and  distinguished  by  their  dark  and  granidated  nuclei. 
Kumerous  epithelial  mother-cells,  containing  nuclei  and  incipient  cells, 
spindle-shaped  cells  in  different  stages  of  development,  some,  maybe, 


GLANDERS    AND   FARCY.  277 

very  mncli  swelled  or  just  breaking,  and  others  decayed  and  discliarg- 
inij-  tlieir  c:raniilatcd  contents  and  large  nuclei,  and  a  connective  inter- 
cellular substance  wliicli  gives  the  whole  tumor  its  continuity  and  a  cer- 
tain degree  of  solidity,  constitute  the  principal  components.  The  softer 
glanders-tumors,  similar  in  consistency  to  a  sarcoma,  arc  composed 
mainly  of  round  cells,  while  the  liiiner  or  more  solid  ones  consist  prin- 
cipally of  spindle-shaped  cells,  and  contain  comparatively  few  round 
cells  imbedded  in  the  intercellular  substance,  which  latter  is  here  and 
there  fibrous  and  solid,  aud  thereby  the  cause  of  the  greater  firmness. 
The  presence  of  both  kinds  of  cells,  spindle-shaped  and  large,  round 
ones,  proves  that  connective-tissue  corpuscles,  as  well  as  epithelium  ele- 
ments, contribute  to  the  formation  of  pulmonal  glanders-tumors.  The 
retrogressive  metamorphosis  proceeds,  according  to  the  observations  of 
Gerlach,  in  two  different  ways.  Sometimes  all  components  of  the  glanders- 
tumor,  the  intercellular  sul:)stance  as  well  as  the  glanders-cells,  undergo  a 
l)rocess  of  decay  which  j)roceeds  either  from  one  center — if  the  tumor  is  a 
simi)le  one — or  from  several  centers  simultaneously,  if  the  tumor  is  a  compli- 
cated one.  In  the  former  case  the  whole  tumor  is  changed  to  one  cavity  with, 
cheesy  contents,  but  in  the  latter  two  or  more  larger  or  smaller  cavities, 
corresponding  to  the  number  of  the  original  tubercles  or  tumors,  are 
l^roduced.  The  contents  of  the  same  present  also  a  cheesy  appearance. 
Sometimes,  however,  the  whole  process  is  different.  The  round-cells 
decay  and  are  absorbed,  and  an  excessive  growth  or  production  of  con- 
nective tissue  is  taking  place.  The  tumor  becomes  harder  and  firmer, 
and  assumes  finally  the  characteristics  of  a  fibroid  growth,  which  con- 
tains interspersed  in  its  tissue  a  few  round-cells,  and  may  not  undergo 
any  further  changes  for  a  long  time.  Such  fibroid  tumors  correspond 
to  the  fibroid  cicatrices  which  occur  frequently  in  the  mucous  membrane 
of  the  septum,  and  are  found  not  seldom  if  the  morbid  process  has  been 
a  very  slow  or  chronic  one.  If  glanders  is  acute  or  complicated  with 
other  morbid  processes  which  accelerate  its  progress,  such  hard  and 
firm  fibroid  tumors  or  cicatrices  are  never  formed.  On  the  contrary, 
the  glanders-tumors  decay  rapidly,  often  before  the  same  have  had  time 
to  assume  definite  shape  and  form. 

Glanders-ulcers  or  abscesses  are  produced  if  the  intercellular  sub- 
stance of  the  tubercles  undergoes  dissolution.  Dissolved  intercellular 
substance  and  decayed  and  decaying  glanders-ceUs  constitute  the  matter. 
The  process  is  about  as  follows : 

Farcy-ulcers  in  the  suhcutaneons  connective  tissue. — The  development 
or  the  growth  of  a  farcy-tumor  is  always  attended  with  some  local  in- 
flammation in  the  surroimding  tissues.  A  violent  proliferation  begins 
in  the  center  of  the  tumor,  and  numerous  small  round-cells  which  can 
scarcely  be  discriminated  from  matter-corpuscles  are  produced.  The 
inflammatory  process  furnishes  a  sufficient  quantity  of  exudation  to 
loosen  and  to  envelope  the  round-cells  almost  immediately  after  the 
same  have  been  i^roduced.  Some  white  blood-corpuscles  may  become 
jntermixed,  but  the  same  nuist  be  regarded  as  strangers,  because  a  very 
large  majority  of  the  cells  suspended  in  the  fluid  exudation  are  the  pro- 
duct of  the  proliferous  process.  So  it  may  happen  that  a  farcy  boil  or 
tumor  shows  fluctuation,  and  contains  matter  within  a  few  days,  or  is 
changed  to  an  abscess  much  sooner  than  a  common  boil.  The  matter 
of  a  ftircy-ulcer  does  not  exhibit  any  distiueti^'e  dilference  from  other 
pus  except  in  so  t\ir  as  it  possesses  infectious  (|ualities.  Almost  as  soon 
as  a  farcy-boil  has  been  changed  to  an  abscess,  or  contains  matter,  the 
nearest  subcutaneous  lymphatics  commence  to  swell  to  plainly  visible 
chords  or  strands,  and  in  their  course  not  seldom  new  boils  are  formed, 


278  GLANDERS   AND   FARCY. 

which  also  luirtei'go  the  same  motamorphosis  as  the  first  one.  Hence 
it  happens  very  frequently  that  fercy  boils  and  nlcers  make  their  ap- 
pearance in  rows  somewhat  resemblinji"  strings  of  beads,  which  consti- 
tutes one  of  the  characteristics  of  the  disease.  A  little  later  the  nearest 
lymphatic  glands,  too,  commence  to  swell  and  to  be  changed  to  hard 
and  more  or  less  painful  tarcy-buboes.  The  circulation  or  the  current  of 
lymph  in  the  lymphatics  of  such  a  swelled  gland  or  glands  becomes 
interrupted,  and  in  consequence  oedematous  swellings  make  their  ap- 
pearance in  the  parts  in  which  such  an  interruption  has  been  effected, 
usually  in  a  leg.  The  swelling  of  the  lymphatics  and  of  the  lymphatic 
glands,  the  Ipuphatio  abscesses,  and  the  appearance  of  oedemata  have 
led  to  mistakes ;  an  inflammation  of  the  lymphatics  has  been  supposed 
to  constitute  the  ]nimary  and  the  production  of  farcy-ulcers  a  second- 
ary morbid  ])rocess.  Sometimes,  it  is  true,  it  is  rather  difficult  to  find 
the  x)rimary  boils  or  ulcers  from  which  the  morbid  process  has  spread. 
The  comparatively  rapid  dissemination  of  the  glanders-wus  through 
the  lymphatics  in  the  loose  subcutaneous  connective  tissue  explains  why 
farcy  usually  spreads  sooner  over  the  whole  body,  and  becomes  fatal 
in  much  less  time  than  either  pulmonal  or  nasal  glanders. 

The  products  of  the  glanders-process,  however,  do  not  always  present 
themselves  as  distinctly  limited  growths  in  form  of  nodules,  tubercles, 
tumors,  and  boils.  The  morbid  products  in  certain  cases,  especially  in 
such  in  which  an  inflammatory  exudation  is  taking  place  in  the  same 
parts  in  which  the  glanders-process  has  its  seat,  become  diffuse,  and  the 
glanders-cells  almost  as  soon  as  produced  are  carried  off  by  the  exuda- 
tion. Gerlach  discriminates  two  forms  of  diffuse  glanders,  viz.,  glan- 
ders-catarrh and  diffuse  production  of  glanders-cells  in  the  mucous 
membranes. 

1.  GlmuJers-catarrh. — If  the  glanders-process  makes  its  appearance  in 
a  mucous  membrane,  the  first  morbid  changes  and  symptoms  are  always 
those  of  glanders,  blended  with  a  catarrhal  affection.  Consequently  the 
first  stage  of  nasal  glanders  may  appropriately  be  called  a  "  glanders- 
catarrh,"  and  may  under  favorable  circumstances  exist  almost  unchanged 
for  a  long  time  without  being  attended  by  any  other  characteristic  symp- 
toms except  perhaps  some  swelhngof  the  submaxillary  IjTuphatic  glands 
(so-called  nasal  gleet).  Afterward,  in  a  more  advanced  stage  of  the  dis- 
ease, more  characteristic  morbid  changes  make  their  appearance,  but  the 
catarrhal  discharge  from  the  nose  remains.  In  glanders-catarrh  the  se- 
cretions of  the  nasal  mucous  membrane  tliffer  only  in  so  far  from  those 
observed  in  a  common  catarrh  as  they  present  frequently  a  greenish  or 
green-yellowish  color,  and  contain  very  soon  epithelium-scales  and  small, 
round  glanders-cells  similar  to  matter-corpuscles.  With  the  appearance 
of  the  epitheliimi  debris^  however,  the  somewliat  characteristic  greenish 
color  usually  disappears.  The  glanders-cells  have  their  source  in  the 
epithelium -pixxlucing  layer  of  the  mucosa,  and  develop  Irom  epithelium- 
cells,  but  are  carried  off"  or  v/ashed  away  by  the  fluid  exudations.  Still 
the  discharge  itself,  although  containing  glanders-cells,  offers  no  charac- 
teristic of  great  diagnostic  value  except  its  infectiousness,  which  exists 
from  the  very  beginning.  The  microscope  reveals  no  essential  differ- 
ences, neither  between  the  nasal  discharges  in  glanders  and  in  catarrh 
nor  between  farcy  matter  and  common  pus. 

2.  Diffuse  production  of  (jlandcrs-ceUs  in  the  mucous  viemhrane. — The 
glanders-cells  are  not  produced  in  certain  limited  spots  or  nests,  but  in 
ditiVision  ovor  large  parts  of  the  mucous  membrane.  Tlie  latter  ap]:>cars 
.';v>'elled  and  loosened  in  its  tissue,  and  contains  larger  or  smallor  num- 
beis  of  round  glaudors-cells  of  different  size,    iilterwards  an  exuberant 


GLANDERS   AND   rAECY.  279 

tnorbid  growth  of  coiniective  tissue  makes  its  appearance,  -u-liich  causes 
the  mucous  meuibrauc  to  become  more  or  less  tljick  and  callous.  If  the 
glanders-process  extends  to  the  frontal  and  maxillary  cavities,  the  nat- 
urally tine  mucous  membrane,  especially  of  the  latter,  is  usually  found 
coated  with  a  nuico-i)urulcnt  secretion,  and  i:)resents  more  or  less  uneven 
swelling  and  degeneration,  caused  by  an  exuberant  neoplastic  produc- 
tion of  connective  tissue  elements.  In  the  nasal  cavity,  but  especially 
on  the  septum,  the  dilfuse  glanders-])rocess  penetrates  not  seldom  the 
whole  mucous  membrane,  and  extends  to  the  submucosa.  Callous  swell- 
ings are  formed  by  an  exuberant  i)roduction  of  neoplastic  elements  of 
connective  tissue,  and  within  these  swellings  appear  diffuse  center-sta- 
tions, or  nests  of  round  cells,  which  (latter)  gradually  undergo  tlecay  and 
are  absorbed.  Fibrous  or  scar-tissue,  which  afterwards  shrinks  or  con- 
tracts to  a  scar  or  cicatrix,  takes  their  place.  So  it  may  hapi)en  that 
scars  or  cicatrices  make  their  appearance  without  any  ulceration  having 
preceded.  These  scars  or  cicatrices  usually  contain  a  center,  from  which 
several  whitish  strands  of  tibi-ous  tissue,  x)roduced  by  the  same  process, 
are  radiating  in  different  du'cctions.  Still  not  every  scar  or  cicatrix 
foimd  on  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  septum  has  been  produced  in  the 
same  way,  without  any  preceding  ulceration.  Under  favorable  circum- 
stances a  liealiiig  even  of  a  glanders-ulcer  will  now  and  then  be  effected, 
but  in  such  a  case  the  scar  left  behind  is  usually  less  prominent  or  con- 
spicuous, and  is  destitute  of  such  long  radiating  strands  of  fibrous  tissue. 

Glanders-ulcers. — The  same,  if  present,  constitute  tbe  most  character- 
istic and  unmistakable  morbid  change  of  the  whole  morbid  process,  and 
are  found  usually  iu  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  septum,  especially 
toward  the  nasal  bones,  but  also  in  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  con- 
ch?e,  the  nasal  ducts,  the  larynx,  and  the  windpipe,  and,  iu  rare  cases, 
in  the  cutis.  Professor  Gerla.ch  says  he  has  found  ulcers  in  the  mucosa 
of  the  throat  and  windpipe  only  in  acute  glanders.  I  remember  one  of 
chronic  glanders  that  occurred  in  1869  in  Quincy,  111.,  in  which,  at  the 
post-mortem  examination,  numerous  ulcers  i)resented  themselves  in  the 
nasal  ducts  and  iu  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  larynx  and  windpipe, 
but  none  on  the  septum.  In  that  horse  the  only  observable  symptom 
consisted,  for  a  long  time,  in  difticulty  of  breathing,  resembling  a  kind 
of  roaring  when  exercised.  The  post-mortem  examination,  made  by 
myself,  revealed  glanders  in  a  very  advanced  stage  of  development,  not- 
v.ithstanding  that  the  horse,  a  fine  black  roadster,  was  not  suspected  of 
being  affected  with  glanders  up  to  within  two  weeks  before  he  was 
killed. 

Glanders-ulcers  are  always  preceded  by  glanders-nodules  or  tubercles 
in  the  mucous  membrane  or  skin,  respectively,  and  are  the  product  of  a 
decay  of  the  glanders-cells  aufl  a  dissolution  of  the  iuteiccllular  sub- 
stance of  those  nodules  or  tubercles.  The  process,  however,  by  which 
these  ulcers  are  developed  is  not  always  the  same,  but  varies  somewhat 
according  to  the  size  and  situation  of  the  tubercles.  If  the  latter  are 
large,  of  the  size  of  a  pea,  and  extend  deep  into  the  mucous  membrane, 
a  depression,  which  soon  changes  to  a  snudl  hole,  at  first  not  larger  than 
a  pill's  head,  makes  its  appearance  in  the  middle  of  the  external  surtace. 
This  hole,  however,  soon  grows  larger  (Fig.  IV,  Xo.  2),  and  coiistitutes 
within  a  few  days  an  ulcer  corresponding  iu  size  to  that  of  the  former 
tubercle  (Fig.  IV,  i^o.  3).  The  deeper  the  latter  extends  into  the  mucosa 
01'  submucosa,  the  deeper  will  also  be  the  ulcer. 

If  the  glanders-tubercles  are  ^'cry  small  and  superiicial,  or,  as  it  some- 
times liai>i)ens,  visible  only  as  gray  specks  or  dots,  the  proceeding  is  a 
little  different.    At  first  the  epithelium  is  cast  offj  a  small,  scarcely 


280  GLANDERS   AND   FARCY. 

visible  loss  of  substance  takes  jjlace,  which  gives  the  incipient  nicer  the 
appearance  of  a  small  erosion.  In  other  cases  the  decayed,  superficial 
part  of  t\\Q  tubercle  presents  itself  as  a  yellowish-gray  mass,  which 
remains  for  a  short  time  coated  with  epithelium.  The  decaying  tubercle, 
in  such  a  case,  has  the  appearance  of  a  small  pustule.  In  both  cases, 
finally,  small,  flat,  lenticular  idcers  are  formed,  "which,  if  numerous  and 
close  together,  as  frequently  happens  (glanders-tubercles,  if  very  small, 
are  usually  situated  close  together  in  groups),  become  soon  confluent, 
and  xn*esent  then  one  large,  flat  ulcer  with  an  uneven  bottom.  A  few 
days  ago  I  had  an  opportunity  to  observe  small  lenticular,  and  one 
medium-sized  confluent  ulcer,  on  the  right  side  of  the  septum  of  the  nose 
of  a  former  circus-horse  that  had  been  aflected  with  glanders — had  had 
discharges  from  the  nose — for  over  eight  months. 

A  glanders-ulcer  once  formed  grows  in  depth  and  circumference  as 
foUows :  At  the  bottom  and  on  the  borders  of  the  ulcer,  and  also  in  the 
immediate  neighborhood  of  the  same,  apjiear  again  gray  specks  and 
nodules  (nests  of  round  cells),  which  also  undergo  decay,  become  con- 
fluent with  the  ulcer,  and  increase  thereby  the  size  and  depth  of  the 
latter.  The  bottom  of  a  glanders-ulcer  presents  a  grayish-yellow  (bacon- 
like) appearance,  marked  with  red  blotches,  and  is  composed  mainly  of 
round  glanders-cells,  the  decay  of  which  adds  to  the  depths  of  the  ulcer. 
Consequently,  as  after  each  decay  new  round  cells  make  their  appear- 
ance, a  glanders-ulcer  is  not  only  able  to  work  its  way  through  the 
mucous  membrane  and  its  connective  tissue,  but  also  into  and  even 
through  the  cartilagenous  septum  and  the  osseous  conchas.  This,  how- 
ever, takes  i)lace  only  in  a  very  advanced  stage  of  the  disease,  and  un- 
der the  influence  of  a  complication  with  an  inilammatory  process.  The 
bottom  of  a  deep  ulcer  j)resents  usually  a  dirty  appearance,  caused  by 
decay  or  decomposition  of  tissue  and  blood  (Fig.  IV,  No.  4).  Growth  of 
a  glanders-ulcer  in  circumference  is  a  very  common  occurrence.  The 
process  is  usually  a  rapid  one,  if  the  ulcer  is  composed  originally  of 
small  lenticular  ulcers,  so-caUed  erosions,  with  corroded  gray  or  inflamed 
and  red  borders.  If  two  or  more  of  such  compound  ulcers  happen 
to  be  in  close  proximity  of  each  other,  the  same  very  often  become  con- 
fluent in  a  comparatively  short  time,  and  present  then  one  large  ulcer- 
ating surface.  In  the  cutis  the  ulceration  jirocess  is  exactly  the  same, 
and  is  invariably  preceded  by  a  formation  of  glanders-tubercles.  The 
latter  have  their  seat  usually  in  the  skin  of  the  lips  and  nostrils,  seldom 
in  the  skin  of  the  legs  and  of  other  parts  of  the  body.  In  the  cutis,  too, 
deep  ulcers,  and  flat  and  lenticular  ones,  can  be  discriminated.  In  some 
cases  the  cutis-idcers  have  a  special  tendency  to  increase  in  depth — if 
the  preceding  tubercles  have  been  large — while  in  others  a  tendency  to 
grow  in  circumference  is  prevailing.  The  latter  is  the  case  especially  if 
the  tubercles  have  been  small  and  close  together.  Both  kinds  of  ulcers, 
however,  like  those  in  the  mucous  membrane,  produce  abundant  exuda- 
tion and  matter,  a  peculiarity  by  which  deep  glanders-ulcers  situated 
in  the  skin  are  easily  discriminated  from  farcy-idcers  or  glanders- 
abscesses.  Besides  that,  the  latter  are  always  kettle-shaped,  have  red 
and  elevated  borders,  and  are  situated  in  the  subcutaneous  connective 
tissue,  while  the  former  have  their  seat  in  the  skin. 

THE  CAUSES  AND   ORIGIN  OF   GLANDiLKS. 

As  to  the  causes  and  origin  of  glanders,  opinions,  especially  in  former 
times,  have  differed  very  widely.  A  great  many  veterinarians,  particu- 
larly in  France,  and  there  until  quite  recently,  either  denied  its  conta- 


GLANDERS    AND    FARCY.  281 

jrioiisness  altoc'ether  (La  Fosse,  sen.  and  jun.,  Fromage  Defengre,  and 
Dupuy  barely  admitted  the  possibility  of  an  infection ;  Coleman  (English), 
Smith  (English),  andEodet  consiacred  only  acute  glanders  as  a  contagious 
disease,  as  did  Hutrel  d'Arboval  and  many  others),  or  expressed  doubt  as 
to  the  existence  of  a  contagion. — Dutz.  Consequently  a  spontaneous  de- 
velopment or  the  possibility  of  the  same  was  uot  (luestioned  except  by  a  few 
decided  contagioaists,  such  as  Volpi  iu  Italy,  White  in  England,  and,  in 
modern  times,  Gerlach  iu  Germany.  Nearly  all  German,  most  of  the 
English,  and  a  great  many  French  veterinarians  (it  is  but  just  to  men- 
tion among  the  latter  Solleysel  (16G9),  De  Sauuier  (1734),  Bourgelat 
(1765),  Garsault  (1770),  Vitet  (1783),  Gohier  (1813),  Delwart,  and  Le- 
blanc)  admitted  that  most  cases  of  glanders  owe  their  origin  to  infection, 
but  did  not  doubt  the  possibility  of  a  protopathic,  and  even  of  a  deutropa- 
thic  development.  Even  at  the  present  day  an  auchtochthonous  and  a 
deuteropathic  development,  too,  are  looked  upon  as  something  jiossible, 
or  even  self-evident  and  of  frequent  occurrence,  not  only  by  non-profes- 
sional men,  but  also  by  a  great  many  veterinarians  of  high  standing.  As 
causes  of  auchtochthonous  glanders,  all  possible  injurious  agencies  have 
been  accused,  the  same  as  in  all  other  contagious  diseases,  such  as  pleuro- 
pneumonia of  cattle,  for  instance,  which  latter,  as  is  now  more  generally 
admitted,  spreads,  and  is  caused  exclusively  by  infection  or  by  means 
of  the  contagion.  As  principal  causes  of  glanders  have  been  consid- 
ered spoiled,  decayed,  and  insufficient  food,  or  food  of  a  bad  quality  or 
unsuitable  composition;  dirty,  crowded,  and  ill- ventilated  stables;  over- 
work, hardships,  and  exposure  of  any  kind  or  description ;  in  short, 
nearly  everything  that  is  calculated  to  have  an  injurious  eftect  upon  the 
animal  organism.  A  great  inany  horses  in  every  country  and  iu  every 
clime  are  exposed  to  some  or  to  all  of  the  injurious  influences  just  enu- 
merated, and  there  is  uot  the  least  doubt  that  these  influences  are  well 
able  to  weaken  the  constitution  of  an  animal,  to  produce  emaciation  and 
debility,  and  to  cause  a  whole  army  of  more  or  less  dangerous  and  fre- 
quently fatal  diseases,  but  still  glanders  is  not  any  more  frequent  among 
horses  thus  exi)osed  and  suflering  than  among  others,  which  are  well 
icept  and  well  treated  in  every  respect.  In  every  country  and  in  every 
clime  a  larger  or  smaller  number  of  horses  are  exposed  to  all  those  in- 
juries mentioned,  are  worked  to  death,  starved  to  death,  suffocated  to 
death  in  foul  stable-air,  poisoned  to  death  with  spoiled  food  and  with 
impure,  stagnant  water,  and  still  there  are  countries  in  which  glanders 
is  an  unknown,  or,  at  least,  an  exceedingly  rare  disease,  while  iu  other 
countries  in  which  horses,  on  an  average,  are  not  kept  any  worse,  or, 
may  be,  are  kept  much  better,  glanders  is  a  very  frequent  disease,  and 
causes  annually  gTcat  losses.  As  a  general  rule,  which,  however,  suffers 
apparent  exceptions  as  I  shall  show  hereafter,  glanders  is  frequent  in  all 
those  countries  in  which  a  great  many  horses  are  imported,  and  rare  in 
all  those  countries  in  which  more  horses  are  raised  than  needed,  or  from 
which  horses  are  exported.  Besides  that,  nobody  has  ever  succeeded  in 
producing  glanders  by  merely  exposing  or  subjecting  a  horse  that  has 
never  been  exposed  to  the  influence  of  glanders-contagion  to  any  or  to 
all  the  injurious  agencies  and  influences  which  have  been  mentioned  as 
being  accused  as  the  causes  of  i)r()t()pathic  glanders.  In  the  West, 
where  I  have  lived  aiul  practiced  during  the  last  thirteen  years,  gland- 
ers, as  I  have  been  informed  by  reliable  jiersons,  used  to  be  an  almost 
unknown  disease  before  the  civil  war,  but  has  been  spread  by  condemned 
army  horses  during  and  immediately  after  the  war,  and  is  now  frequent 
and  can  be  found  everywhere. 
Among  asses  and  mules  glanders  is  comparatively  not  as  frequent  a 


^8^  GLANDERS  AND  FARCY. 

disease  as  among  liorses,  notwitlistaiiding  tliat  the  foriner  have  more 
predis])ositio]i,  are  easier  and  sooner  infected,  and  succnnib  quicker. 
If  a  proto])athic  development  were  possible,  or  frequently  taking-  place, 
one  should  suppose  that  it  would  occur  especially  in  those  animals  (asses 
and  nuiles)  which  i^ossess  the  greatest  predisposition,  or,  in  which,  if  af- 
fected, the  morbid  process  is  always  the  most  rapid  and  the  most  violent. 
Besides  that,  asses  and  mules  i)articularly,  are,  as  a  general  rule,  more 
exposed  to  bad  treatment  and  to  all  those  calamities  which  have  been 
looked  upon  as  probable  causes  of  glanders,  than  horses.  That  glanders 
is  not  so  frequent  among  asses  and  mules  as  among  horses,  is  simply  due 
to  the  fact  that  the  former  are  less  numerous  and  usually  less  exposed 
to  the  contagion,  because  less  used  on  the  road  and  for  traveling  pur- 
poses, than  horses.  An  exception,  perhaps,  may  be  made  with  the  Amer- 
ican army,  or  with  any  other  army  in  which  mules  are  extensively  em- 
ployed, and  in  them,  I  suppose,  cases  of  glanders  are  just  as  frequent, 
and  perhaps  more  frequent  among  the  mules  than  among  the  horses. 

In  modern  times,  most  veterinary  waiters,  it  seems,  have  abandoned 
the  possibility  of  an  autochthonous  or  idiopathic  origin  of  glanders, 
but  the  deuteropathic  development  is  yet  upheld  by  a  great  many.  The 
diseases  supposed  to  terminate  in  glanders  are  especially  strangles  or 
disteraper,  influenza,  catarrhal  aftections  of  the  respkatory  mucous  mem- 
branes, and  ulceration  in  vaiious  parts  of  the  animal  body.  To  enumer- 
ate all  the  cases  recorded  in  the  veterinary  literature  in  which  glanders 
is  said  or  believed  to  have  developed  from  other  diseases,  or  been  pro- 
duced by  an  absorption  of  matter,  would  lead  too  far,  for  tlie  same  are 
very  numerous.  As  to  the  different  theories  that  have  been  advanced, 
I  have  to  refer  to  what  has  been  said  in  the  first  part  of  this  treatise. 
To  show,  however,  now  easily  mistakes  may  be  made,  I  may  be  allowed 
to  relate  a  case  that  occurred  last  summer  in  Chicago.  Several  horses, 
constituting  the  stock  of  a  bankrupt  ckcus,  idl  animals  in  a  very  fine 
condition,  were  put  up  for  keeping  by  the  authorities  in  charge,  in  a  cer- 
tain livery  and  boarding  stable.  In  the  same  stable  influenza  prevailed, 
and  nearly  every  iiorse,  excepting  those  circus-horses,  became  aifected 
with  influenza  in  its  so-called  catarrhal  rheumatic  form.  Deaths  did  not 
occm',  but  some  horses  became  affected  severely.  After  the  circus-horses 
had  been  in  the  livery-stable  for  several  weeks  they  were  sold  by  the 
United  States  marshal,  and  the  day  afte-r  the  sale  it  was  foimd  that  one 
of  them,  a  fine  black  gelding,  was  affected  with  plainly  developed  nasal 
glanders,  and  had  communicated  the  disease  already  to  his  stall-mate, 
which  exhibited  sufiicient  symptoms,  a  slight  discharge  from  the  right 
nostril  and  a  characteristic  swelling  of  the  right  submaxillary  lymphatic 
gland,  to  warrant  the  diagnostication  of  glanders.  After  the  discovery 
had  been  made,  it  leaked  out  that  the  black  gelding  had  been  "running 
from  tlie  nose  "  for  over  eight  months.  When  the  sale  took  i)lace,  some 
of  the  livery  and  boarding  horses  had  not  yet  fully  recovereti  from  their 
influenza.  Now,  if  one  or  more  of  the  same  should  have  become  infected 
with  glanders,  and  if  the  merely  accidental  discovery  of  the  existence  of 
that  disease  in  one  of  the  circus-horses  had  not  been  made,  the  cry  would 
have  been  raised  iumiediately  that  glanders  had  developed  from  influ- 
enza. Further  comments,  I  think,  are  uimecessary.  It  may  sullice  to 
suggest  that  a  great  man 3^  apparent  develox)meiits  of  gland<u's  from  other 
diseases  may  have  taken  jdi^ce  in  a  similar  way.  There  also  can  be  no 
doubt  that  a  great  many  cases  of  occult  glanders  (so-called  nasal  gleet) 
have  been  looked  ui)on  and  treated  as  distemper,  catarrh,  influenza,  &c., 
and  afterwards,  when  plain  sym])toms  of  ghuulers  made  their  ap])earance, 
it  was  more  conveiiient  all  around  to  suppose  that  glanders  had  pro- 


GLANDEES   AND   FAECY.  28B 

ceedccl  from  tlie  disease  first  (lia.a:nosticated,  than  to  admit  a  diagnostic 
mistake.  So  with  farcy.  It  undoubtedly  lias  happened  a  great  many 
times  that  the  first  symptoms  of  farcy  have  been  mistaken  for  an  inflam- 
mation of  the  lymphatics,  and  as  farcy  in  its  further  coiu'se  becomes  fre- 
quently complicated  v/ith  glanders,  it  is  easy  to  conclude  that  an  inflamma- 
tion of  the  lymphatics  constitutes  a  primary  disease  of  glanders.  Under 
certain  circumstances  I  admit  it  is  rather  difli cult  to  discriminate  at  once 
an  inflammation  of  the  lymphatics  and  subsequent  ulceration  or  formation 
of  abscesses  from  genuine  farcy,  and  so  mistakes,  undoubtedly,  have 
occurred. 

Besides  all  that,  the  diseases  looked  upon  as  the  possible  progenitors 
of  glanders  are  similar  to  the  latter  only  in  regard  to  a  few  external 
symptoms  but  entirely  different  as  far  as  the  morbid  process  is  con- 
cerned. They  lack  altogether,  during  their  whole  course,  from  first  be- 
ginning to  their  final  termination,  the  specific  characteristics  of  gland- 
ers, and  a  conversion  of  any  one  of  them  into  the  latter  disease  must 
be  looked  upon  as  just  as  impossible  as  it  is  to  change  a  cow  to  ahorse, 
or  a  goat  to  a  hog.  Still,  this  does  not  exclude  the  possibility  of  an 
animal  afiected  with  one  of  those  disorders,  or  with  any  other  disease, 
becoming  infected  with  glanders  or  farcy.  On  the  contrary,  a  diseased 
condition  of  the  respiratory  mucous  membranes  seems  to  facilitate  an  in- 
fection, if  an  exposure  to  glanders  contagion  is  taking  i)lace.  At  any 
rate,  the  morbid  process  of  glanders  is  always  much  more  violent,  and 
makes  a  more  rapid  progress  in  a  diseased  organism,  than  in  one  that  is 
otherwise  pertectly  healthy.  To  get  at  the  bottom  of  the  facts  and  to 
guard  against  mistakes,  it  will  be  necessary  never  to  lose  sight  of  the 
specific  characteristics  of  the  glanders  process. 

Notwithstanding  all  those  cases  of  apparent  deuteropathic  develop- 
ment of  glanders,  which  can  be  found  in  the  veterinary  Literatui'e  of 
nearly  every  country,  I  am  not  afraid  to  say  I  do  not  believe  that  a 
case  of  real  deuteropathic  glanders,  one  that  can  stand  a  thorough  and 
unbiased  investigation,  has  ever  occuiTcd.  Geriach,  in  his  treatise,  re- 
peatedly mentioned,  says,  on  page  115,  "A  genuine  development  (pro- 
topathic  and  deuteropathic)  must  be  considered  as  not  proved." 

Glanders,  as  well  as  pleuro-pneumonia,  Eussian  cattle-plague,  and 
scab  and  mange,  wiU  cease  to  exist  if  a  propagation  by  means  of  infection 
is  made  impossible.  If,  for  instance,  within  the  limits  of  the  United  States 
all  animals  affected  with  g^landers  were  destroyed  at  once,  and  at  the 
same  tijue  every  place  where  glanders-contagion  may  be  existing  were 
thoroughly  disinfected,  and  if  any  importation  of  glandered  horses  or  of 
the  contagion  were  successfully  prohibited  or  prevented,  glanders  would 
at  once  beciome  extinct,  and  would  never  make  its  appearance  again 
within  the  limits  of  the  United  States,  unless  imported  again  from  other 
countries.    It  is  a  disease  that  can  be  eradicated. 

I  said  before  that  glanders  is  most  frequent  in  those  countries  in  which 
numerous  horses  are  imported  Irom  other  countries.  This  is  an  undeni- 
able fact,  except  in  regard  to  those  commonwealths  in  which  good  veter- 
inary schools  provide  a  sulficient  number  of  thoroughly  educated  vet- 
erijiary  surgeons,  and  in  Avliich  stringent  laws  enforce  the  immediate 
destruction  of  every  animal  affected  with  glanders,  prohibit  veterinary 
quackery,  and  do  not  allow  anybody  to  keep  or  to  treat  a  glandered 
annual  unless  he  is  a  qualified  veterinary  surgeon,  and  gives  sufficient 
bonds  to  pay  possible  damages. 

1  know  very  well  that  I  shall  l)c  contradicted,  but  mere  denials,  or 
(|uestions  asliing  where  glanders  originally'  comes  trom,  if  a  spontane- 
ous development  does  not  take  place,  will  not  do.    Such  questions,  of 


284  GLANDERS   AND    FARCY. 

course,  I  cannot  answer.  When  Gerlacli  first  pronounced  pleuro-pneu- 
monia  of  cattle  a  pure  contagion,  that  is,  a  disease  propagated  exclu- 
sively bj^  means  of  infection,  Professor  Spinola  asked  pertly  if  Gerlacli 
liad  imported  pleuropneumonia  from  the  moon,  but  failed  utterly — and 
everybody  else,  too — to  show  a  solitary  case  of  an  unmistakable  and  well- 
authenticated  spontaneous  development.  If  any  one  can  show  me  a 
case  of  spontaneous  glanders,  not  caused  by  infection,  or  give  satisfac- 
tory and  unmistakable  proof  that  a  protopathic  or  deuteropathic  develop- 
ment of  glanders  has  occurred,  I  will  take  back  what  I  have  said,  but 
not  before. 

The  contagion. — The  contagion  must  be  considered  as  the  exclusive 
cause  of  glanders.  When  I  lived  in  Dixon,  Lee  county,  Illinois,  from 
the  fall  of  18G5  to  September,  18G8, 1  had  an  opportunity  of  observing 
numerous  cases  of  glanders.  A  fi-iend  of  mine,  1).  W.  McKinney,  dealer 
in  horses  and  proprietor  of  a  livery-stable,  knew  nearly  every  horse  in  the 
whole  county,  and  taking  special  interest  in  those  cases  of  glanders, 
assisted  me  in  inquiring  into  the  history  of  every  horse  alfected.  As  a 
result,  every  case,  without  exception,  was  traced  back  to  an  infection  by 
condemned  United  States  army  horses  that  had  been  sold  to  the  farmers. 

The  contagious  principle  is  developed  during  the  very  first  stages  of 
the  disease,  and  even  before  plain  symptoms  have  made  their  appear- 
ance. It  exists  most  concentrated  in  the  immediate  products  of  the 
morbid  process,  but  especially  in  the  discharges  from  the  nose,  and  in 
the  contents  of  the  glanders  and  farcy  ulcers.  It  is  present  also  in  aU  the 
secretions  and  excretions  of  the  affected  animals,  as  has  been  proved  by 
numerous  direct  experiments.  Professor  Gerlacli,  in  order  to  ascertain 
if  the  contagion,  is  contained  not  only  in  the  fluid  animal  humors  and 
excretions,  and  in  the  fluid  and  solid  iiroducts  of  the  morbid  process, 
but  also  in  the  pulmonal  exhalation  and  in  the  perspiration,  has  made 
several  interesting  exj)eriments,  and  has  found  that  an  inoculation  of 
a  healthy  horse  with  artificially  condensed  exhalation  and  perspiration 
of  a  glandered  animal  produces  the  disease.  He  has,  however,  not  suc- 
ceeded in  communicating  glanders  by  injecting  defibrinated  blood  of 
glandered  horses  (100  and  200  grains  respectively)  into  the  veins  of 
healthy  animals.  Still,  the  contagiousness  of  the  blood  has  been  estab- 
lished long  ago  by  Abildgardt  and  Viborg  in  Copenhagen. 

The  experiments  of  Gerlacli  and  of  others,  and  numerous  c?dnical 
observations,  too,  have  proved  beyond  a  doubt  that  the  contagion  con- 
tained in  the  exhalation  and  iierspiration  clings,  though  only  in  small 
quantities,  to  the  aqueous  vapors  exhaled  by  the  respiratory  organs  and 
perspired  by  the  skin.  The  contagious  principle,  therefore,  is  volatile 
only  in  a  limited  degree,  and  to  produce  an  infection  by  means  of  the 
exhalation  and  perspiration  at  a  distance  of  several  feet  requires  usually 
some  length  of  time.  So  it  happens  very  often  that  a  horse  occupying 
with  a  glandered  horse  the  same  stable,  but  not  the  same  stall,  remains  ex- 
empted. The  more  forcible  and  accelerated  the  breathing,  and  the  more 
abundant  the  perspiration  of  the  horse  afiected  with  glanders,  the 
greater,  it  seems,  is  the  danger  of  an  infection  of  healthy  horses  that 
are  near,  or  occupy  the  same  stable. 

Another  question  not  easily  answered,  and  yet  an  object  for  investi- 
gation, may  be  asked ;  that  is.  Do  organic  forms  constitute  the  conta- 
gion 5  is  the  contagious  principle  bound  on,  or  inseparable  from,  organic 
forms ;  or  is  its  action  merely  a  chemical  one  f  On  this  question  the 
opinions  of  the  best  authorities  differ.  Professor  Gerlach,  in  his  suc- 
cessful experiments  with  condensed  exhalation  and  perspiration,  found 
no  organic  forms  whatever  in  the  perfectly  limpid  drops ;  further,  he 


GLANDEES    AND    FAECY.  285 

found  no  organic  forms  in  the  very  infectious  caseous  substances  taken 
from  the  mucous  membrane  of  a  horse  affected  ^vith  diphtheritic  gland- 
ers. He,  therefore,  has  come  to  the  conclusion  that  the  glanders-con- 
tagion does  not  consist  in,  nor  is  bound  on,  organic  forms,  and  that  the 
action  of  the  contagious  principle  must  be  a  chemical  one.  On  the  other 
hand  Hallier  and  others  have  found  organic  gTowth  (micrococci)  in  the 
humors  of  glandered  horses  and  in  the  products  of  the  morbid  process 
of  glanders,  and  are  inclined  to  consider  those  micrococci  as  the  agency 
which  causes  the  disease,  produces  the  morbid  changes,  and  eflects  a 
communication  of  the  glandered  process  to  other  healthy  animals.  If 
Hallier  and  others  are  right,  a  great  many  mysterious  phenomena  ob- 
served in  glanders  hud  an  explanation,  but  if  Gerlach's  observations  are 
correct,  HalHer's  theories  necessarily  fall  to  the  ground.  Gerlach  says : 
"  Hallier  finds  everjiNiiere  fungi,  and  Chauveau  finds  everywhere  cells." 
Still,  notwithstanding  my  high  regard  for  Gerlach  and  the  thoroughness 
of  his  investigations,  I  think  the  finds  of  Hallier  and  of  other  investiga- 
tors cannot  be  discarded ;  positive  evidence  is  always  of  more  value  than 
negative  proof.  Haeckel  (History  of  Creation,  vol.  1,  Protista.)  and 
Klebs  {Archiv  fuer  ejyperimental-Pathologie^  1873),  separate  the  micro- 
scopic organisms  found  in  glanders  and  in  other  contagious  diseases 
from  the  class  "  fimgus,"  and  consider  them  as  a  separate  class,  belong- 
ing neither  to  the  animal  nor  to  the  vegetable  kingdom.  ^ATiatever 
may  be  the  truth  as  to  the  real  natiu'e  of  the  contagious  principle,  future 
investigations  must  reveal.  I  myself  have  had  no  opportunity  to  make 
thorough  microscopical  investigations  of  the  morbid  products  of  gland- 
ers, and  can,  therefore,  not  advance  any  definite  ox)inion  of  my  own. 
Mere  speculations  cannot  bring  any  facts  to  light ;  thorough  and  patient 
observations  are  necessary. 

The  glanders-contagion,  whatever  its  nature  may  be,  communicates 
glanders  and  farcy  not  only  to  the  animals  belonging  to  the  genus  equus, 
but  also  to  other  animals  and  to  man.  Niunerous  cases  are  reported 
every  year  in  the  periodical  veterinary  literature.  The  only  domesti- 
cated animal  that  seems  to  be  exempted,  or  to  be  destitute  of  anj^  pre- 
disposition is  the  ox. 

Glandered  horses,  as  soon  as  the  disease  has  been  diagnosticated,  are 
usually  removed  to  the  cow-stable,  or  to  pens  or  places  where  cattle  are 
kept,  and  still  no  case,  as  far  as  I  have  been  able  to  learn,  is  on  record 
in  which  an  ox  or  a  cow  has  contracted  the  disease.  Sheep  are  easily 
infected.  Goats,  too,  possess  sufticient  predisposition.  Ercolani  described 
a  case  in  "  11  medico  veterinaria,^''  1801,  and  Wirth  succeeded  in  commu- 
nicating glanders  to  a  male  goat  by  means  of  inoculation  (^lrc/(iv./«er 
Thierheillunde,  Bd.  (5,  Ileft  1,1844).  Hogs  seem  to  possess  but  little 
l^redisposition,  and  cases  of  dogs  becoming  infected  and  dying  of  gland- 
ers have  been  communicated  by  Nordstroem  {Tidslrift  for  Yetcrinaircry 
etc.,  1802)  aud  Langcron  {Eemie  veterinaire,  etc.,  Toulouse,  serie  1, 1870). 
Several  cases  are  on  record  in  which  wild  animals,  lions  especially,  have 
become  infected  Vv'ith  glanders  by  being  fed  witli  meat  of  glandered 
horses.  According  to  the  experiments  of  Viborg  and  Eiuglieim,  the  fiesh 
of  a  horse  affected  with  glanders  can  be  eaten  without  danger  of  infec- 
tion if  properly  cooked  or  fried. 

One  important  phenomenon  must  be  mentioned,  and  that  is,  that  gland- 
ers always  becomes  a  frequent  disease  after  any  great  Avar.  Such  was 
the  case  in  our  oavu  country  after  the  great  civil  Avar,  as  I  have  mentioned 
before,  and  also  in  Germany  and  France,  h\.ih  esi)ecially  in  the  latter 
country,  after  the  Avar  of  1870-'71.  Cases  of  glanders  Avill  also  be  fre- 
quent during  the  next  few  years  in  the  Turkish  Empii-e,  and  in  those 


286  GLANDERS   AND   FARCY. 

Turkish  i)io\dnces  "svliicli  have  become  mdependeut,  or  separated  from 
the  Ottoman  territories.  The  cause  of  this  frequency  ia  an  obvious  one. 
It  consists  in  the  abundant  opportunity  of  infection.  One  horse  affected 
with  (occult)  glanders  in  either  of  the  hostile  armies  can,  for  obvious 
reasons,  communicate  the  disease  with  the  greatest  fa.eility  to  a  large 
number  of  animals.  The  fact  of  glanders  becoming  frequent  after  each 
large  war  has  been  used  very  frequently  as  an  argument  in  favor  of  a 
protopathic  development,  but  if  it  is  looked  upon  in  a  proper  light  it 
proves,  if  anything,  the  exclusive  spreading  of  the  disease  by  means  of 
the  contagion. 

Prevention  and  treatment. — As  to  a  medical  treatment,  there  is  scarcely 
a  remedy  known  in  the  whole  materia  medica  that  h;\s  not  been  used 
against  glanders,  but,  so  far  at  least,  with  very  poor  success.  It  is  true 
a  great  muny  2)yctcn(Jcd  cures  are  on  record.  But  if  the  slow  or  chronic 
progress  of  the  morbid  process,  its  frequent  remissions  in  warm  and  dry 
weather,  exacerbations  in  rough,  cold,  and  inclement  weather  and  in  a 
foul  atmosphere,  and  the  great  confusion  that  has  prevailed  in  regard  to 
the  true  nature  of  glanders  are  taken  into  consideration,  it  is  no  wonder 
that  mistakes  and  deceptions  have  occurred.  Some  of  the  cases  that 
are  said  to  have  been  cured  have  been  no  glanders  at  ail,  and  in  others 
the  pretended  cures  have  been  only  temj)orary — a  mere  remission.  Con- 
firmed f/landcrs  must  he  considered  as  incitrahle  :  and  it  would,  therefore, 
be  for  the  beneht  of  every  one  if  our  general  government  (Congress) 
would  enact  a  law  which  should  make  it  a  criminal  offense  to  keep  and 
to  use  a  horse,  or  any  other  animal,  known  to  be  affected  with  glanders. 
Any  attempt  to  cure  should  also  be  strictly  forbidden,  because  a  prompt 
and  immediate  destruction  of  every  animal  affected  with  glanders,  a 
disease  which  spreads  only  by  means  of  its  contagion,  constitutes  the 
best,  surest,  and  cheapest,  and  in  fact  the  only  prevention. 

A  case  of  recent  occurrence  will  serve  to  illustrate  how  glanders 
spreads,  and  how  much  cheaper  it  is  to  destroy  a  giandered  horse  at 
once  than  to  permit  the  same  to  communicate  the  disease  to  healthy 
animals.  It  will  also  show  the  necessity  of  a  stringent  law  making  the 
sale  of  an  animal  known  to  be  affected  with  a  contagious  disease  a  crim- 
inal offense. 

Last  fall  Mr.  George  T ,  Pottawatomie  county,  Kansas,  bought 

a  horse  of  a  Mr.  Ch.  .  .  ,  Manhattan,  Riley  county,  Kansas,  and  pas- 
tiu-ed  and  stabled  the  same  with  his  other  horses,  about  twenty-four  or 
twenty-five  in  number.  The  horse  in  question,  when  bought,  had  some 
discharge  from  the  nose,  which,  of  course,  was  pronounced  to  be  nothing 
but  the  product  of  catarrh — in  common  x)arlance,  a  cold.  In  the  course 
of  the  winter  several  of  Mr.  T 's  horses  commenced  to  have  dis- 
charges from  the  nose.    Mr.  T became  alarmed,  and  brought  the 

new  horse,  whose  nasal  discharges  had  increased,  and  who  showed  other 
symptoms  of  disease,  such  as  a  staring  coat,  emaciation,  «S:c.,  to  me  for 
examination.  I  found  the  symptoms  to  be  those  of  an  advanced  stage 
of  glanders.  Subsequent  inquiries  revealed  some  of  the  previous  history 
of  the  animal.  Mr.  Ch.  .  .  had  bought  the  horse  from  another  man, 
whose  name  I  do  not  remember,  only  a  few  days  betbre  lie  sold  the  same 

to  Mr.  T ,  and  had  Icept  the  animal,  while  in  his  possession,  strictly 

separated  from  his  other  horses,  because  he  knew  that  the  same  had  a 
chronic  discharge  from  the  nose,  and  had  had  it  for  about  two  years. 
Is  not  such  a  transaction  criminari?    And  still,  in  the  case  mentioned, 

there  is  no  redi-ess  to  be  had.    Mr.  T is  a  comi>aratively  poor  man ; 

his  farm  is  mortgaged,  and  all  the  property  he  may  call  his  own  consists 
in  his  stock,  but  especially  in  his  horses.    As  I  mo^'ed  away  from  Kansas 


GLANDERS   AND   FARCY.  287 

early  in  tlie  sprinjOf,  I  have  uot  learned  Low  many  of  his  horses  have  be- 
come aiiected,  hut  several  had  contracted  the  disease  before  I  left. 
Besides  that,  his  horses  had  been  together  quite  often  Avith  those  of  his 
neighbors,  on  the  prairie,  before  he  knew  them  to  be  atl'ectcd  with  gland- 
ers. It  is  possible  that  he  has  lost,  or  will  lose,  nearly  every  animal  lie 
has.     Mr.  Ch.  .  .  does  not  own  anything;    all  his  ])roperty  is  in   his 

wife's  name;  consequently  Mr.  T ,  if  he  sues  for  dauiages,  will 

have  to  pay  law;s-ers'  fees  and  costs,  but  cannot  recover  anything.  If 
there  were  a  United  States  law  which  made  it  a  criminal  oftenso  to  sell 
animals  afi'ected  with  contagions  diseases,  or  to  own  and  to  keep  ani- 
mals which  exhibit  symptoms  of  contagious  diseases,  and  to  neglect  to 
advise  the  proper  authorities  of  the  fact,  such  cases  as  the  one  relate<l 

would  not  occm\     If  Mr.  T were  not  an  honest  mau,  ho  would 

undoubtedly  have  kept  still,  and  would  have  sold  his  glandered  horses 
to  other  innocent  i^arties,  and  contributed  in  that  Avay  in  spreading  the 
disease.  I  could  relate  numerous  similar  cases,  but  think  this  oue  will 
suffice,  especially  as  this  article  is  already  too  long. 

A  successful  prevention  of  glanders  is  possible  only  if  the  contagion — 
which,  even  if  it  should  not  constitute  the  sole  and  only  cause  of  the 
disease,  causes  at  least  nine  hundred  and  ninety-nine  cases  of  oue  thou- 
sand— is  thoroughly  destroyed  wherever  it  may  exist  oi'  wherever  it  may 
be  found.  Consequently  every  animal  affected  with  glanders  should  be 
killed  as  soon  as  the  nature  of  the  disease  becomes  known,  and  be  buried 
sufliciently  deep  or  be  cremated.  But  as  the  contagion  adheres  fre- 
quently also  to  the  stables — manger,  floor,  partition,  &c. — that  have 
been  occupied,  the  stable  utensils — brush,  curry-comb,  «S:c.,  and  the 
harness,  blankets,  halters,  bridles,  saddles,  &c. — that  have  been  used  or 
been  in  contact  with  glandered  horses,  it  is  of  great  importance  to  know 
what  will  best  and  most  effectually  destroy  the  contagion.  Professor 
Gerlach  has  made  very  interesting  and  valuable  experiments,  to  relate 
which,  however,  would  lead  too  far.  I  will  therefore  only  state  the  results 
arrived  at.  The  discharges  from  the  nose,  glanders-matter,  &c.,  lose  their 
infectiousness  if  perfectly  dried  by  being  exposed  to  currents  of  air  or  to 
the  rays  of  the  sun ;  but  kept  moist,  for  instance  in  a  damp  cellar,  wrapped 
up  in  a  moist  rag,  or  adhering  to  the  corners  of  the  manger,  to  a  damp 
wall  or  floor,  or  to  the  bedtling  or  the  manure,  &c.,  the  contagion  seems  to 
I>ossess  great  vitality,  and  may  remain  eflective  for  half  a  year  or  longer. 
Putrefaction  does  not  destroy  the  contagious  principle.  Chlorine  de- 
stroys the  contagion,  and  is  therefore  a  very  efficient  disinfectant,  pro- 
vided the  chlorides  used  come  in  actual  contact  with  the  contagion.  A 
brief  exposure  of  the  infectious  substances,  nasal  discharges,  glanders- 
matter,  &c.,  to  the  influence  of  chlorine  in  a  gaseous  state,  mixed  with 
the  atmosphere,  is  inellective.  As  a  remedy  to  be  given  internally, 
chlorine,  in  shape  of  chlorine-Avater,  for  obvious  reasons  caunot  be 
used;  chemical  combinations  will  be  effected  before  an  absorption  can 
take  ])lace.  The  best  and  surest  destroyer  of  the  glanders-contagion  is 
carbohc  acid.  It  mi\j  be  used  not  only  as  a  disinlectant  or  for  tlie  pur- 
pose of  destroying  the  contagion  clinging  to  the  wood-work  of  the 
stable  Sec,  but  also  in  incipient  cases  of  farcy,  and  in  cases  in  which  an 
infection  with  glanders-matter  has  Just  taken  ])lace  in  a  wound,  for 
instance,  as  a  local  remedy.  If  applied  to  the  glanders-ulcers  on  the 
septum,  or  to  farcy-ulcers,  a  tendency  to  lieal  will  make  its  a])pearance. 
As  a  disinfectant,  a  solution  of  carbolic  acid  in  giyct'riiio  or  alcohol  and 
water  (1:1  or  2:20)  is  perfectly  strong  enough  to  be  ell'ective.  Old  straw, 
hay^  and  bedding  must  be  burned,  and  blankets,  &c.,  are  best  disinfected 


288  GLANDERS    AND    FAECY. 

by  exposing  tlie  same  for  some  time  to  a  temperatme  of  212°  F.,  or 
liiglier,  either  in  an  oven  or  in  boiling  hot  water. 

As  to  a  therapeutic  treatment  only  a  few  words  will  be  necessary.  Some 
of  the  most  heroic  medicines  have  been  used  with  -s-ery  doubtful  results. 
So,  for  instance,  Professor  Ercolani,  in  Turin,  claims  to  have  had  good 
success  Avith  arsenate  of  strychnine,  but  others  who  have  made  the 
same  experiments  have  had  no  success  whatever.  Lacazo  {Revue  Veter., 
tCr.,  Toulouse,  1876),  asserts  to  have  been  successful  with  large  doses  of 
alcohol,  but  he  discriminates  contagious  and  noncontagious  glanders, 
and  so  no  comment  Avill  be  necessary.  In  former  tunes  cautharides  were 
considered  as  a  remedy,  but  later  investigations  have  proved  them  to  be 
perfectly  worthless.  That  every  kind  of  mercurial  combination  and  a 
great  many  sure-cure  nostrums  have  been  used  and  been  advertised  as 
specific  remedies,  as  in  every  other  incurable  disease,  is  too  self-evident 
to  need  any  further  mentioning. 

The  only  rational  treatment  of  a  horse  or  other  animal,  affected  with 
glanders,  consists  in  a  proper  and  effective  apphcation,  in  the  right  place, 
of  either  half  an  ounce  of  lead  or  five  inches  of  steel ;  and  until  such 
treatment  is  invariably  adopted,  or  made  compulsory,  there  will  be  no 
prospect  whatever  of  freeing  this  country  from  this  loathsome  disease, 
dangerous  even  to  man,  in  Avhom,  if  once  infected,  it  is  just  as  incurable 
as  in  horses. 


INDEX. 


AlaLama,  diseases  of  farm  animals  in jgg  211 

Appropriations  for  investigating  diseases  of  ftirm  animals 5*  220 

Arkansas,  diseases  of  farm  animals  in I87'  213 

Autopsies  in  swine  disease 31,33,49,  55,  59, 103, 128, 142, 174|  184 

Bacillus  suis 10,11,13,41,42,43,44,45,53 

Berkshires  and  tlieir  crosses  peculiarly  liable  to  disease 178 

British  Government  rules  for  treating  pleuro-pneumonia  and  rinderpest 251 

British  orders  in  council  concerning  cattle  imports 227 

Cahfornia,  diseases  of  farm  animals  in 1^7 

Cattle  export  trade,  British  orders  in  council 227 

Chicago  stock-yards  full  of  diseased  animals 104 

Colorado,  diseases  of  farm  animals  in 1^3 

Commissioner's  letter  to  Hon.  A.  S.  Paddock  on  pleuro-pneiunonia 219 

Commission  to  investigate  diseases  of  farm  animals  in 5 

Congressional  action  necessary  to  arrest  cattle  disease 221 

Contagion  in  swine  disease 9,  ;59^  1(35 

glanders 268, 273/284 

Cysiicerciis  cellulosa 66 

C.  ZemicolUs 66 

Dakota,  disease  of  farm  animals  in 183 

Deaths  of  swine,  number  and  percentage  of 124 

Delaware,  diseases  of  farm  animals  in 183 

Detmers,  Dr.  J.  H. ,  i)aper  on  glanders 257 

Different  breeds  of  hogs  as  affected  by  the  disease 120 

Diphtheria  in  hogs 143 

predisjiosing  causes I44 

Diseased  hogs  butchered  and  pa  eked  for  market 1G4 

Diseases  ret  arded  by  extreme  cold 6 

Disinfectants  in  hog  disease 164 

Examiners  appointed 5 

Experiments  in  hog  disease 19, 33, 49, 56, 66, 75,  98, 103 

Farcy,  common  (siil)cutaueous  glanders) 262 

or  external  glanders 262 

skin  (exanihematous  glanders) 263 

in  the  human  system 263 

Farm  animals,  diseases  of,  in  the  different  States 186 

toral  losses  by  disease 5 

Flcffida,  diseases  of  farm  animals  in 188, 214 

Germs,  morbific,  in  hog  diseases 10,41,42,44,53,63,64,65,66,158,185 

Ascaris  lumhricoides 185 

Bacillus  suis 10,41,42,44,53 

Ci/sticercus  cellulosa 66 

C.  ZemicolUs 66 

Sclerostomum  dcniatum 65 

Stongijlus  cJorKjatus 63 

Tricocephalus  dispai 64 

Georgia,  diseases  of  farm  animals  in 189 

Glanders,  anatomical  changes 274 

catarrh 278 

causes  and  origin 280 

cells,  developed  from  epithelium  cells 270 

connective  tissue  corpuscles 270 

ia  the  mucous  membrane 278 

chronic  and  acute 2(54 

contagion 284 

definition 257 

external,  or  farcy 2(52 

literature  of 2()9 

morbid  process  in ,. 2{)9 

nasal 2(57 

prevention  of 2b6 

289 


290  INDEX. 

Page. 

Glaudcrs,  aymptons 260,  264 

post-mortem  indications 261 

pulmonal 260 

treatment  of 286 

ulcers 279 

Hog-cholera  a  misnomer ;  should  bo  classed  with  exanthemata 165 

definition 13G 

has  all  the  characters  of  gastro-enteric  fever  in  man 186 

Hog  disease,  action  of  Congress  invoked 164 

affecting  different  breeds  of  hogs 120 

other  animals 9,  14,  15,  100,  101,  102 

blood-poisoning 184 

can  it  be  effectually  quarantined  ? 163 

causes ..39,  42,70,136,166,175,178 

hogs  eating  grain  left  by  fattening  cattle 178 

too  close  breeding 178 

character 180 

cleanliness 118 

climate  and  food,  influence  of 158 

clinical  observations 54 

cohabitation  of  healthy  hogs  with  sick  ones 99 

communicated  by  passing  car  and  wagon  loads  of  infected  hogs. .  156 

contagion 9,39,99,139,165 

description 20 

destruction  in  many  cases  the  only  remedy 139 

diagnosis 116 

difficulties  of  quarantining 164 

disinfectants 164 

duration 8, 115 

effectiveness  of  di-ied  and  frozen  virus 6,  13,  16,  98,  99 

etiology 170 

experiments 19,  33,  49,  56,  66,  75,  98,  103 

food,  effect  of 117,158 

incubation 57 

infection  of  a  pig  with  virus  from  a  sheep 101 

in  lUinois 19,  156 

Indiana 112 

Iowa 135 

Missouri .' 173 

Nebraska „ 177 

North  Carolina 123 

Virginia 165,  167 

largely  preventable  by  hygienic  measures 173 

majority  of  cases  under  12  months  of  age 166 

malaria 172 

modes  of  attack,  first  mode 179 

second  mode 180 

morbific  germs 10,  41,  42,  44,  53,  64,  65,  66,  158 

more  fatal  in  summer  and  fall 6 

measui'es  of  arrest  and  extirpation 71,  139,  181 

prevention 45,  121,  132,  171,  181 

microscopic  observations 61 

morbid  process 7,26,39,43 

mycetic  theory 158 

nature  of  the  disease 42,69, 127 

infectious  principle 42 

occult  forms 99 

pathological  conditions 115, 173 

per  cent,  of  latal  cases 186 

policy  of  niuicdial  ti'eatment 71 

post-inortcm  indications 31,  33,49,55,59, 103, 128, 142, 160, 170, 174, 184 

prevalence 113 

prognosis  and  ternunation 25 

propagation  through  inhalation  doubtful 40 

recurrence  of  attack 120 

sanitary  regulations 133 

symptoms 7,8,20,22,57,69, 114, 12(5, 160, 169, 173, 179 

SJ^u)nvms 19 

treatment 48,52,122,169,172,176,181 


INDEX.  291 

Page. 

Hog  disease,  tumors 11, 44 

typhoid  character 173 

visits  to  herds  infected 161 

virus,  dried  or  frozen,  effectiveness  of 6, 13,  IG,  98, 99 

water,  influence  of 117 

Hogs  in  health,  treatment,  food,  and  quarters 178 

losses  from  disease 5, 124 

Idaho,  diseases  of  farm  animals  in 190 

Illinois,  diseases  of  farm  animals  in 190, 21G 

swiue  in 19, 15G 

Indiana,  diseases  of  farm  animals  in 192 

swine  in 112 

Indian  Territory,  diseases  of  farm  animals  in 193 

Iowa,  diseases  of  farm  animals  in 193, 218 

swiue  in 135 

Jersey  City  stock-yards,  jilouro-pneumonia  reported  in.. 240 

Kansas,  diseases  of  farm  animals  in 195 

Kentucky,  diseases  of  farm  animals  in 195 

Letter  of  Commissioner  to  Hon.  A.  S.  Paddock,  on  pleuro-pneumonia 219 

Losses  of  farm  animals  by  disease 5 

swine  by  disease 5 

Louisiana,  diseases  of  farm  animals  in 196 

Maine,  diseases  of  farm  animals  in 197 

Malaria  in  hog  disease 172 

Maryland,  diseases  of  farm  animals  in 197 

Massachusetts,  legislation  on  pleuro-ijueumouia 246 

Michigan,  diseases  of  farm  animals  in 197 

Minnesota,  diseases  of  farm  animals  in 198 

Mississip])i,  diseases  of  farm  animals  in 198 

Missoui-i,  diseases  of  farm  animals  in - 199 

swine  in 173 

Montana,  scab  in  sheep 201 

Mycotic  theory  of  swine  disease 158 

Nasal  gleet, 2G3 

Nebraska,  diseases  of  farm  animals  in 201 

swine  in 177 

Nevada,  diseases  of  farm  animals  in 202 

New  Jersey,  diseases  of  farm  animals  in —  202, 220, 240 

New  Mexico,  diseases  of  farm  animals  in 202 

New  York,  diseases  of  fanii  animals  in 202 

City,  pleuro-pneumonia  in 237, 240 

stock-yards 240 

legislation  on  pleuro-pneumonia 249 

North  Carolina,  a  strange  cattle  disease  in -- 253 

diseases  of  faim  animals  in 202 

swine  iji - 123 

losses  of  swine  in. — 124 

Ohio,  diseases  of  farm  animals  in 204 

Oregon,  diseases  of  farm  animals  in 205 

Other  animals  infected  by  hog  disease 9, 14, 15, 100, 156 

Pennsylvania,  diseases  ofiarm  animals  in 205 

Pleuro-pneumonia,  affected  animals  should  be  promi)tly  killed 239 

in  and  around  New  York  City 237,240 

certilicates  of  soundness  absurd 241 

circular  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury 226 

contagion 234 

coiTespondeuco  of  Commissioner  with  Secretary  of  the 

Treasury 225 

danger  of  infecting  our  uufenced  stock-ranges 229, 238 

inoculat  ion 238 

trying  to  cure  infected  animals 239 

English  "contagious  diseases"  act 232 

gradual  extension  westward 22-8 

history,  nature,  sym])toni8,  and  treatment 242 

imported  into  England  in  1842 228 

United  States  in  1843 2*,>8 

in  Canada 223 

Massachusetts,  legislation 246 

New  Jersey 220,221,240 


292  INDEX. 

Page. 

PlcTiro-pneumonia  in  New  York,  governor's  instructions 236 

legislation 237,249 

letter  of  Professor  Gadsden 222 

the  Northwest 224 

Virginia 220 

letter  of  President  Liantard 223 

Professor  Billings 222 

Professor  Law 226 

may  be  carried  West  by  blooded  cattle 229 

measures  for  its  extinction 230,  239 

must  be  stamped  out ^ 235 

post-mortem  indications 244 

Professor  Law's  review  of  the  disease 233 

rapid  spread  of  the  malady 234 

rules  of  the  British  Goverumeut  against 251 

sale  of  infected  animals 228 

the  general  government  must  act 239 

the  great  danger  of  our  stock  interests 227 

vitality  of  the  virus 229 

Quarantining  against  hog  diseases,  difficulties  of 164 

Rinderpest,  13ritish  Governmemt  rules  against 164 

letter  to  the  Commissioner  tiom  Professor  Gadsden 255 

ScJerostomum  deutatum 65 

Secretary  of  the  Treasro-y,  correspondence  of  Commissioner  with 225 

circular  of 226 

Selling  diseased  animals 156, 228 

Sheep  disease  in  Montana 201 

Washington 210 

South  Carolina,  diseases  of  farm  animals  in 205, 218 

Strongylus  elongatus 63 

Tennessee,  diseases  of  farm  animals  in 206 

Texas,  diseases  of  farm  animals  iii 207 

Trit'iict'jtJudnnditiiKii 64 

Typhoid  fever  in  hogs,  dehnition 140 

morbid  anatomy 142 

symptoms 141 

Typhus  fever  in  hogs,  cause 140 

definition 138 

duration 139 

incubation 140 

pathological  lesions 139 

symptoms 138 

treatment 153 

Utah,  diseases  of  farm  animals  in 208 

Vermont,  diseases  of  farm  animals  in 208 

Virginia,  diseases  of  farm  animals  in 209, 219, 220 

swine  in 165, 167 

Virus,  continued  vitality  of  virulent  products  of  swine  disease.  13, 16, 66, 98, 99, 101, 158, 

229 

easy  destruction  of  swine  infection  by  putrefaction 67 

Washington  Territory,  diseases  of  farm  animals  in 210 

West  Virginia,  diseases  of  farm  animals  in 210 

Wisconsin,  diseases  of  farm  animals  in 211 

Wyoming,  diseases  of  farm  animals  in ^ 211 


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